MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

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Pharmacognostical Studies on Dodonaea Viscosa Leaves

Sama Venkatesh*, Y. S. R Reddy, M. Ramesh, M. M. Swamy, N. Mahadevan and B. Suresh

Abstract: Dodonaea viscosa Jacq is a popular medicinal plant. Its leaves are used as anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-bacterial and antifungal agents and in the treatment of fractures. In view of its medicinal importance and taxonomic confusion, pharmacognostic studies, microscopical structure, morphological characters, chemical analysis and numerical values in epidermal study were carried out. These studies provided referential information for identification of this crude drug.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Dodonaea viscosa, macroscopy, anatomy, ash values, extractive values, leaf constants, microscopy, phytochemical.

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Does Alcohol Consumption Increase The Risk of Severe Adverse Events to Ivermectin Treatment?

Takougang I.*, Ngogang J., Sihom F. , Ntep M., Kamgno J., Eyamba A., Zouré H., Noma M. and Amazigo U. V.

Abstract: The present investigation is a case-control study designed to assess the level of association between alcohol consumption and the occurrence of severe adverse reaction (SAE) following ivermectin consumption. Thirty-six (36) cases of SAE occurred in the health districts of Bankim, Nanga Eboko, Obala, Okola and Sa’a. Case and control (43) individuals were submitted to a questionnaire related to their alcohol consumption 24 before and 24 to 48 h following ivermectin intake. An in-depth interview of siblings and local health worker was conducted to assess alcohol consumption around Mectizan intake. The degree of alcohol use was assessed using the level of serum transaminases and the alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT). The alcoholic beverages of the study communities were conventional such as beer, whisky, or locally made. Locally produced beverages included “arki” (“Odontol”, “Hah”, ...) and palm wine. The bark, sap or fruit of plants adjuvant are known to contain alkaloids and tannins which are potent neurotropic substances. The likelihood of developing SAE among cases and controls did not differ significantly with history of consumption of alcoholic beverages. Nor did it differ for other indicators of chronic alcohol consumption.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Alcohol consumption, onchocerciasis, audit, serious adverse events, encephalopathy.

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Lysine Vasopressin Blocks The Effect of Chlorodiazepoxide in Behavioral Tests

Edvaldo Rodrigues de Almeida

Abstract: The aim of the study presented here was to determine the influence of subcutaneously administered lysine-vasopressin (LVP, 1 U/kg, s.c.), chlorodiazepoxide (BDZ, 20 mg/kg, i.p.), and vehicle (veh, chlorobutanol + saline (0.85%) + Tween 80, 0.1 mL/100 g) administered through the peritoneum on anxiety-related- behavior using the Vogel conflict test, the elevated plus-maze test (EPM) and the marble-burying test. The results of the Vogel test referring to the number of shocks received by rats after administration of vehicle + BDZ was highly significant (p < 0.01), that is, the animals did not show any inhibition during the phase of shock. However, when LVP + BDZ were used the data obtained showed that there was a significant inhibition of BDZ action on the number of shocks received (p > 0.05). In the second phase of the test the veh + BDZ group received a significant number of shocks, benzodiazepine effect and the group receiving LVP + BDZ showed the same result as the vehicle + LVP group (p > 0.05). In the elevated plus-maze (EPM), the group of mice treated with veh + BDZ showed no significant change in their behavior, that is, number of entries and time spent on the open arm was not inhibited (p < 0.01). Already the veh + LVP group has shown inhibition in the number of entries and the time spent on the open arm (p > 0.05). The same result was obtained when the LVP + BDZ group was used in the EPM. In the marble-burying test, the number of marbles hidden was significantly higher in mice treated with the veh + BDZ (p < 0.01). The group treated with veh + LVP presented a small number of hidden spheres (p > 0.05). The data obtained in this study show that LVP in behavioral tests related to anxieties presents an inhibitory action on the BDZ, and the LVP alone does not present any significant effect when compared with the veh (p > 0.05). Veh is the shortened form of vehicle which is the chemical element (solvent) used for dilution of the compound test. Key word: lysine-vasopressin, chlorodiazepoxide, behavioral tests, rodents.[...] Read More.

Keywords: lysine-vasopressin, chlorodiazepoxide, behavioral tests, rodents.

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Current Status of Salt Iodization and Level of Iodine Nutrient in India

Umesh Kapil

Abstract: In India, Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) are present throughout the country. Out of 282 districts surveyed by Government of India institutions like Indian Council of Medical Research and Central Goiter Survey Teams in different States and Union Territories, 241 have been found to be endemic for iodine deficiency disorders. Issues relating to the safety of Universal Salt Iodization were carefully examined by eminent Scientists, Programme Managers and Administrators and based on hard scientific evidences, the Government of India implemented a policy decision, in 1984, for Universal Salt Iodization (USI ) that is, all edible salt in the country should be fortified with iodine. This became the mandate for the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme. The present research communication reviews the history of iodine deficiency disorders, progress of achieved under USI, safety of iodized salt and impact of this intervention on the iodine status of Indian population.[...] Read More.

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Citalopram in The Treatment of Depressive Disorders: An Open Label, Multicenter Study in China

Tianmei Si, Liang Shu

Abstract: Results of randomized, placebo- controlled trials with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram suggest that this agent is safe and effective for the treatment of depressive disorders. We investigated the safety and efficacy of citalopram in the treatment of Chinese patients with depressive disorders. An 8-week, open-label, multicenter study evaluated the safety and efficacy of citalopram in the treatment of patients with an ICD-10 diagnosis of depressive disorder or depressive episode of bipolar disorder. Efficacy measures included the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI). A total of 6080 patients (2553 men, 3527 women) (mean age 40.9 ± 15.6 years, range 18 – 92) participated in the study. Mean HAMD scores decreased significantly (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antidepressant, citalopram, depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

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Performance of Starch Obtained from Dioscorea Dumetorium as Disintegrant in Sodium Salicylate Tablets

Ibezim, Emmanuel C., Ofoefule, Sabinus I, Omeje, Edwin O*, Odo, U. E.

Abstract: Starch obtained from Dioscorea dumetorium was employed as a disintegrant in Sodium Salicylate based tablets at concentrations of 5 –15 %w/w. Properties of the starch evaluated include: bulk and tapped densities, water uptake by capillarity, Hausner’s quotient and percent compressibility. Compound tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution rate. Batches of tablets containing equivalent concentrations of AC-di-sol or maize starch were employed as standards. Results obtained indicate that Dioscorea dumetorium starch performed as much better as a disintegrant in sodium salicylate tablets as maize starch but less than Ac-di-sol.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Disintegrant, starch, Dioscorea dumetorium, sodium salicylate.

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The Anticonvulsant and Sedative Properties of Stems of Cissus Quadrangularis in Mice

E. Ngo Bum, GT Ngoupaye, E. Talla, T Dimo, G. C. N Nkantchoua, M. M Pelanken, G. S. Taiwe

Abstract: Cissus quadrangularis Linn grows in Savannah areas in Africa (Cameroon, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, etc). In traditional medicine, the plant is used to treat anorexia, asthma, sickle cells, colds, pains, malaria, asthma and as an analgesic. In vivo animal models of epilepsy (maximal electroshock, n-methyl -d-aspartate, pentylenetetrazol, isonicotinic hydrazid acid and strychnine -induced convulsions or turning behavior) and insomnia (diazepam -induced sleep) were used. The aqueous extract of the stems of C. quadrangularis strongly increased the total sleep time induced by diazepam (50 mg/kg i.p.). It also protected mice against maximal electroshock, pentylenetetrazol, strychnine and n-methyl-d-aspartate-induced seizures or turning behavior and delayed the onset time of seizures induced by isonicotinic hydrazid acid. The results lead to the conclusion that the extract of C. quadrangularis possesses anticonvulsant and sedative properties in mice and could explain its use in traditional medicine in Africa, in the treatment of insomnia and epilepsy.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Traditional medicine, plant, extract, seizures, Cissus quadrangularis.

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Preliminary Studies of Blood Pressure Lowering Effect of Nauclea Latifolia in Rats

Z. A. M. Nworgu, D. N. Onwukaeme, A. J. Afolayan, F. C Ameachina, B. A. Ayinde

Abstract: Roots of Nauclea latifolia are used in Nigeria for the treatment of hypertension. Ethanolic extract of the root of N. latifolia was administered to anaesthetised rats through the jugular vein while the blood pressure was measured through the carotid artery. The extract reduced systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure in normotensive and in one kidney one clip hypertensive rats in a dose dependant manner. 10 mg/kg of the extract reduced the mean arterial pressure from 115.7 ± 0.4 to 99.6 ± 3.8 mm Hg, while it reduced the systolic and diastolic from 125.6 ± 0.5 to 102.4 ± 4.0 and from 110.5 ± 0.3 to 95.0 ± 3.2 mm Hg respectively. The changes caused in hypertensive rats were much greater. The same dose of the extract reduced the mean arterial pressure from 157.4 ± 4.7 to 72.0 ± 3.6 mm Hg, while it reduced the systolic and diastolic blood pressures from 180.0 ± 5.7 to 90.1 ± 2.6 and from 146.2 ± 3.3 to 63.0 ± 4.9 mm Hg respectively. The extract (10 mg/kg) also reduced the heart rate of normotensive rats from 365 ±12.8 to 280 ± 6.0 beats/min, while it reduced the heart rate of hypertensive rats from 550 ± 22.5 to 120 ± 8.0 beats/min. The reduction in blood pressure and heart rate was not affected by prior treatment with atropine or promethazine. Keywords: Blood pressure, Nauclea latifolia root, phytochemical.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Blood pressure, Nauclea latifolia root, phytochemical.

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HPLC Analysis of Nicotinamide, Pyridoxine, Riboflavin and Thiamin in Some Selected Food Products in Nigeria

Chimezie Anyakora*, Ibukun Afolami, Teddy Ehianeta, Francis Onwumere

Abstract: Food fortification is an important tool for improving the health of the population. Motivated by this, the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) has in the past few years embarked on a campaign to create this awareness. There has been varying degree of compliance to this, and so it is of utmost importance to know the food products that contribute significantly to the dietary vitamin B intake. This study investigates the amount of four Vitamin B compounds, namely nicotinamide, pyridoxine, riboflavin and thiamin, present in different packaged food items available in Lagos metropolis of Nigeria. The food items analyzed include dairy products, fruit juices and cereal products. These foods were chosen because of their widespread consumption in the area. The analysis was done using a high performance liquid chromatographic technique with a UV detector. The separation was carried out on a C18 column, using a mobile phase made up of 70% buffer (a solution of sodium salt of hexane sulphonic acid) and 30% HPLC grade methanol. The identification was based on retention time match against a standard while the quantitation was based on the peak area match against those of a standard. The calibration curves for the standards were linear with a linear regression coefficient close to unity. Keywords: Vitamin B, HPLC, Food Fortification.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Vitamin B, HPLC, Food Fortification.

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Antibacterial Screening of Leaves of Wild and Cultivated Olive of Azad Kashmir

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Abstract: Wild and cultivated olive has been used in the treatment of many diseases ethnopharmacologically in Pakistan. In the present manuscript we have demonstrated the antimicrobial effects of various fractions of leaves of Olea cuspidata and Olea europaea. The leaves of O. cuspidata Wall and O. europaea L. (Family: Oleaceae) were extracted successively with four different organic solvents. These crude extracts were assessed for antibacterial activities against eight different bacterial human pathogens that is, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiela pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter freundii and Streptococcus pneumoniae by using disc diffusion method. The chloroform, ethanol, and methanol crude extracts of leaves of wild and cultivated olive had significant antimicrobial activities on all the bacterial strains tested. The standard reference antibiotic discs, Ciprofloxacin (5 µg) and Erythrocin (30 µg) were used as positive control. The capacity of the extracts and antibiotics were evaluated on the basis of their capacity to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria measured as zone of inhibition. Almost all bacteria showed to be sensible against the antibiotics with the value of zone of inhibition ranging from 25 to 35 mm, while the effectiveness of olive leaves extracts varied from one species to other with zone of inhibition values of 10 to 30 mm. The ethanol and methanol crude extracts of leaves of wild and cultivated olive exhibited prominent activities against all bacteria used in comparison to chloroform extract which had moderate activity against the tested bacteria. Petroleum ether extract have no effect on any of the bacteria tested. Extract obtained with ethanol appeared to be the most effective against all pathogenic bacteria compared to those obtained with other solvents.[...] Read More.

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