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文章
P. Dhasarathan, S. Saravanan and A. Perianayagasamy
Abstract: A major challenge for health care in 21st century is the increase in level of resistance to pathogens and effective vaccines to prevent the often life threatening infections are urgently required. Pathogen has been investigated for their potential use either as therapeutic or prophylactic vaccines, in order to identify new antigens of diagnostic and vaccine potential. The present investigation was done with five different type of antigens produced from single pathogen. It also identifies the immune complex and DNA antigen as most suitable for vaccine development against pathogens. Antigens may vary within the host during the course of infection or antigenic types of parasites in the population. Antigenic variation is an important mechanism used by pathogenic microorganism for escaping and neutralizing activities of the antibody. Immune complexes and DNA antigen serve as vaccines, and it can be used to develop multi antigen. Furthermore, it is also easy to produce in a large scale. Vaccination is still the best way for prevention of bacterial diseases. The conditions for the preparation of antigens of intact natural composition and conformation from Escherichia coli (whole cell and heat killed), was determined using Swiss albino mice (Balb/C) as experimental species. A novel approach for vaccine design and production is discussed.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Immune complex, vaccine, delayed type hypersensitivity, Escherichia coli.
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文章
Mohamed A. Dkhil,* Amany Tohamy and Mohamed S. Gabry
Abstract: Cytogenetic changes in male albino mice due to the effect of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Piroxicam was investigated after daily intraperitoneal injection with 0.3 mg/kg body weight, for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. The observed structural chromosomal aberrations were in the form of chromatid breakage, centric fusion, centromeric attenuation, ring chromosome and end to end association. At all the treatment periods used the number of cells with chromatid breakages and with total structural aberrations increased to statistically significant levels. Only after one and four weeks of treatment it was noticed that the number of cells with end to end association increased significantly. No significant changes in the mitotic indicies could be detected in all mice groups. The study demonstrated that Piroxicam affects the bone marrow cells where it causes some aberrations in the chromosomes. Thus, Piroxicam should be used under strict medical control, and these serious side effects should be considered and taken in consideration when using Piroxicam in treatments. [...] Read More.
Keywords: Cytogenecity, chromosomes, Piroxicam.
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文章
S. Ghasi*, C. Egwuibe, P. U. Achukwu and J. C. Onyeanusi
Abstract: The effects of aqueous leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on the blood pressure of anaesthetized cats, as well as on the liver and kidney status of the rabbit were investigated in this study. The results revealed that, the extract produced a small fall in the blood pressure of the anaesthetized cat and also reduced the effect of adrenaline-induced elevation of blood pressure. In rabbits, biochemical analysis of serum was carried out; urea and creatinine were used as tests of its effect on the renal function while alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) served as enzyme indices of the liver function. In addition, the tissues of the liver and kidney were microscopically examined. The treated rabbits showed a significant decrease (P[...] Read More.
Keywords: Byophyllum pinnatum, blood pressure, biochemical analysis, histopathology, rabbit.
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文章
C. Patil and S. Das*
Abstract: The demand for orally disintegrating tablets of lamotrigine has been growing during the last decade especially for the geriatric and pediatric patients. Lamotrigine is a recognized drug for epilepsy, so development of an ODT of lamotrigine and to evaluate the effect of various superdisintegrants on its disintegration time and release profile was the prime objective of this research work. Tablets were prepared by direct compression technique using 3 different superdisintegrants. Sodium starch glycolate, Croscarmellose sodium and Crosspovidone XL-10 were used as superdisintegrants in combinations to achieve optimum release profile, disintegration time and hardness. Direct compression process was selected for this formulation of ODT tablets, because porous nature is more in direct compression blend than wet granulation blend, so it will give faster disintegration. Microcrystalline cellulose was used as diluent and mannitol, mint flavor and sodium saccharin were used to enhance the organoleptic properties of tablets. The tablets were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, in-vitro disintegration time and drug release characteristics. Hardness and friability data indicated good mechanical strength around 3 kg/cm 2 for all the batches. The results of in-vitro disintegration time indicated that the tablets dispersed rapidly in mouth within 8 s. Dissolution study revealed release rate of drug from the tablets was comparable with marketed tablet formulation of lamotrigine. It was concluded that superdisintegrants addition technique is a useful method for preparing orally disintegrating tablets by direct compression method.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Orally disintegrating tablets, superdisintegrants, Lamotrigine, direct compression.
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Muhammad Zafar, Mushtaq Ahmad*, Mir Ajab Khan, Shazia Sultana, Gul Jan, Farooq Ahmad, Asma Jabeen, Ghulam Mujtaba Shah, Shabnum Shaheen, Amin Shah, Abdul Nazir and Sarfaraz Khan Marwat
Abstract: The evaluation of the crude herbal drug which eventually enters the pharmaceutical market is obviously of considerable importance. This operation involves the identification of the material and determination of its quality, purity and of adulterated nature of the adulterants. The present paper is based on the above objectives which confined to chemotaxonomic authentication of Cyprus rotundus L. (Nagar mootha) and its other similar species. Chemotaxonomic techniques including morphology, organoleptography, palynology, anatomy and phyto -chemical analysis were carried out in order to clarify the pharmaceutically important species of Cyperus that is Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus alopecuroides, Cyperus difformis and Cyperus niveus. It is concluded from this study that the genuine source of herbal drug Nagar Mootha is C. rotundus instead of other species. Such type of studies is the need of herbal industry to ensure validation process which applied in the manufacturing of herbal medicines and phyto- pharmaceuticals. This will provide the credibility in the regulation and grown of pharmaceutically important herbal medicines for the foreseeable.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Cyperus L., chemotaxonomic, pharmaceutical.
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Full Length Research Paper
Abstract: Supplying emergency contraception pills through community pharmacies without the need for a doctor’s prescription is an important public health role for the pharmacy staff, as a way of reducing unwanted pregnancies and induced abortions. Therefore, we aimed to assess the Turkish pharmacy technicians’ counseling practices and attitudes regarding emergency contraception pills. A survey tool which was structured to question pharmacy technicians’ demography, professional experience, counseling practices and attitudes regarding emergency contraception pills was administered to pharmacy technicians at the end of the “pharmacy technician certification program”. The fully completed questionnaires (n=145) were further analyzed. Mean [SEM] age of the pharmacy technicians was 25.3 [0.4] years and majority (89%) of them were practicing in a community pharmacy. Despite their positive attitude towards the emergency contraception pills, pharmacy technicians were found to provide insufficient emergency contraception pill counseling to clients. We suggest that organization of continuing education programs on “reproductive and sexual health and emergency contraception” for the pharmacy technicians could help increase the quality of emergency contraception pill counseling provided by the pharmacy technicians.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Emergency contraception pill, counseling, attitude, community pharmacy, pharmacy technician.
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文章
O. E. Adejumo*, M. D. Ayoola, A. L. Kolapo, V. O. Orimoyegun and P. O. Olatunji
Abstract: Garcinia kola has been hitherto speculated as effective in the management of sickle cell disease (SCD). Investigations into the antisickling activities of both crude methanol extracts and the aqueous fractions of the leaf, seed and seed pod of G. kola were carried out using p-hydroxybenzoic acid and normal saline as positive and negative controls respectively. At the tested concentrations of 10.0, 1.0 and 0.1 mg/ml, the leaf extracts exhibited greatest antisickling activity whilst the seed pod had the least antisickling activity. However, it was observed that the activity of methanol extract of the seed pod did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from that of the positive control, p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Results for screened phytochemicals of the investigated parts revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, combined and free anthraquinones. The results infer a preliminary confirmation for the effectiveness and use of Garcinia kola in the management of SCD and its implication in drug development.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Antisickling activity, Garcinia kola, phytochemicals, sickle cell disease.
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文章
Zekine Lappalainen
Abstract: Circadian rhythms have an influence on human performance. Interleukin-6 is a cytokine which plays a role in muscle energy homeostasis during physical exercise. This study tested the effect of diurnal variation and alpha-lipoic acid, a natural thiol antioxidant, on skeletal muscle contractile properties, interleukin-6 response and oxidative damage. Male subjects (n=26) performed isokinetic exercise in different time-of-day. Next, the subjects were supplemented with alpha-lipoic acid for two weeks and the exercise tests were repeated. Blood samples were analyzed at baseline and immediately after exercise. Leg extensor muscle parameters were compared with time-of-day. Maximal work per single repetition and total work values were higher in the afternoon time, suggesting a time-of-day effect. Serum interleukin-6 levels increased in response to exercise, but were not associated with time-of-day. Alpha-lipoic acid did not have a significant effect on any of the measured parameters. Diurnal variations during exhaustive eccentric exercise seem to reflect muscle contractile work capacity. Exercise increases serum interleukin-6 levels irrespective of diurnal variation.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Diurnal variation, lipoic acid, interleukin-6, muscle performance.
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文章
Biljana Govedarica*, Rade Injac, Rok Dreu and Stane Srcic
Abstract: Paracetamol (PAR) crystals exhibit poor compressibility, poor flowability and its tablets show a tendency to cap. To improve the mechanical strength of tablets several kinds of “Paracetamol for direct compression” are present on the market. Current research demonstrated the best tablet properties with coated paracetamol (mass of tablets, diameter, height and mechanical strength, friability RSD[...] Read More.
Keywords: Paracetamol, powder, direct compression, immediate release, superdisintegrants.
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文章
G. K. A. Adepoju* and A. A. Adebanjo
Abstract: The study investigated the effect of Cucurbita pepo seeds on haematological and biochemical parameters on Wistar albino rats. The rats were maintained on diets composed of different concentrations of pulverized seeds of C. pepo. Blood samples and organs investigations were carried out using standard laboratory tests. The result revealed that C. pepo seeds significantly affected these parameters with beneficial effects on the vital organs and blood. The concentrations of the platelets, white blood cells and eosinophil were increased, while it reduced the concentrations of the neutrophils, packed cell volume and lymphocytes. It also significantly increased mean weights of the liver and the kidneys as evidenced by the statistically significant increase in total protein values of these organs. The doses significantly reduced the plasma levels of AST and ALT in these organs (p[...] Read More.
Keywords: Haematological parameters, white blood cells, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, Cucurbita pepo, nutritional values, laboratory investigation.
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