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Full Length Research Paper
Abstract: Steroid alkaloid solasodine is a nitrogen analogue of diosgenin that is used as a raw material for synthesis of steroid drugs. Plant medicinal SOLANUM SURATTENSE (SOLANACEAE) is a rich source of solasodine. The purpose of this study was production and maintenance of callus from leaves and comparison of solasodine steroid alkaloid production in outdoor plants and IN VITRO calli. The leaves were collected, sterilized and placed on MS medium supplemented with BAP (1 to 2 mg/l) and NAA (1 to 3 mg/l). The samples were kept in a growth chamber at 25°C with 16/8 (day/night) photoperiod and irradiance of 3000 to 2000 lux. The methanol extracts was performed to obtain solasodine from 2 g dry weight of each leaves and calluses and then injected into the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. The results showed that solasodine produced by leaves was 0.3316 mg/g whereas, the solasodine content obtained from calluses were 0.3951 mg/g (in 1 mg / l BAP + 2 mg / l NAA) and 0.3908 mg/g (in 1 mg / l BAP + 3 mg / l NAA). Plant tissue cultures have been suggested as a potential tool for solasodine production.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Callus induction, Solanum surattense Burm, in vitro, in vivo, Solasodine, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
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文章
Ekhaise, F. O.* and Richard, F. R.
Abstract: Fifty seminal samples were studied to determine the microbial influence in male infertility as well as the qualitative and quantitative features of the semen. Among the three bacterial isolates obtained from the sample, Staphylococcus aureus 7(77.8%) was found to be the most predominant isolate, other isolates were Escherichia coli 1(11.1%) and Citrobacter spp. In relation to semen concentration S. aureus was observed to be most frequently distributed among the characterized semen. The recovery frequency of organisms associated with the semen types revealed that 2(40%) of organisms were recovered of azoospermia, 6(20.68%) oligozoospermia and 1(6.25%) normozoospermia. The motility of the semen was greatly influenced by the presence of the isolated bacterial. The motility of semen was recorded to be 20, 10 and 45% for S. aureus, E. coli and Citrobacter sp., respectively, as against the normal semen motility of 50% or more. The presence and profound influence of microorganisms in semen is evidence that microorganisms played significant role in male -infertility.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Semen, bacterial isolates, men, infertility and Benin teaching hospital (UBTH), Benin City.
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文章
Hadizadeh Tasbiti A. R., Yari S. H.*, Karimi A., Fateh A., Bahrmand A., Saifi M., Jabarzadeh E., Masomi M., Noor Nematolahi A., Khanipoor S., Ebrahimzadeh N., Ghazanfari M, Sakhaii F, Blori F, Balmeh H., Vahidi E., Abdolrahimi F. and Poorazar Sh.
Abstract: The emergence and spread of multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR) has raised public health concern about global control of TB. Our objective was to estimate the incidence of XDR-TB as compared to susceptible controls from TB patients in Tehran-Iran between 2006 and 2009.Sputum culture and drug susceptibility testing (DST) was done for patients with known or suspected TB. The strains that were identified as MDR were subjected to susceptibility testing for second-line drugs. Of 1126 culture-positive cases with first line drug susceptibility test, 91(8.08%) were Non-tuberculosis (Atypical) isolates, 8(0.7%) M. BOVIS and 1027(91.2%) M. TUBERCULOSIS. We detected MDR-TB in 26 patients (2.5%), of whom 2(7.7%) had XDR-TB. One of the XDR-TB patients with positive HIV infection died. This study cannot give an indication of XDR-TB rates in Iran. However, the results of this study document the existence of XDR-TB in Iran and indicate a need for surveillance data to define the magnitude and trends of this serious, contagious disease.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), extensively drug-resistant (XDR-TB), tuberculosis
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Mingyong Zhang, Xing Yang, Tsuyoshi Miyake, Yaqing Wang* and Kuaifei Xia
Abstract: Monascus pilosus MK-1 is a mutant of M. pilosus IFO4520, which is used to brew the red yeast rice for food industry as functional food additives or food colorants. The obvious phenotypes of the mutant MK-1 showed a high productivity of lovastatin and red pigments, slow growth of the fungal mycelia comparing with the wild type IFO4520. Through the suppression subtractive hybridization, we identified 30 up-expressed sequence tags (up-EST) (AB193486 to AB193498) from the mutant MK-1. Among them, 10 of the up-ESTs were homologues of the known-functional genes. Two up-ESTs (AB193498 and AB193494) are the transcript factor-related gene homologues, and they were homologous with the phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase and the transcription factor respectively. Three up-ESTs (AB193487, AB193496 and AB193497) were homologous with pyruvate carboxylase, glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and ATP-dependent protease respectively, and the three genes are involved in the carbon metabolism. Four up-ESTs (AB193486, AB193488, AB193491 and AB193495) were homologous with the ADP-ribosylation factors. An up-EST (AB193490) was a homologue of penicillin-binding protein. These up-ESTs might indicate to explain the phenotypic differences between the wild type IFO4520 and the mutant MK-1.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Monascus pilosus, lovastatin, EST, red pigment.
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Cao H. W., Zhang H., Liu, Y. and Li D. S.*
Abstract: Synonymous codons are not used randomly. Rather, some codons are used more frequently than others. Investigating codon usage bias is essential to the understanding of viral evolution. However the factors shaping synonymous codon usage bias and nucleotide composition in animal viruses have been studied only to a limited extent. In our study, using the 19 complete CDS sequences of Spike (S) genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), we analyzed synonymous codon usage bias. The relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) was used to estimate codon usage variation in each gene, and the results indicated that preferentially used codons were A-ended, G-ended, and U-ended codons. Effective number of codons (ENC) values varies from 48.15 to 49.52, which suggested that the codon usage bias in PEDV S genes was very slightly. Correspondence analysis (COA) was further performed to study the major trend in codon usage variation, and the plot of ENC values against GC3s (at synonymous third codon position) revealed that mutational pressure rather than translational selection was the main factor determining the codon usage bias in PEDV S genes. Moreover, correlation analysis indicated that aromaticity and hydrophobicity of S genes also influenced the codon usage variation in a minor way. Our study provides the most comprehensive analysis to date of PEDV S genes’ codon usage patterns and provides a basic understanding of the mechanisms for codon usage bias.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Spike gene, relative synonymous codon usage, effective number of codons, correspondence analysis, correlation analysis.
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文章
Fei Guo, Zhen Li, Chuangfu Chen*, Yuanzhi Wang, Hui Zhang, Penyan Wang, Jun Qiao, Yong Wang, Ke Zhang and Guoqing Du
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the role of autophagy in the inhibition of Brucella-containing vacuole (BCV) and lysosome fusion in BRUCELLA SUIS 1330 infected murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Autophagosome induction was observed following B. SUIS 1330 infection. The autophagic pathway was inhibited pharmacologically by 3-methylademine (3-MA) treatment or by RNAi-mediated depletion of the autophagy related gene, LC3. Compared with controls, suppression of the autophagic pathway was associated with a significant decrease in B. SUIS 1330 internalization (P[...] Read More.
Keywords: Brucella suis 1330, autophagy, BCV-lysosome fusion, colocalization.
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Mintao Zhong, Min Huang*, Lei Liu, Xiaoli Wang, Xingyun Li, Anhong Ning and Jing Cao
Abstract: In addition to the standard therapies of chemotherapies and surgical interventions, viral therapy for tumor treatment has provided a new option for cancer patients. Whether the effects are safe, however, remains to be fully evaluated. Accordingly, we explored the immunological mechanisms of viral action against the H22 ascitic tumor, using both the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and the parainfluenza virus (PIV). We measured IL-2 levels, Natural killer (NK) cell activity, lymphocyte proliferation rates, and the CD4+/CD8+ cell numbers' ratio. All indicators were superior in the virus-treatment group compared with the control group. Tumor cells infected by either virus induced the expression of the tumor-associated antigen, which stimulated the host immune system.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Immunologic mechanism, tumor immunity, viral immunotherapy, tumor-associated antigen.
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文章
Full Length Research Paper
Abstract: The antibacterial activity and phytochemical properties of WALTHERIA INDICA Linn. was investigated, the result obtained showed that the ethanol extracts from the roots, stem and leaves were active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. The qualitative phytochemical screening of these different parts indicated the presence of saponins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, tannins, phenols and cardiac glycosides at varied degrees. All the extracts showed antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The highest antibacterial activity was obtained from the root extract, followed by the stem extract while the leaf extract was the least. The susceptibility of the different strains of Enterobacteriaceae to each extract varied with different parts investigated. This study indicated the potential efficacy of the WALTHERIA INDICA Linn. in the treatment of infections caused by the test organisms.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Phytochemical screening, enterobacteriacea, phytochemicals, antibacterial activities, Waltheria indica extracts.
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文章
Shah A. H., Saleha A. A.*, Murugaiyah M. and Zunita Zakaria
Abstract: A total of 142 samples including beef (n = 52), fresh milk (n = 45) and rectal swabs of cattle (n = 45) were collected from various wet markets (beef) and dairy cattle farms (milk and rectal swabs) in the vicinity of Selangor, Malaysia. All samples were examined for the presence of Arcobacter species using four different isolation methods. The organisms were first identified on the basis of phenotypic tests and later the suspected isolates were confirmed using multiplex PCR (mPCR). Method I (MI) and Method II (MII) detected Arcobacter in 43.7 and 75%, respectively from beef, but were unable to detect microbe from milk and rectal swabs. On the other hand, Method III (MIII) detected Arcobacter in 100, 60 and 40% of beef, milk and bovine rectal swab samples respectively; Method IV (MIV) detected 93.7, 60 and 40% in beef, milk and cattle rectal swabs respectively. The discriminatory power among the isolation methods for Arcobacter species was evaluated and MIII was found to be the best as it identified A. butzleri (72.7%); A. cryaerophilus (22.7%) and A. skirrowii (4.5%) while A. butzleri (61.1%), A. cryaerophilus (22.7%) and A. skirrowii (9%) were isolated from MIV.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Arcobacter; isolation methods, mPCR, beef, milk, cattle.
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文章
Idise, Okiemute Emmanuel* and Maduka, Kate
Abstract: The microbiological and physico-chemical analyses of water samples obtained from the Orogodo River, Agbor, at point of industrial effluent discharge (Location 2) and at 100 m before (Location 1) and 100 m after (Location 3), were carried out using standard methods to determine the impact of the discharge on the water quality. While the temperature, conductivity, biological oxygen demand, and coliform counts increased from Stations 1 to 3 and pH, hardness, alkalinity and dissolved oxygen decreased from Stations 1 to 3, the solids (total, suspended and dissolved) and nitrates increased from Station 1 to 2 and decreased thereafter to Station 3 while heterotrophic bacterial counts increased from Station 1 to 2 and 3 and sulphate, which was equal for Stations 1 and 2, decreased in Station 3. Most of the parameters were above set limits by regulatory bodies. Thus, the industrial effluents contained much solids and oxygen-demanding materials with deleterious effects on the water quality, to the extent that it may not be potable without treatment. There is the paramount need to treat these industrial effluents prior to discharge into the River Orogodo.[...] Read More.
Keywords: Water, analyses, effluent, treatment, discharge, potable.
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