MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

Review

Aflatoxin contamination of foods in developing countries: Implications for hepatocellular carcinoma and chemopreventive strategies

E. Olatunde Farombi*

Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality in the world and, in certain parts of Asia and Africa, it accounts for about 70% of cancer deaths. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB 1) are the two major risk factors in multi factorial aetiology of HCC. Multiple lines of evidence indicate synergistic interaction between these two agents in the development of HCC. Several mechanisms of interaction have been suggested including activation of cytochrome P450s by HBV infection leading to the metabolism of inactive AFB1 to the mutagenic AFB 1-8,9-epoxide as well as the generation of reactive oxygen species by HBV and AFB1 sensitising the cells to AFB1-induced p53 249ser mutations. The poor survival rate achieved by the current surgical procedures and chemotherapy treatment has motivated a number of scientific investigations to elucidating the molecular events involved in HCC thus providing the scientific rationale for prevention strategies, including primary and chemoprevention approaches. Recent findings have implicated intracellular signalling cascades involving nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2p45 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) as molecular targets of a wide range of chemopreventive agents. The new findings thus raise the intriguing possibility that chemopreventives modulating these molecular targets in the liver might provide a novel therapeutic approach to the development of liver cancer.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma, chronic hepatitis B virus, aflatoxin B1, chemoprevention.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Review

Taxol synthesis

B.H. Guo, G.Y. Kai, H.B. Jin and K.X. Tang, *

Abstract: Being a complex diterpenoid, the potent anticancer drug, Taxol, requires complicated steps for its biosynthesis. In the present article, recent advances on Taxol biosynthesis pathway are reviewed, including many recently reported genes that regulate Taxol biosynthesis. To meet the urgent need of clinic and scientific research, besides Taxus supply, other approaches to obtain Taxol have also been discussed here.[...] Read More.

Keywords: biosynthesis pathway, cell culture, endophytic fungi, Taxol, Taxus.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of serotonin infusions on the mean plasma concentrations of growth hormone, thyroid hormones and the amount and constituents of milk in the Sanan goat

concentrations of growth hormone, thyroid hormones and the amount and constituents of milk in the Sanan goat

Abstract: The goal of this study was to determine whether serotonin increase the mean plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), growth hormone (GH), milk amount and constituents in the Sanan goats. Nine Sanan goats were randomly divided into 3 groups. Each group received daily infusion of 1, 4 or 8 ng serotonin agonist (hydroxytryptophan) (5HT) for 7 days. Blood and milk samples were collected daily on day 1 before infusions until 3 days after the last infusion. Samples were assayed for plasma T3, T4 and GH concentrations by double-antibody RIA. Milk samples were assayed for protein, fat and lactose constituents. The daily amounts of milk were determined throughout the experiment. Infusions of 1 ng 5HT did not change the plasma concentrations of the T3, T4 and GH throughout the experiment period. Infusions of 4 and 8 ng 5HT significantly (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Serotonin T3, T4, GH, Sanan goats.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Can a general shoot proliferation and rooting medium be used for a number of carnation cultivars?

H. Salehi

Abstract: This investigation was conducted to find the best shoot proliferation and rooting media for 13 virus-free cultivars of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) recently imported from The Netherlands to Iran. The best shoot proliferation media were Murashige and Skoog (MS) containing 3 mgL-1 (13.95 mM) kinetin and 0.5 mgL-1 (2.69 mM) NAA or 1 mgL-1 (4.44 mM) BA and 1 mgL-1 (5.37 mM) NAA. Average of shoot numbers produced in the establishment media was 2-3, which increased to 30 or higher with some cultivars in subsequent subcultures. For rooting, the in vitro shoots were cultured on the best MS rooting media which is discussed. Transferring to a mixture of sand, leaf-mold and vermiculite (1:1:1, v/v/v) successfully acclimatized the plantlets. It can be concluded that using a general medium for shoot proliferation of used carnation cultivars is possible, but for rooting it is impossible.[...] Read More.

Keywords: culture medium, Dianthus caryophyllus L., in vitro culture, micropropagation.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Purification and characterization of three low-molecular-weight acid phosphatases from peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seedlings

Jean Tia Gonnety, Sébastien Niamké,*, Betty Meuwiah Faulet, Eugène Jean-Parfait N’guessan Kouadio and Lucien Patrice Kouamé.

Abstract: The maximum acid phosphatasic activity was detected in peanut seedlings the 5th day of germination. At least, three acid phosphatases were identified and purified by successive chromatography separations on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, CM-Sepharose CL-6B, Sephacryl S-200 HR, and Phenyl-Sepharose HP to apparent homogeneity from developing five days old peanut seedlings. These enzymes designated acid phosphatase PI, PIIa and PIIb had native molecular weights of approximately 25.3, 22.4 and 24 kDa, respectively by gel permeation. SDS-PAGE of the purified acid phosphatase PI resolved two closely protein bands that migrated to approximately 14 and 12 kDa. Thus, this acid phosphatase likely functions as a heterodimer. Acid phosphatases PIIa and PIIb migrated as single band (each) with a similar molecular weight estimated to 21 kDa. The three enzymes had a similar optima pH (5.0) and temperature (55°C), and appeared to be stable in the presence of non-ionic detergents such as Triton X-100, Nonidet P 40 as well as Na+ and K+. Substrate specificity indicated that the three acid phosphatases hydrolyzed a broad range of phosphorylated substrates. However, natural substrates such as ADP and ATP were the compounds with highest rate of hydrolysis for acid phosphatase PI, while acid phosphatase PIIa exhibited phytasic activity. These results indicate that each purified acid phosphatase from peanut seedlings played a peculiar role during germination.[...] Read More.

Keywords: acid phosphatase; seedling; peanut; arachis hypogaea; germination; low-molecular-weight.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Nutritional potentials of some tropical vegetable leaf meals: Chemical characterization and functional properties

A.O. Fasuyi

Abstract: Three tropical vegetable species (Talium triangulare, Amaranthus cruentus and Telfairia occidentalis) were selected based on their availability and agronomic desirability. The freshly harvested vegetable leaves were subjected to 2 processing techniques (shredding and sundrying) before milling into the vegetable leaf meals (VLMs). The crude protein ranged from 19.9+1.8 to 35.1+1.7. The crude fibre ranged from 8.8+3.1 to 12.7+4.2. Ether extract (fat) had a wide range of 5.4+3.2 to 29.2+2.1. Ash contents had a range of 10.9+6.2 to 19.4+3.0. The nitrogen free extract ranged from 19.7+0.3 to as high as 43.5+0.7. Gross energy values had a range of 251.5MJKg -1 to 383.2MJKg-1. The mineral contents of the air-dried VLMs indicated that Ca, Mg, Na, K are the most abundant minerals with values as high as 2.0, 2.5, 7.1 and 4.8gkg-1DM for Ca, Mg, Na and K respectively in some samples analysed. The amino acid profiles of the VLMs indicated favourable nutritional balance except for lysine and methinone which appear marginal. The Water Absorption Capacity (WAC), Fat Absorption Capacity (FAC), Fat Emulsion Capacity (FEC) and Emulsion Stability (ES) were similar for the 3 VLMs. The values obtained for Foaming Capacity, Least Gelation Concentration and Foaming Stability after 30 minutes for the 3 VLMs were also similar. The protein solubility curves of all VLMs were similar at both alkaline and acid media with minimum solubility (isoelectric point) at between pH 4 and 5 for the VLMs.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Vegetable leaf meals, nutritional potentials, amino acid profile.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Toxicity evaluation of flucycloxuron and diflubenzuron on the cellular model, Paramecium sp.

Rouabhi, R.*, Berrebbah, H., and Djebar, M.R.

Abstract: The effect of two pesticides, the diflubenzuron (DFB) and flucycloxuron (FCX) was studied on the ciliated protiste cellular model, Paramecium sp. Treatment with the DFB at 10 and 20 µg/ml reduces the growth of this protiste appreciably. The survey of the respiratory metabolism by the polarography technique (oxygen electrode) shows a sensitive inhibition of the oxygen consumption. In the case of the FCX, treatment with the two concentrations (10 and 20 µg/ml) reveals an inhibition of the ciliated protiste growth. This pesticide also inhibits the respiratory metabolism of ciliated protiste. This effect is a lot more marked with the FCX that with the DFB.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Paramecium sp., flucycloxuron, diflubenzuron, pesticide, respiratory metabolism.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Review

Bioprospecting and antifungal potential of chitinolytic microorganisms

Vipul Gohel, Anil Singh, Maisuria Vimal, Phadnis Ashwini and Chhatpar H.S.*

Abstract: Fungal plant diseases are one of the major concerns to agricultural food production world wide. Soil borne pathogenic fungi such as Pythium, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Phytopthora attack most of the economically important crop plants (either through seed root before germination or seedling after germination) resulting in loss of billions of dollars. Moreover, the management of chitinous waste is also pressing need today. Mycolytic enzymes (chitinases, proteases and glucanase) producing microorganisms may help in solving these problems. These microorganisms have ability to lyse the fungal cell wall and also have the potential to manage the chitinous waste by producing chitinases. Many chitinolytic microorganisms have potential to control fungal plant pathogens but they are not fully successful in all the cases due to different geological and environmental conditions. Thus, bioprospecting to find novel, highly chitinolytic microorganisms which help in developing potential biocontrol agent. Furthermore, to increase the survivability of biocontrol agents, a formulation may also be necessary. This review is focused on the progress of chitinase genes, chitinolytic microorganisms and their diversity as well as formulation of chitinolytic producers which have the potential to control fungal plant pathogens[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bioprospecting, biocontrol, chitinolytic enzymes, formulation.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Detection of GMO in food products in South Africa: Implications of GMO labelling

C.D. Viljoen*, B.K. Dajee and G.M. Botha

Abstract: Genetically modified (GM) crops currently account for 29% of crop production worldwide. South Africa is currently the only country in Africa to commercially grow GM crops. Despite a lack of regulations to provide for food labelling that allows for consumer preference, many products carry negative or positive labels with regard to genetic modification. The aim of this study was to test different maize and soy products to determine the uptake of GM food into the human food chain as well as the validity of “non-GMO” (genetically modified organisms), “GMO free” or “organic” labels, on local as well as imported products. Of the 58 products selected and sampled randomly, 44 tested positive for the presence of GM. Furthermore, of the 20 products with a GM related label, 14 tested positive for GM. These results demonstrate the extent of GM in the human food chain in South Africa and highlight the need for effective regulations to protect consumers against misleading claims.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), genetic modification (GM), food, labelling.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Optimization of ISSR marker for African edible-seeded Cucurbitaceae speciesâ€™ genetic diversity analysis

Djè Y, Tahi GC, Zoro Bi IA, Malice M, Baudoin JP and Bertin P

Abstract: We applied a molecular approach using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers on three African edible-seeded cucurbits (Citrullus lanatus L. Matsumura and Nakai, Cucumeropsis mannii L. Naudin and Cucumis melo var. agrestis L. Naudin). To obtain clear and reproducible bands on 1.5% agarose gels, we screened 21 ISSR primers and three parameters (annealing temperature, gel tray, and voltage and running time). The resolution of 11 ISSR markers was performed, with optimal annealing temperature (Ta) varying from 50 to 52°C. The best combination to obtain clear and well-distinguished band patterns was 1.5% agarose gel with a 20-lanes tray (6 mm width) at 80 V for 5 h. Applying the 11 ISSR primers on DNA extracted from an accession of C. lanatus, 66 bands with 4 to 11 bands per primer was observed.[...] Read More.

Keywords: ISSR, Cucurbits, genetic diversity, molecular markers, optimization.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Factors affecting delivery and transient expression of -glucuronidase gene in Dendrobium Sonia protocorm-like-body

Janna OA*, Maziah M, Ahmad Parveez GKA, Saleh K

Abstract: The effect of the biolistic device parameters and other factors affecting delivery and expression of uidA gene in Dendrobium Sonia was investigated. Three week old protocorm like body (PLB) were bombarded with gold microparticles coated with pAHC25 plasmid harbouring the uidA gene which encodes -glucuronidase. The factors investigated were the helium pressure, target distance, macrocarrier flight distance to stopping screen, distance from stopping screen to target tissues, vacuum pressure, gold microparticles size, spermidine and calcium on DNA precipitation, and the number of bombardments. Two days after bombardment, the PLB were subjected to histochemical GUS assay, and transient GUS activity was recorded as blue spots using a Leica stereomicroscope. All the factors tested showed significant effects (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: biolistic transformation, orchid, Dendrobium, protocorm like body,-glucuronidase assay.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

High level production of the recombinant gag24 protein from HIV-1 IN Escherichia coli

Ramón E. Narciandi Díaz*, José Motolongo Viquillon, Luis Pérez Figueroa.

Abstract: The gag24 gene of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) was expressed under the control of the tryptophan promoter in Escherichia coli. The effect of several parameters on the production of gag24 was studied. The expression level achieved (25%) depended on the host strain and the induction conditions. The developed fermentative process was scaled-up to 50 L, where 417 mg/L of volumetric production and 34 mg/L.h of productivity, were obtained.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Escherichia coli, gag24, HIV-1, scale-up.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Genetic diversity of Capsicum using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs

O.A. Adetula

Abstract: Pepper (Capsicum sp.) is one of the most popular and widely grown vegetables in Nigeria. A total of one hundred and fifty germplasm collections were characterised, evaluated and conserved in the National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan Nigeria. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed on selected forty accessions of Capsicum annum and Capsicum fructences to estimate genetic diversity and taxonomic relationships. Cluster analysis using UPGMA seperated the accessions into four major groups. Based on the morphological and molecular data, remarkable difference was exhibited by the Capsicum accessions.[...] Read More.

Keywords: RAPD, genetic diversity, Capsicum.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Clonal propagation of Pelargonium sidoides: A threatened medicinal plant of South Africa

FB Lewu, DS Grierson and AJ Afolayan*

Abstract: Pelargonium sidoides is used in herbal medicine for the treatment of various infections. Apart from the local uses, the roots are being indiscriminately harvested for local and export trade. A study was conducted to determine the appropriate plant part and the minimum vine length suitable for the clonal propagation of P. sidoides in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, three vine tip cuttings (2, 4 and 6 cm) of the species were rooted in potted experiment in a green house. In the second experiment, ten days old petioles were excised from their mother plants and rooted alongside 6 cm vines length to assess suitable plant part for vegetative propagation of the species. Data were collected and analyzed on various growth and development indices. In the first experiment, the 6 cm vine length exhibited best result for different parameters measured. Petioles gave significant yield difference over 6 cm vine length and generally showed high potential for vegetative propagation in terms of rooting ability and survival rate. The importance of these findings on the propagation and conservation of P. sidoides is discussed.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Clonal propagation, ex situ conservation, medicinal plant, Pelargonium sidoides, stem cutting.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Analysis of B-genome derived simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in Musa spp.

C. E. Oriero*, O. A. Odunola, Y. Lokko and I. Ingelbrecht

Abstract: A study was conducted to investigate the genetic variability between 40 Musa genotypes maintained at the Musa germplasm collection of the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan using nine B-genome derived simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The nine primers produced reproducible and discrete fragments and generated a total of 23 alleles with an average of 2.1. The hierarchical cluster analysis showed clusters of diploid cultivars separate from triploid ones (with the exception of TMB149 (BB) and TMB131 (AB)). Average gene diversity was He = 0.412, and differentiation, given by the fixation index (FST) was low at 0.131.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Banana, genetic diversity, gene differentiation, plantain.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Increased heavy metal tolerance of cowpea plants by dual inoculation of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixer Rhizobium bacterium

Saleh M. Saleh Al-Garni

Abstract: Through biological inoculation technology, the bacterial-mycorrhizal-legume tripartite symbiosis in artificially heavy metal polluted soil was documented and the effects of dual inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus and Rhizobium (N- fixing bacteria, NFB) on the host plant cowpea (Vigna sinensis) in pot cultures were investigated at six concentrations of Zn (0.0 – 1000 mg/kg dry soil) and Cd (0.0 – 100 mg/kg dry soil). From a number of physiological indices measured in this study, microsymbionts significantly increased dry weight, root : shoot ratios, leaf number and area, plant length, leaf pigments, total carbohydrates, N and P content of infected plants as compared with non infected controls at all levels of heavy metal concentrations. Tolerance index of cowpea plants was increased in the presence of microsymbionts than in their absence in polluted soil. Microsymbionts dependencies of cowpea plants tended to be increased at higher levels of Zn and Cd in polluted soil. Metals accumulated by microsymbionts-infected cowpea plant were mostly distributed in root tissues, suggesting that an exclusion strategy for metal tolerance widely exists in them. This study provides evidence for benefits of NFB to AM fungi in the protection of host plants against the detrimental effects of heavy metals. If so, bacterial-AM-legume tripartite symbiosis could be a new approach to increase the heavy metal tolerance of legumes plants under heavy metal polluted soil. Key word: Mycorrhiza, Vigna sinesis, heavy metals, microsymbiosis, Rhizobium.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mycorrhiza, Vigna sinesis, heavy metals, microsymbiosis, Rhizobium.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

An assessment of the microbiological safety of dry yam (gbodo) processed in South West Nigeria

Babajide, J.M., Oyewole, O.B. and Obadina, O.A.

Abstract: The microorganisms involved in dry-yam (gbodo) and water used in parboiling from different source (well, pipe-borne, river, stream and pond) were investigated. There was predominance of Staphylococcus aureus, fungi and coliforms in the gbodo samples. Coliforms were also observed in all the parboiling water. In gbodo, the total viable bacterial count was generally high, ranging from 1.1 x 106 cfu/ml from Oyo processing area to 7.8 x 105 cfu/ml from Iseyin processing areas. A large percentage of the microorganisms involved in gbodo were fungi ranging from 8.5 x 105 cfu/ml in samples collected from Abeokuta to 1.2 x 106 cfu/ml in samples from Ibarapa. S. aureus was isolated from all the dry yam samples with counts ranging from 2.5 x 103 cfu/ml in samples collected from Iseyin processing area to 9.0 x 104 cfu/ml from Baruba processing area. The control sample prepared at the laboratory has a low microorganism’ population compared with all the collected samples.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Gbodo, Microbiological safety, yam, parboiling water.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

GA3 improves flower yield in some cucurbits treated with lead and mercury

Aisha Saleem Khan* and Najma Yaqub Chaudhry

Abstract: Present study reveals florigenic effects of growth hormones (i.e. gibberellic acid, GA3) and heavy metals (i.e., Pb(NO3)2 and HgCl2) in Cucumis sativus L. and Momordica charantia L. Applied GA3 at 400 ppm caused precocious flowering, increasing the number of pistillate and staminate flowers in both plants. Application of Pb(NO3) 2 and HgCl2 caused significant delay in flowering, consequently leading to reduction in number of flowers. However, when GA3 was applied with Pb(NO3)2 and HgCl2, there was less decrease in staminate and pistillate flowers, revealing the dominant effect of GA3. It can be concluded that inhibitory effects of heavy metals on flowering were partially restored by phytohormones.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Flowering, heavy metals, phytohormones.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A reproducible protocol for regeneration and transformation in canola (Brassica napus L.)

Reda E. A. Moghaieb, Mohamed A. El-Awady, Rabab G. El Mergawy, Sawsan S. Youssef and Ahmed M. El-Sharkawy*

Abstract: The objective of the present study is to develop an efficient protocol for shoot and plant regeneration using five commercial canola cultivars grown under the Egyptian agricultural conditions. The regeneration efficiency from hypocotyl explants was examined. The data indicated that embryonic calli were formed within two weeks in the presence of 1 mgl-1 2,4-D. Adventitious shoots emerged from the embryonic callus in the presence of 4.5 mgl-1 BA. The cultivars showed a varied response to shoot regeneration. Regeneration frequency was high in the cultivar Sarow -4 (68%) followed by Masrri L-16 (64%) compared with the other cultivars tested. Hypocotyl explants from the cultivars Sarow-4 and Semu-249 were inoculated and co-cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring a binary vector pBI-121 containing the neomycin phosphotransferase-II gene (NPT-II). The resulted putative transgenic plantlets were able to grow under knanamycin containing medium. The stable integration of the NPT-II gene into the plant genomes was tested by PCR using NPT-II -specific primers. The GUS gene expression can be detected only in the transgenic plants. The reported protocol in the present study is repeatable and can be used to regenerate transgenic canola plants expressing the genes present in A. tumifaciens binary vectors.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Agrobacterium, canola, GUS assay, regeneration, fransformation, NPT II gene.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Carrier rate of enteric bacteria associated with diarrhoea in children and pupils in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

Adegunloye, D.V.

Abstract: One hundred stool samples were collected from children and pupils in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. These were examined for the presence of enteric bacteria associated with diarrhea. Seventy of the samples were collected from apparently healthy pupils in some public primary schools in Akure, while thirty samples were collected from children in the Children’s Ward of the Ondo State Specialist Hospital, Akure. All the samples were pre-enriched for Salmonella and Shigella in selenite–F broth and also streaked on MacConkey and Deoxychocolate citrate agar plates. The following bacterial were isolated; Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella enteritidis, Yersina enterocolitica ,Klebsiella pneumoniae, Providencia sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris. S. dysenteriae was found to be most frequent in children aged six to twenty-four months and one to twelve years. The carrier rate of S. dysentriae among males was very high compared to the females and there was high rate of bacteria isolates among the children of poor socio-economic status, poor sanitation and poorly breast-fed children.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Diarrhoea, deoxychocolate citrate, enteric, transmission.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Degradation of anthracene: Influence of adsorbents from inorganic activation

Owabor C. N.* and Saniyo E.

Abstract: The use of rice and melon husks in their raw, carbonized (at 400°C and 600°C) and activated (using 10%, v/v orthophosphoric acid) form to catalyze the degradation of anthracene in sandy soil was investigated. Rice husk carbonized at 600°C and activated was found to be a better adsorbent than melon husk under same condition. After five weeks of degradation experiment the anthracene reduced from an initial concentration of 5000 to 1009.7 and 1200.2 µg/g soil for rice and melon husks, respectively, while the control reduced to 2671.0 µg/g soil. Result of the batch degradation process of anthracene was found to follow first order heterogeneous kinetics with rice husk carbonized at 600°C and activated having the fastest reaction rate constant of 0.0018 h-1 followed by melon husk with 0.0016 h-1 while the control had 0.0009 h-1.The regression coefficients obtained from the analysis of the experimental data used to test the order of reaction were greater than 88% showing a good reliability of the data obtained.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Degradation, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, anthracene, rice husk, melon husk.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Flower pigment analysis of Melastoma malabathricum

Janna O A*, Khairul A, Maziah M and Mohd Y

Abstract: Anthocyanin is among the permitted pigments that can be used for food colourant and having been considered a potential replacement for synthetic dyes. The objective of this study is to analyse the colour pigment, anthocyanin, that can be detected in flower and their stability in extracted form. All the analysed results will be used in the next study for the production of new food colouring material. From the observation, it shows that S3 flower developmental stage contains the highest anthocyanin concentration. Simple linear regression method was used to find the significant level correlating the anthocyanin concentration and storage time. Throughout the whole experiments, the extracted anthocyanin contents are quite stable. The graphs show a small degradation rate in the anthocyanin total concentration, except for the extracts that were exposed to the light where the degradation level reached more than 50%. At different pH values, the anthocyanin concentration decreased and the colour faded at higher pH. Extracts that were stored at high temperatures (31°C) showed higher degradation levels compared to the one kept at lower temperatures (25°C). From the study we find that the suitable storage condition for coloured anthocyanin pigments is in acidic solution (pH 0.5 and 1.0) kept in the dark and at low temperature (4°C).[...] Read More.

Keywords:

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Activities of invertase and cellulase as influenced by the application of tridemorph and captan to groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) soil

M. Srinivasulu and V. Rangaswamy*

Abstract: A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the effect of selected fungicides, tridemorph and captan, at concentrations ranging from 0 to10 kg ha-1 on the activity of invertase and cellulase in a vertisol. The activities of invertase and cellulase were significantly more at tridemorph and captan levels of 2.5 and 5.0 kg ha-1, respectively. But at higher concentrations of 7.5 and 10 kg ha-1respectively, tridemorph and captan were toxic to both cellulase and invertase activities. In soil samples receiving 2.5-5.0 kg ha-1 of the fungcides, the accumulation of reducing sugar was pronounced more at 20 days, and the activity of the invertase and cellulase was drastically decreased with increasing period of incubation up to 30 and 40 days.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fungicides, invertase, cellulase, groundnut, Arachis hypogaea.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Study on the Modified triphenyl tetrazolium chloride â€“ dehydrogenase activity (TTC-DHA) Method in Determination of bioactivity in the up-flow aerated bio-activated carbon filter

Qing Tian *, Jihua Chen*, Hua Zhang* and Yunan Xiao*

Abstract: The study applied triphenyl tetrazolium chloride-dehydrogenase activity (TTC-DHA) method to detect the activities of attached biofilm on bio-activated carbon (BAC) samples in the up-flow aerated biological activated carbon filter (UABACF) treating textile secondary effluent. Modification to the conventional TTC-DHA determination method was proposed. In the modification, BAC samples were used directly to measure TTC-DHA without pre-separating the attached biofilm from carbon samples. After modification, the mean values of biofilm TTC-DHA activities for the BAC samples at different heights of the biofilter were 25 to 193 times higher than those measured in conventional way. In addition, the microbial activity distribution related more closely to substrate removal along the height of the reactor after modification. The results indicated that high activity of the bacteria that are firmly fixed on the porous surface of the media would be ignored during pre-separation of the attached biofilm from media surface. The study also indicated the influence of granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption on the bio-activity of attached biofilm. GAC adsorption was favorable in the improvement of the activities within the biofilter, especially when the attached films were destroyed. The modification of TTC-DHA determination method made this technique more convenient and accurate in activity measurement of biofilm fixed on porous surface structured activated carbon.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Up-flow, aerated bio-filter, BAC, TTC-DHA, bioactivity.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Activity enhancement of ligninolytic enzymes of Trametes versicolor with bagasse powder

Sk Masud Hossain* and N. Anantharaman

Abstract: Suspended cultures of white-rot fungus, Trametes versicolor, supplemented with bagasse powder showed a concentration dependent enhancement in the ligninolytic enzymes activity in liquid shake cultures. 2% (w/v) bagasse powder improved greater stability to the enzymes. The optimum pH is 3.5 and the optimum temperature is 40°C for maximum lignonolytic enzymatic activity. The optimum shaking speed is 60 rpm for maximum enzymatic activity. The maximum enzymatic activity showed by T. versicolor is 495, 440 and 410 mmol/ml.min for LiP, MnP and laccase with bagasse powder at optimum conditions, respectively. Without bagasse powder at optimum conditions, the maximum enzymatic activity for LiP, MnP and laccase is 195, 150 and 170 mmol/ml.min, respectively.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bagasse, enhancement, enzymes, optimum, white-rot fungus.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Nutritional improvement of an Egyptian breed of mung bean by probiotic lactobacilli

Ashraf A. Khalil

Abstract: Germination and/or fermentation processes for Egyptian breeds of mung seeds were carried out with three Lactobacillus strains namely, L. reuteri, L. case, and L. heleviticus. Results revealed increase in protein content, nitrogen solubility and in vitro digestibility for all treated mung meals. Treated mung proteins contained most of the essential amino acids in concentrations comparable to those recommended by the FAO/WHO, with the exception of the sulphur-containing amino acids. Trypsin inhibitor units (TIU) and phytate content of untreated MB were 6.98 TIU/mg dry sample and 5.61 mg phytate/g dry sample, respectively. Fermentation treatments were effective in decreasing the phytate content as well as reducing trypsin inhibitor activity, while L. casei was the most efficient probiotic culture in reducing those antinutritional factors. The combined treatment of germination and lactic fermentation utilizing Lactobacillus species is recommended process for enhancing the nutritional quality of legume protein.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mung bean, protein extract, Lactobacillus, fermentation, germination, nutritive value.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Sensory attributes, microbial quality and aroma profiles of off vine ripened mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit

Mtebe Kaswija, Mamiro Peter*, Fweja Leonard

Abstract: The need to develop the best off vine mango ripening technique for both consumption and processing was investigated. Sensory quality and microbial contamination was studied on mature green Dodo mangoes before and during a 3- and 6-day ripening period by Smoked Pit Ripening (SPR), Ethylene (fruit generated) Pit Ripening (EPR), Untreated Pit Ripening (UPR) and Room Temperature Ripening (RTR) as a control method. The post harvest ripening changes in the quality characteristic of ripe mangoes were correlated among treatments and compared with similar changes in other mango varieties. The results showed insignificant differences in sensory attributes among the employed techniques. Microbial quality was significantly different within the treatments, while with aroma profiles there were considerable differences of detected aromatic compounds between raw and ripe mango fruits. Increased number of aromatic compounds reflected the most significant sensory scores at ripening stage.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mango, microbial quality, flavour, ripening, aroma.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Review

Research progress on property and application of theaflavins

Chunxia Wang and Yongquan Li*

Abstract: Theaflavins is a group of very important material from black tea with functions as antioxidant, cancer suppressor and inhibitor of pathogenic microorgnisms. A discription is given on the property, chemical structure and application of theaflavin in this paper. The present research situation of theaflavins both in China and abroad is also reviewed.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Theaflavins, property, application.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Analysis of genetic diversity in accessions of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill

G. N. Ude,*, C.O. Dimkpa, P. O. Anegbeh, A. A. Shaibu, A. Tenkouano, M. Pillay and Z. Tchoundjeu

Abstract: Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was used to assess genetic diversity and relationships among 15 accessions of Irvingia gabonensis collected from Cameroun, Gabon, and Nigeria. Twelve AFLP+3 primers produced 384 polymorphic fragments. Average genetic distance (AGD) between the 15 accessions was 58.7% (32-88%). AGD and range of genetic distance among accessions from Cameroun, Nigeria and Gabon were 62% (53-76%), 52% (32.3 – 84.8%) and 50% (45-53%), respectively, indicating more genetic diversity in Cameroun than Nigeria and Gabon. The unweighted pair-group method of the arithmetic average (UPGMA) and principal coordinate analysis (PCO) showed a clear distinction between the Gabon and Nigeria accessions into two separate clusters, with accessions from Cameroun overlapping them. Principal coordinate analysis (PCO) indicated a closer relationship between accessions from Cameroun and Gabon. In general the Cameroun germplasm appears to be a bridge between the genetically isolated Nigeria and Gabon accessions. This overlap of Gabon and Nigerian accessions by the accessions from Cameroun may be an indication that Cameroun is the center of diversity of I. gabonensis and also the primary source of original materials grown in the other countries. More collection in Cameroun is necessary to ensure the optimum collection and preservation of the existing genetic diversity in I. gabonensis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Irvingia gabonensis, Accession, amplified fragment length polymorphism, genetic diversity.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Gene frequencies of ABO and rhesus blood groups and haemoglobin variants in Ogbomoso, Southâ€“West Nigeria

A. A. Bakare *, M. A. Azeez and J. O. Agbolade

Abstract: The distribution and gene frequencies of ABO and rhesus (Rh) blood groups and haemoglobin variants for samples of the Nigerian population at Ogbomoso was determined. Data consisting of records of blood groups and haemoglobin types of different ages ranging from infants to adults for a period of 4 to 6 years (1995 – 2000) was collected from Baptist Medical Centre (BMC), Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Health Centre (LAUTHC) and Oyo State General Hospital (OSGH), all in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. Overall, a total number of 7653, 7053 and 14,845 individuals were typed for ABO and Rh blood groups, and haemoglobin genotypes, respectively. 3824 (50%) were blood group O, 1750 (22.9%) were blood group A, 1629 (21.3%) were blood group B and 450 (5.9%) were blood group AB. This distribution differs significantly (P AS (21.0%) > AC (5.7%) >SS (3.0%) >SC (2.0%) >CC (0.3%). The gene frequencies were 0.81, 0.14 and 0.04 for A, S and C alleles, respectively. Our results are representative of the distribution of these genetic variants in Nigeria.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Optimization of DNA isolation and PCR protocol for RAPD analysis of selected medicinal and aromatic plants of conservation concern from Peninsular India

Padmalatha K, Prasad M.N.V*

Abstract: Genetic analysis of plants relies on high yields of pure DNA samples. Here we present the optimization of DNA isolation and PCR conditions for RAPD analysis of selected medicinal and aromatic plants of conservation concern from Peninsular India containing high levels of polysaccharides, polyphenols and secondary metabolites. The method involves a modified CTAB extraction employing polyvinyl pyrrolidone while grinding, successive long-term Chloroform : lsoamyalcohol extractions, an overnight RNase treatment with all steps carried out at room temperature. The yield of DNA ranged from 1-2 µg/µl per gram of the leaf tissue and the purity (ratio) was between 1.6-1.7 indicating minimal levels of contaminating metabolites. The technique is ideal for isolation of DNA from different plant species and the DNA isolated was used for randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. RAPD protocol was optimized based on the use of higher concentration of MgCl2 (3 mM), lower concentrations of primer (0.5 µM) and TAQ polymerase (0.2 units), 50 ng of template DNA and an annealing temperature of 37°C, resulted optimal amplification. Reproducible amplifiable products were observed in all PCR reactions. Thus the results indicate that the optimized protocol for DNA isolation and PCR was amenable to plant species belonging to different genera which is suitable for further work on diversity analysis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Vitex pubescens, Nervilia aragoana, Gymnema sylvestre, Withania somnifera, Origanum majorana, Boswellia serrata, Saraca asoca, Gloriosa superba, polysaccharides, PCR amplification.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Construction of barley consensus map showing chromosomal regions associated with economically important traits

Ayman A. Diab

Abstract: In the past, it has been difficult to accurately determine the location of many types of barley molecular markers due to the lack of commonality between international barley linkage maps. In this study, a consensus map of barley was constructed from five different maps (OWB, VxHs, KxM, barley consensus 2 and barley consensus 2003) to produce the consensus AD-2005 map with 1536 markers. The QTL that have been identified in previous barley studies were then incorporated into the integrated consensus map to provide a quick method of aligning and comparing barley linkage maps and to identify markers closely linked to barley traits. The markers placed on this map are consistent with respect to order on the chromosomes with the individual maps and other barley maps with a few minor differences. The consensus AD-2005 was compared with rice Cornell RFLP map to examine the reliability of the constructed map in comparative genomic studies. Unlike previous consensus maps, the purpose of this consensus map (containing QTL) is to provide a tool for scientists to accurately locate molecular markers to chromosome regions responsible for economically important traits. It is estimated that markers placed on the consensus map are located very close to their true positions as determined by the five maps used in this study. It is envisaged that the consensus map will benefit small-grain researchers by providing an efficient means of choosing markers of interest and identifying QTL regions for future genetic or plant breeding studies on a worldwide basis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Barley, QTL, genetic linkage mapping, consensus map, comparative genome mapping.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Yield stability analysis of pearl millet hybrids in Nigeria

Y. Yahaya*, C.A. Echekwu and S.G. Mohammed

Abstract: Genotype x environment interaction in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.] was studied for grain yield by growing 90 genotypes consisting of 81 hybrids and 9 inbred parents at 5 locations for 2 years. Genotype x environment interaction was observed, a large component of which was accounted for by non-linear regression on the environment means. Although the linear portion was significant, its magnitude was smaller than that of the non-linear component indicating the significance of environmental effects on the genotypes. Six hybrids were found to be stable across the environments. They yielded above the average mean yield of all the genotypes under test, with a slope of unity and the mean square due to deviation from regression equal to zero.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Genotype x environment interaction, yield, stability, pearl millet.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A survey of the microflora of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) and the resulting â€œZoboâ€ juice

Omemu, A. M., Edema, M. O.*, Atayese, A. O. and Obadina, A. O.

Abstract: The dried calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) is locally processed into a non-alcoholic drink known as ‘Zobo’ in Nigeria. This popular drink is quite cheap compared to other bottled soft drinks but its acceptability is still limited because of its very short shelf life (24 h at room temperature). The composition and numbers of the microflora of the dried calyx of the Roselle plant and its resulting juice (Zobo) were examined using standard microbiological methods. The dried calyx obtained from a retail market was processed into juice that was compared with commercially sold (retail) juice. The microorganisms isolated from the dried calyx and the juices included the fungi, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus oligosporus, Penicillium citrinum, Mucor spp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Candida krusei, while Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia spp., Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus fermentum represented the bacterial isolates. Viable counts ranged from 0.4 x 104 to 3.2 x 104 cfu/ml. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts were higher in the retail juice (1.1 to 2.2 x104 cfu/ml) than in the laboratory-prepared juice (0.8 to 1.4 x104 cfu/ml) while the dried calyx had the highest fungal counts of 3.2 x 104 cfu/ml. pH of the juices ranged between 2.67 and 2.77 while total titratable acidity values were between 0.02 and 0.08.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Dried calyx, microflora, viable counts, Zobo juice.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Influence of intra-row spacing and mulching on weed growth and bulb yield of garlic (ALLIUM SATIVUM l.) in Sokoto, Nigeria

A.K. Karaye and A.I. Yakubu*

Abstract: Two field experiments were conducted during 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 dry seasons under irrigation at Kwalkwalawa Research FADAMA Farm of Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto to investigate the response of weed growth and bulb yield of garlic to intra-row spacing and mulching. The treatments consisted of three intra-row spacings (10, 15, and 20 cm) and four mulching rate (0, 5, 7 and 9 t/ha). These were laid out in split plot design and replicated three times. Intra-row spacing was assigned to main plots and mulching was allotted to sub plots. Gross and net plot sizes were 3 x 1.5 m and 2.5 x 1 m, respectively. Results indicated that the number of leaves/plant, weed growth and cured bulb yield responded significantly to intra-row spacing and mulching, except in 2000/2001 trial, when the effect of mulching on cured bulb yield was not significant. Based on the results obtained, it could be concluded that for optimum bulb yield in garlic, the intra-row spacing of 10 cm and 9 t/ha mulching rate should be adopted.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Intra-row spacing, mulching, weed, garlic.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Evaluation of acute and subacute toxicities of aqueous ethanolic extract of leaves of Senna alata (L.) Roxb (Ceasalpiniaceae)

C.A. Pieme*, V. N. Penlap, B. Nkegoum, P. C. L. Taziebou, E.M. Tekwu, F. X. Etoa , J. Ngongang

Abstract: We investigated the acute and subacute toxicities of hydro-ethanolic extract of leaves of Senna alata (L.) Roxb. in Swiss mice and Wistar albino rats. The mice were divided into 6 groups of 10 animals and each group received once by intra-gastric gavages 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 times 1000 mg/kg dose of extract. Distilled water served as the control. For the subacute toxicity, three groups of 10 rats (5 males and 5 females) were treated per os with distilled water (control), 500 or 1000 mg/kg of extract every 48 h for 26 days. At the end of treatment blood sample and 20% liver homogenates were collected for biochemical analyses. The results indicated that the medium lethal dose (LD50) was about 18.50 g/kg of body weight. Significant variation (P[...] Read More.

Keywords:

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Production potentials of anti-Plesiomonas shigelloides antibody

Oviasogie, F.E. and Ekhaise, F.O.*

Abstract: Out of the one hundred and fifty stool human samples screened for the prevalence of Plesiomonas shigelloides, only 3 (2%) were positive for the organisms. The positive isolates were used to produce P. shigelloides antibody in experimental animals (rabbits). Autopsy revealed marked inflammation of the liver, spleen and the kidney in the experimental animals not protected with the antibodies. This study showed that the trial rabbits were suitable for the production of antibodies against P. shigelloides, and further demonstrated the diagnostic and protective potentials of the antibodies.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Plesiomonas shigelloides, experimental animals, colloidal carbon particles, antibody and antisera.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Esterase and protease activities of Bacillus spp. from afitin, iru and sonru; three African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) condiments from Benin

Paulin AZOKPOTA, Djidjoho Joseph HOUNHOUIGAN*, Mathurin Coffi NAGO and Mogens JAKOBSEN

Abstract: Fifty strains of Bacillus spp. comprising Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis previously isolated from afitin, iru and sonru were examined for esterase and protease activities. The electrophoretic profiles of fermented African locust bean protein (ALBP), using strains presenting the highest protease activities in casein agar, were analyzed by SDS-PAGE to select strains with good ability to be used as starter cultures. All the Bacillus spp. tested showed esterase activity against tributyrin with high variability among strains. Strains showing the highest esterase activities were B. subtilis, primarily isolated from iru, sonru and lastly in afitin. Only 62% (31/50) of the Bacillus strains tested showed perceptible, but highly variable protease activity in casein agar. Bacillus strains showing the highest protease activities comprised strains of B. subtilis isolated from afitin and iru and strains of B. licheniformis isolated from iru and sonru. A B. subtilis strain isolated from afitin showed high esterase as well as high protease activity. The electrophoretic profile by SDS-PAGE of ALBP fermented by the Bacillus spp. having the highest protease activities showed degradation products with a wide range of molecular size between 4 and 250 kDa. Variability of the characteristics of the Bacillus spp. tested give new opportunities for their use as starter culture for products development.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, fermentation, esterase and protease activity, SDS-PAGE.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Purification and biochemical properties of a new thermostable xylanase from symbiotic fungus, Termitomyces sp.

Betty Meuwiah Faulet, Sébastien Niamké,*, Jean Tia Gonnety and Lucien Patrice Kouamé

Abstract: A xylanase was purified from symbotic fungus, Termitomyces sp. by chromatography on columns of DEAE-Sepharose, CM-Sepharose, gel filtration and Phenyl-Sepharose. The preparation was shown to be homogenous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme displayed two protein bands on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and its molecular mass was estimated to 80-87 kDa. The xylanase exhibited maximum activity at 65-70°C and at pH 5.6, but it retained more than 80% of its activity in the pH range 5.0-6.0. The enzyme was stable for a long time-period up to 50°C and for 1 h at 60°C. Although the xylanase had a lower carboxymethylcellulase activity, it lacked activity towards substituted xylan, xylobiose, inulin, starch, polygalacturonic acid or pNP-glycosides. Kinetic parameters indicated higher efficiency in the hydrolysis of beechwood xylan and birchwood xylan. The xylanase activity was stimulated by K+, Mn2+ and dithiol-reducing agents and was sensitive to Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+ and detergent agents. The enzymatic activity was observed in presence of urea up to a 1% (w/v) concentration. The enzyme could also be used in the presence of organic solvents such as acetone or dioxane (5%, v/v) without loss of activity.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Coagulants modulate the hypocholesterolemic effect of tofu (coagulated soymilk)

Ganiyu Oboh

Abstract: The recent increase in soymilk and tofu (coagulated soymilk) consumption especially in western countries is due to the recognition of the health benefits of soy foods. The amount and the type of coagulated biomolecules (such as isoflavones) vary with the type of coagulant, and this will inevitable alter their biological activity. This study sought to assess the effect of some coagulants (calcium chloride, alum and steep water from pap production) commonly use in the production of tofu in Nigeria on the serum cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) level in albino rats fed tofu for 14 days. The result of the study revealed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the tofu yield (17.6 – 18.3%), however steep water (12.0 g/kg) had a significantly higher (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Coagulant, soymilk, tofu, phenol, HDL, LDL, cholesterol.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Fungal enrichment of cassava peels proteins

Obadina A.O.*, Oyewole O.B. Sanni .L. O, and Abiola S. S.

Abstract: About 60% of the cassava produced all over the world is used for human consumption. These peels waste were found to contain 42.6% carbohydrate, 1.6% protein, 12.1% ether extract, 5.0% total ash and 22.5% crude fibre. With the advent of biotechnology approaches, there are opportunities for economic utilization of agro-industrial residues such as cassava peels waste. The Microorganisms isolated from the fermenting cassava waste were Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, and A. fumigatus. These and Trichoderma sp. from soil were studied for their ability to increase the protein content of cassava peels waste. Keywords: Cassava peels, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cassava peels, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Microbial growth and substrate utilization kinetics

G.C. Okpokwasili* and C.O. Nweke

Abstract: Microbial growth on and utilization of environmental contaminants as substrates have been studied by many researchers. Most times, substrate utilization results in removal of chemical contaminant, increase in microbial biomass and subsequent biodegradation of the contaminant. These are all aimed at detoxification of the environmental pollutants. Several microbial growth and biodegradation kinetic models have been developed, proposed and used in bioremediation schemes. Some of these models include Monod’s, Andrews, Bungay’s weighted model, general substrate inhibition models (GSIM) and sum kinetic models. Most research on microbial potentials to degrade chemical pollutants has been performed on a laboratory scale. There is a need to extend such studies to pilot scale as well as to full-scale field applications.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Microbial growth, substrate utilization, biodegradation, kinetics, detoxification, organic contaminants, models, environmental pollutants.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Review

Is there any phylogenetic relationship between teleosts and the elasmobranchs?

M NE Dosay-Akbulut

Abstract: There is still disagreement with regard to identifying the sister group of the tetrapods? Different hypotheses were suggested for this relationship. The aim of this article was to present and summarize some of these studies, which were based on the possible phylogenetic relationship between Chondrichtyes and land vertebrates (tetrapods).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Phylogenetic, relationship, Chondrichthyes and tetrapods.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A new manometric method for measuring carbon dioxide production by dairy starter culture: A case of Leuconostoc mesenteroides

Mebrouk KIHAL*, Jamal Eddine HENNI, Hérvé PREVOST and Charles DIVIÈS

Abstract: This paper describe a technique for carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement based on the displacement of acidifying liquid in burette at constant pressure. It was adapted to allow the growth of Leuconostoc sp. on semi-synthetic media and milk. A highly precise measurement was obtained using the chemical reaction of sodium carbonate with hydrochloric acid. This method has been proven to present an excellent linear response from 0 to 0.895 mM of CO2 with a high sensitivity. With cultures in milk medium, kinetics of CO2 evolved by Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum L4 were higher than L. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides 19D and L. mesenteroides subsp. cremoris Ec195 grown on milk.. The use of L. mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum L4 and their variants Lac(-)Cit(+), Lac(+)Cit(-) and Lac(-)Cit(-) showed that the CO2 production correlated to the substrate utilization. The curve of CO2 measured was close to the amount of CO2 calculated from lactose and citrate used. The CO2 production rate was higher with the parental strain (6.5 mM/ h) than with the variants. The amount of CO2 produced was always close to the theoritical value, and was also correlated to the growth rate and substrates utilization by L. mesenteroides. The volume of CO2 produced by Leuconostoc in milk was highly correlated with the D-lactate production (r= 0.995). This method could be used routinely for the evaluation and the selection of bacteria having potential ability for CO2 production.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Leuconostoc sp., CO2 production, lactic acid, milk.

2006, 5(1), 1-6;

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