MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Comparative study between effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on acetic acid- induced ulcerative colitis in rats

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Abstract: Accumulating data suggest the involvement of renin angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential protective and therapeutic effects of captopril and valsartan on acetic acid induced- ulcerative colitis in rats. The results were assessed by macroscopic and microscopic examinations of colonic tissues as ell as by biochemical measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor- beta1 (TGF-β1), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), reduced glutathione (GSH) and platelet activating factor (PAF) levels in colonic tissues. Oral treatment with captopril or valsartan in a dose of 30 mg kg-1 body weight, starting one day before induction of colitis and continuing for 1 week (prophylactic groups) or starting one week after induction of colitis and continuing for another one week (therapeutic groups), significantly reduced MDA, TNF-α, PAF, TGF-β1 and significantly increased colonic GSH in colonic tissues as compared to acetic acid control groups. Captopril and valsartan attenuated the macroscopic and microscopic colonic damage induced by acetic acid. No significant difference between the effect of either drug could be detected other than the significant decrease in ACE activity in colonic tissue exerted by captopril and not by valsartan, These results suggest that either captopril or valsartan may be effective in prophylaxis as well as in treatment of ulcerative colitis through targeting RAS. Keywords: Ulcerative colitis, captopril, valsartan, angiotensin converting enzyme, reduced glutathione, tumor necrosis factor alpha, transforming growth factor beta.[...] Read More.

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The comparative effects of chronic consumption of kola nut (COLA NITIDA) and caffeine diets on exploration, anxiety and fear in Swiss white mice

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Abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the comparative effects of chronic consumption of kola nut (COLA NITIDA) and caffeine-diets on exploration, anxiety and fear related behaviours in Swiss white mice. The study was carried out on 30 adult Swiss white mice of both sexes weighing 15.0 to 30.0g using the open field apparatus, the light/dark transition box and the elevated plus-maze. The frequency of rearing for mice fed kola nut diet did not differ significantly compared to control, this was significantly lower (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Kola nut, caffeine, exploration, anxiety and fear.

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Preliminary toxicity and phytochemical studies of the aqueous extract of Ficus platyphylla in female albino rats

Chinenye J. Ugwah-Oguejiofor*, Shaibu O. Bello, Emmanuel U. Etuk, Vincent U. Igbokwe, Oguejiofor M. Ugwah, Raymond U. Okolo

Abstract: Ficus platyphylla Del. Holl. known as gutta percha tree, grows widely in the Northern part of Nigeria. It has been used traditionally to promote fertility. The present study was aimed to investigate the safety of Ficus platyphylla. Phytochemical, acute and repeat dose toxicity studies were conducted on aqueous extract of the leaves, seeds and bark of Ficus platyphylla. A Limit dose of 3000mg/kg of the aqueous extract was administered orally to female albino rats in sequence to test for acute toxic effect. A dose of 700mg/kg was administered orally daily for 28days to another group of female albino rats to ascertain the repeat dose effect. The control group of female albino rats received 5ml/kg of distilled water (diluent of the aq. extract) for 28days.Phytochemical studies revealed that the extract contains saponins (1%), tannins (16.75%), flavonoids (24.3%), volatile oils, glycosides (2.47%) and steroids. The acute toxicity results showed that the extract has LD50 above 3000mg/kg and repeat dose toxicity studies of the extract revealed possible damage to the glomeruli of rat kidney. Though the extract is relatively safe, its prolong use may carry risk of renal damage. Keywords: Toxicity, Ficus platyphylla, Albino rats, Phytochemical studies.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Toxicity, Ficus platyphylla, Albino rats, Phytochemical studies.

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Patterns of prescription of antimicrobial agents in the department of otorhinolaryngology in a tertiary care teaching hospital

Farhan Ahmad Khan*, Sheikh Nizamuddin Mohammad Tariq Salman

Abstract: This study was carried out to study the pattern of antimicrobial prescription in OPD and IPD of the department Otolaryngology in a tertiary care teaching hospital of North India. This was a prospective study conducted at the Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre, over a period of 12 months. All the patients who attended the ENT OPD and IPD were included. Out of 4800 patients, only 2600 patients were included in the study, 60% (n=1560) were males and 40% (n=1040) were females. Maximum no. of patients were in the age group 16-35 years 60% (n=1560) while the geriatric group (76-85 years) comprised the lowest 1.9% (n=50). 55% (n=1430) of patients were diagnosed with ear, 30% (n=764) with throat and 15% (n=296) with nose disorders. The most frequently prescribed antibacterials were β-Lactams (75.68 %) followed by Aminoglycosides (9.43%). Among the penicillin group the commonest drug prescribed was a combination of amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid (9.58 %), in Cephalosporins was Cefixime (37.98%) and in Aminoglycosides was Gentamicin (6.25%). Further, 69.11% of the patients received single antibacterial drug and the average number of antibacterial agents prescribed per patient per course was found to be 1.38. It was also observed that 75.43% of the antibacterials were prescribed by oral route. In the concomitant medications antihistaminic were prescribed in 11.53%, Proton Pump Inhibitors in 20.38 % cases and NSAIDS in 7.26% cases. The average number of drugs used in each prescription was 2.70. All the drugs were prescribed with trade names. The average cost per prescription per day in OPD & IPD patients were Rs.45 and Rs.185 respectively. Out of 2600 patients; culture sensitivity tests were performed for only 71 patients (inclusive of OPD and IPD). Of which only 43 patients depicted a positive culture sensitivity tests. Our study showed that antimicrobials were mostly prescribed in patients of ear diseases while it was least in throat disorders. Proton Pump inhibitors was the most common concomitant drug used. The cost of treatment in IPD patients were 4.11 times more than the OPD patients. Keywords: Antibacterial agents, drug utilization, ENT infections, prescribing pattern, pharmacoepidemiology.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibacterial agents, drug utilization, ENT infections, prescribing pattern, pharmacoepidemiology.

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Comparing the efficacy of alcohol isopropyl and ethanol on the reduction of contamination of medical check-up devices in children ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)

Jokar A* and Mohebbi Z.

Abstract: Using alcohols have been recommended for disinfecting and prevention of infections. The present study has been carried out with the aim to determine and compare the efficacy of alcohol Isopropyl and Ethanol (alcohol Ethylic) in reducing contamination of medical check-up instruments. This semi-experimental study has been carried out to compare the influence of two types of alcohols on the medical check-up instruments of NICU and children ward. Before using instruments, their culture samples were prepared and then were disinfected by alcohol Isopropyl 70.0% and again their culture samples were taken. Thereafter, the same procedure was carried out for Ethanol 70.0% with the interval of 4 weeks. Finally, the culture results were surveyed and compared in each stage. The results of cultures before disinfecting the instruments showed the existence of micro-organisms like Staphylococcus, Escherichia-Coli (E-Coli), Pseudomonas and Interobacterococci. Also, the results of cultures of instruments which were disinfected by Ethanol showed the existence of two types of positive micro-organisms (Staphylococcus and E-Coli) while these results were negative after using alcohol Isopropyl. Using some of antiseptics at intensive and other wards of hospitals can be considered from the view points of economic, rapid efficacy, non-requirement of long time or requiring specific conditions so as to be successful in controlling the nosocomial infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Comparison, Efficacy, alcohol Isopropyl, Ethanol, contamination, check-up instruments.

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Effectiveness of phytogenic fly repellant product against dipteran flies

B. W. Naraladker, B.S. Khillare, S.T. Kalwaghe, GM. Chghure, K, Ravikanth and S. Maini*

Abstract: A study was conducted in the livestock dairy farm reported with the history of culicoides fly menace during summer season,the farm was treated with the herbal fly repellant product (AV/FRC/18) (supplied by M/S Ayurvet Limited, Baddi, H.P., India) recommended as 1 part with 20 parts of water for application on animal body and 1 part with 40 parts of water for application on drainage channels and animal premises ion the shed. The herbal fly repellant product was assessed for oviposition deterrent activity, ovicidal and larvicidal effect and for its efficacy to minimize the count of larval and adult culicoides in the drainage channel around cattle shed after application of AV/FRC/18. The product was found to be quite efficacious as a fly repellant for livestock dwellings, has a good larvicide potential in addition to ovicidal and oviposition deterrent activity. It has not been found to cause deleterious or adverse effects such as irritation, loss of production, mortality etc. on the experimental animals, rather it is safe for animal usage and for application in animal premises. The product is not having any residual effect, hence it is declared safe for usage. Keyword: Fly, larvicidal, deterrent, dipteran, repellant, herbal, ectoparasitic.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fly, larvicidal, deterrent, dipteran, repellant, herbal, ectoparasitic.

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Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of dried root ethanolic extract of Strophanthus sarmentosus p. Dc (apocynaceae)

Esther O. Agbaje and Oluwole A. Ajidahun

Abstract: Despite the progress made in medical research in the past decades, the treatment of many diseases including inflammatory diseases is still problematic. Conventional drugs used to ameliorate these conditions are either too expensive or toxic, there is therefore an urgent need to search for newer, cheaper and safer medications. Strophanthus sarmentosus (SMS) is an indigenous plant used in traditional medicine in West Africa for the treatment of inflammatory diseases among other uses. The present study was designed to explore its therapeutic benefits in inflammation, nociception and pyrexia. Analgesic effect of the ethanolic extract of dried SMS root (50, 100 and 200 mg kg-1) was evaluated in mice using acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate models, while the efficacy of the herbal drug was compared with 150 mg kg-1 acetylsalicylic acid, 0.5 mg kg-1 piroxicam and 5 mg kg-1 morphine respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity of SMS was also investigated using groups of oedema-induced rats separately treated with 1 % w/v carrageenan in normal saline and xylene. The effects of 10 mg kg-1 indomethacin and 1 mg kg-1 dexamethasone were also evaluated as respective standard drugs for the two models. The antipyretic effect of SMS was lastly studied using d-amphetamine and Klebsiella-induced pyretic tests with 150 mg kg -1 acetaminophen serving as the comparative agent. Acute toxicity test was conducted on the herbal decoction via both oral and intraperitoneal routes to obtain its LD50. The extract dose-dependently and significantly (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antiinflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, medicinal plant, mice, rats

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Preparation and evaluation of polymer-clay nanocomposite as an adjuvant in pharmaceutical formulas of tablets containing drugs with low water-solubility

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Abstract: Polymer (PVP K-30) - organophilic clay nanocomposites were prepared, via solution, in which the influence of time from the mixing of the starting materials was studied. With the help of X-ray diffraction techniques (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), it was possible not only to elucidate the formation of polymeric nanocomposites, but also their process of formation, which occur in short spaces of time. The material resulted in a differential combination of substances with different aspects of functionality in Pharmaceutical Technology, and which resulted in favorable results regarding feasibility as an adjuvant in pharmaceutical formulas, helping the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals with low solubility in water, for both immediate release tablets as well as modified release tablets.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nanocomposite, PLN, PVP, pharmaceutical formula, tablet

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Formulation development, optimization and evaluation of once a day occuserts of brimonidine tartrate

Dipti H. Patel*, Manish P. Patel, Madhabhai M. Patel

Abstract: Brimonidine Tartrate is a highly selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist which reduces intra-ocular pressure (IOP) by reducing aqueous humour production and increasing aqueous humour outflow via the uveoscleral pathway. The objective of the present work was to develop ocular inserts of Brimonidine Tartrate and evaluate their potential for sustained ocular delivery. Matrix-type ocular inserts were prepared by solvent casting technique-employing mercury as substrate and characterized in vitro by drug release studies using a flow-through apparatus that simulated the eye conditions. Nine formulations were developed, which differed in the ratio and weight of polymers carbopol 934P and HPMC-K15M. All formulations carried PEG-400 (30 % w/w) plasticizers. The optimized formulation was subjected to interaction studies, all physico-chemical study, sterility test, in vivo studies, and stability studies to assess the effectiveness of the formulation. Cumulative drug released from the formulation ranged from 90-98% within 24 hours. On the basis of in vitro drug release studies, the formulation with Carbopol-934: HPMC K15M (80:20) was found to be better than the other formulations and it was selected as an optimized formulation. On the basis of interaction studies, all physico-chemical study, sterility test, in vivo studies, and stability studies, it can be concluded that this ocular insert formulation provided the desired drug release in vitro for one day and remained stable and intact at ambient conditions. Keywords: Brimonidine Tartrate; ophthalmic inserts; in vitro release studies; in vivo studies.[...] Read More.

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Impact of a community pharmacist-based diabetes management program on clinical outcomes measures

Lee Y.L, Rosnani H, Syed A.S.S, Syed W.G*, Yelly O.S, Usman H.U

Abstract: This is a prospective pre-post study which was carried out to assess the impact of a community pharmacist-based diabetes management program on clinical outcomes measures. Forty seven outpatients from the Government polyclinic were initially enrolled for this study but only 30 stayed on till the end of the program which was for duration of 3 months. Subjects were followed-up on 4 visits, whereby the community pharmacist provided a structured, standardized diabetes education program which involved counseling and education. Each session lasted about 1 hour on a one to one basis. Lifestyle behaviours such as physical activities, smoking and alcohol consumption were also evaluated. Compliance, awareness and also their knowledge on diabetes were assessed. A Likert-type patient satisfaction survey was also conducted. At the end of the study, HbA1c was significantly reduced by 1.2% (p< 0.001), post-prandial 2 hours blood glucose reduced by 3.34mmol/l (p< 0.001), total cholesterol decreased by 0.37mmol/l (p[...] Read More.

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