MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

Research Article

Corncob is the optimum carbon resource for the growth of Tremella aurantialba

Zhi-Cai Zhang*, Mingxia Chen, Xin Li and Wangli Shen

Abstract: The minimum medium without carbon source was used to investigate the effects of five kinds of hexoses, four kinds of pentose, four kinds of bi-saccharide and three kinds of polysaccharides on Tremella aurantialba growth. The result demonstrated that (1) The fittest carbon source of T. aurantialba was the five-carbon aldose in all the tested monosaccharides; (2) Polysaccharides linked with -1,4-glycosyl bond is fitter for the growth of T. aurantialba than that linked with -1,4-glycosyl bond (3) Corncob, which contained abundant poly-xyloses linked with -1,4-glycosyl bond, is the fittest for growth of T. aurantialba. The reaction system of -1,4-glycosidase was employed to study the reason that the polysaccharides linked in -1,4-glycosyl bond is fitter for growth of T. aurantialba. The result showed that T. aurantialba broth can inhibit the activity of -1,4-glycosidase produced by T. aurantialba.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Tremella aurantialba, glycosyl bond, carbon source, aldose, ketose.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：712

Research Article

Metabolic engineering of an ethanol-tolerant Escherichia coli MG1655 for enhanced ethanol production from xylose and glucose

Ruiqiang Ma, Ying Zhang, Haozhou Hong, Wei Lu, Wei Zhang Min Lin and Ming Chen*

Abstract: Efficient ethanol production will require a recombinant to able to ferment a variety of sugars (pentoses, and hexoses), less formation of by- products, as well as to tolerate high ethanol stress. In this study, a mutant (MGE) that can grow in 60 g ethanol/l was selected from Escherichia coli MG1655 by enrichment method with increasing concentrations of ethanol. The ethanol-tolerant mutant was used as the host to develop the ethanologenic recombinant by knockout of pyruvate formate lyase (pflB) and lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA) genes, and expression of Zymomonas mobilis alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase genes in plasmid pZY507bc. The resultant recombinant (GMEPLbc) showed the genetic stability of Z. mobilis genes in glucose medium without antibiotics under anaerobic conditions, and generated little acetic acid (3.6 mM), no formic acid and lactic acid. The ethanol production by GMEPLbc were 41.6 and 35.8 g ethanol/l from 100 g/L glucose and 100 g/L xylose during fermentation in M9 mineral medium, 37.0 and 36.5% more than that of the ethanol-sensitive strain carrying pZY507bc alone, respectively. Our results indicated that enhancement of ethanol tolerance and inactivation of pflB and ldhA are advantageous in the production of ethanol.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Escherichia coli, ethanol production, ethanol-tolerance, Gene knockout, metabolic engineering.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：751

Research Article

Evaluation of nutritional and antinutritional characteristics of Obeche (Triplochition scleroxylon scleroxylon) and several Mulberry (Morus alba) leaves

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The biochemical composition of some selected varieties of White Mulberry and Obeche leaves were investigated to ascertain their nutritional and antinutritional values. Three varieties of white Mulberry leaves (S36, S54 and K2) were harvested from Ondo State sericulture centre while Obeche leaves were harvested from Aponmu Forest Reserve located in Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria, for analysis. Proximate chemical composition, minerals and anti-nutritional contents were determined on dry matter basis for the samples. The percentage of crude protein in all the samples was significantly higher (P 0.05) with 34.31, 21.66, 21.585 and 21.24% in Obeche, S36, S54 and K2, respectively. Similarly, crude fibre follow the same trend with 20.753, 13.70, 10.81, 10.81, 13.70 and 8.74%, respectively, while the percentage water content were 73.70, 71.35, 72.16 and 76.00%, in Obeche , S36, S54 and K2, respectively. The results further show that the samples contain zinc in the range of 34.4 - 57.5, sodium 1069 – 1526, manganese, 14.83 – 24.37, calcium 944 – 1467, potassium 1684 – 2170, iron, 129.70 – 238.00 and magnesium, 1450 – 2196 (mg/kg). The mineral composition was generally comparable with what is obtained with other leafy vegetables. Phytate was significantly higher (P 0.05) in Obeche. Likewise, cyanide and tannin were significantly higher (P 0.05) in S36 than other treatments (Obeche, K 2 and S34). However, these antinutrients (phytate, cyanide and tannin) are much lower than the pemitted values in fruits and any other food items. The result of the chemical analysis showed that all the selected Mulberry varieties and Obeche leaves contained adequate level of food nutrients required for normal body functioning.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mulberry leaves, nutritional characteristics, Obeche leaves, proximate composition.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：707

Research Article

Phytochemical screening and histopathological effects of single acute dose administration of ARTEMISIA ANNUA L. on testes and ovaries of Wistar rats

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: ARTEMISIA ANNUA L. is a medicinal plant whose derivatives are used in the treatment of malaria. Phytochemical screening and histopathological effects of single acute intraperitoneal dose of the alcoholic extract of A. ANNUA, were investigated in Wistar rats in this study. Thirty five adult albino Wistar rats (109 - 307 g) of both sexes used for the study were randomly assigned on the basis of weight and litter origin into seven study groups of five rats per group. The control (group A) was administered placebo (2 ml of pure olive oil) while test groups B to G received single graded doses of 0.18, 0.35, 0.52, 0.70, 0.86 and 1.05 g/kg body weight of extract in olive oil vehicle, respectively. Twenty four hours after the single acute dose administration, animals were sacrificed and testes and ovary tissues obtained for histological evaluation using standard methods. Results of phytochemistry of the alcoholic extract assessed by standard methods identified the presence of alkaloids, glycosides (presence of these in A. ANNUA is questionable), flavonoids, reducing compounds and polyphenols present in different concentrations. Histopathological changes showed adverse lesions on the ovary ranging from atretic-degenerating corpus luteum, with loss of connective substance, arrest of ovarian follicle maturation to complete absence of ovarian follicle. No adverse histopathological changes were observed in the testes. The result suggests arrest of ovulation and a predisposition to infertility (add in the female animals). The possible roles of phytoestrogenic constituents in the favonoid fraction of the phytochemicals are discussed.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Artemisia annua, phytochemistry, histopathology, testes and ovaries.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：746

Research Article

Standardized alcoholic extract of Phyllanthus fraternus exerts potential action against disturbed biochemical parameters in diabetic animals

Munish Garg*, Chanchal Garg, V. J. Dhar and A. N. Kalia

Abstract: Alcoholic extract of Phyllanthus fraternus Webster whole plant (PFAE) prepared by successive solvent treatment was administered at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight once in a day for 21 days to the alloxan induced diabetic albino rats. Certain biochemical parameters that is lipid profile (total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, triacylglycerols), kidney functions (urea, creatinine) and liver functions (alkaline phosphate, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase) were evaluated and compared with normal and standard drug tolbutamide (200 mg/kg body weight) administered group. As a result, drug treatment has significantly improved the disturbed biochemical parameters at variable degrees when compared with standard drug. The phytochemical studies conducted for standardization of the extract showed the presence of tannins and flavonoids as major phytoconstituents. The total phenolics content was found to be 37.51 mg/g of drug extract. Quantitative estimation carried out on two major flavonoids by HPTLC confirmed a concentration of 1.706% w/w rutin and 5.614% w/w of quercetin present in the alcoholic extract. In conclusion, owing to the positive potential activity against disturbed biochemical parameters associated with diabetes, P. fraternus can be used effectively in the management of this deadly disease.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Phyllanthus fraternus, renal functions, liver functions tests, lipid profile, total phenolics.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：732

Research Article

Screening of antioxidant activity, total phenolics and GC-MS study of Vitex negundo

P. Praveen Kumar*, S. Kumaravel and C. Lalitha

Abstract: The present study was carried out for identification of the phytochemicals present in the Vitex negundo leaves and also evaluate the total phenols, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity of the leaf extract. Total phenols was carried out by Folin Ciocalteu method and the phenolic content was 27.72 mg/100 of gallic acid equivalent (GE). Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH method and the leaves of V. negundo showed 23.21 mg/100 of Ascorbic acid Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (AEAC). The GC-MS study also carried out and it showed the presence of phytochemicals like 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-(RT:6.17), Phytol (RT:19.67) and Vitamin E (RT:25.11).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Total Phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, DPPH, GC-MS.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：692

Research Article

Effects of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia on the lipid profile and some enzyme activities in female Wistar rats

Gloria A. Otunola*, Oyelola B. Oloyede, Adenike T. Oladiji and Anthony A. Afolayan

Abstract: The effects of a high dietary soybean oil and cholesterol on serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and triglycerides were investigated. Total protein, albumin, glucose, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) activities were also investigated in weanling female Wistar rats for eight weeks. Two groups of weanling Wistar rats were use in this study. The first group of rats were fed with a control diet made up of the normal rat chow (C), while the second group was given a hypercholesterolemic diet (HPC) enriched with 25% soybean oil and 1% cholesterol for eight weeks. The dietary intake of the HPC diet significantly increased the level of total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglycerides in the serum of animals fed the (HPC) diet. GGT, AST and ALT activities were also markedly elevated in rats fed with the HPC diet. While total protein and glucose level of the animals fed with the HPC diet was remarkably reduced, there was no significant difference in the HDL-C and albumin contents of both groups. This study established that hypercholesterolemia is induced by high soybean oil/cholesterol diet, despite the fact that soybean oil has high content of poly unsaturated fatty acids. Also, the HPC diet led to weight loss in the rats and injury to both heart and liver of the rats.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Diet-induced, injury, lipid profile, enzyme activities, hypercholesterolemia, soybean oil, cholesterol.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：776

Research Article

TRYPANOSOMA VIVAX exists in isoenzyme forms

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Malate dehydrogenase was isolated and partially purified from blood stream TRYPANOSOMA VIVAX. The enzyme exists in isoenzyme forms (MDH1 and MDH2). The relative molecular weights of MDH1 and MDH2 determined by Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were 61 and 63 kdal. respectively. MDH2 lost activity immediately after purification. It has purification fold of 15 and percentage recovery of 31%. Similarly, MDH1 was purified 21 fold from the crude with 54% recovery. This isoenzyme was considerably stable. There was no MDH activity when the live parasites were incubated with the assay medium suggesting that the enzyme was not secreted by parasites. However, addition of detergent led to a surge in MDH activity suggesting that the enzyme is membrane bound. Malate dehydrogenase from the infective form of T. VIVAX has a stable and non – stable isoforms.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Malate dehydrogenase, isoenzyme, parasites, Trypanosoma vivax.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：772

Research Article

Characterization of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds of cinnamon and ginger essential oils

G. S. El-Baroty, H. H. Abd El-Baky, R. S. Farag and M. A. Saleh

Abstract: Essential oils obtained from the bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale (ginger) were characterized by analytical TLC and GC/MS, and their antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds were detected by TLC-bio-autography assays. Essential oil of cinnamon bark (CEO) was found to be a unique aromatic monoterpene-rich natural source, with trans-cinnamaldehyde (45.62%) as the major constituents. Ginger oil (GEO) was characterized by high content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, including β-sesquiphellandrene (27.16%), caryophyllene (15.29%), zingiberene (13.97%), α-farnesene (10.52%) and ar-curcumin (6.62%). CEO and GEO oils showed significant inhibitory activity against selected strains of bacteria and pathogenic fungi, with MIC values ranging from 20 to 120 µg/ml depending upon the microbial species. Cinnamaldehyde (CA) and eugenol in cinnamon bark oil and β-sesquiphellandrene, caryophyllene and zingiberene in ginger rhizome oil were identified as the most active antibacterial components, with the aid of bioautography on TLC and GC-MS. Also, both oil exhibited appreciable in vitro antioxidant activity as assessed by 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching methods, compared to α-tocopherol, BHT and BHA. Guided isolation through TLC-autography using 0.05% DPPH and β-carotene/linoleic acid as a detection reagent led to identified CA and eugenol as main active antioxidant compounds in CEO. The significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of both oils suggest that it could serve as a source of compounds with preservative phenomenon.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimicrobial, bioautographic assay, antioxidant, essential oils, ginger, cinnamon.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：813

Research Article

The distribution of cyanide detoxifying enzymes in different species of the family Cichlidae

Okonji Raphael Emuebie*, Popoola Michael Olaoluwa, Kuku Adenike and Aladesanmi Omolara Titilayo

Abstract: The cyanide metabolising enzymes (rhodanese and mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase) were estimated in different tissues of three species of tilapia (Tilapia zilli, Sarotherodon galileus, and Oreochromis niloticus) from two locations (Aiba and Osinmo reservoirs, both in the South-Western region of Nigeria). The enzyme activities were carried out by measuring the amount of thiocyanate produced by the two enzymes using specific substrates in each case. There was no significant difference in the activity of rhodanese in the tissues of the tilapia species from Aiba River. Mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase (3-MST) presented a different pattern of distribution with significant difference in the gut of the tilapia species. The study showed the activities of two cyanide detoxifying enzymes (rhodanese and mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase) in the different tilapia species indicating the presence of strong cyanide detoxifying mechanisms.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Rhodanese, mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase, cyanide, tilapia, detoxification.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：773

Research Article

Purification and characterization of the Î±-amylase isolated from PENICILLIUM CAMEMBERTI PL21

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The amylase family of enzymes is a great significance due to its wide area of potential application. α-amylase from PENICILLIUM CAMEMBERTI PL21 obtained from I. N. A. (The Technological Laboratory of Agriculture National Institute Paris- France) and using orange waste as substrates was produced under optimum conditions, after 168 h of incubation and subjected for purification and characterization. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, sephadex G-100 and DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. A trial for the purification of α-amylase resulted in an enzyme with specific activity of (154.2 units/ml/mg protein) with (38.5 folds) purification .The α-amylase activity increased by enzyme concentration rise. The optimum substrate concentration for soluble starch was 1 % (w/v) while the optimum incubation temperature was 30ºC. The purified α-amylase enzyme had a maximum activity at pH 6 and the Km value for soluble starch was 0.92 mg/ml. Analyses of this enzyme for molecular mass was carried out by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, which revealed one band 60.5 Kda.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Penicillium camemberti PL21, α-amylase, purification, SDS-PAGE electrophoresis.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：782

Research Article

Rapid detection of community acquired- methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus recovered from King Saudi Arabia

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The objectives of this study were to examine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains recovered from major hospitals in King Saudi Arabia (KSA) to determine the percent of community acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) phenotypically by conventional methods and genotypically by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex-PCR) for direct and simultaneous detection of S. aureus 16S rRNA, Panton–valentine leucocidin (PVL ) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IVa genes. Therefore, 135 strains of S. aureus collected during the period of 2008 and 2009 from major hospital laboratories and public health centers, Riyadh, King Saudi Arabia were tested phenotypically by conventional methods and genotypically by multiplex-PCR. PCR enables rapid detection of all 135 bacterioloically identified S. aureus (100%) as well as the mecA gene in all strains phenotypically resistant to methicillin (100%) . Moreover, it could detect the mecA gene in 8 strains (6%) phenotypically sensitive to methicillin. Only 18 strains (13.33%) recovered from skin and soft tissue infections were positive for PVL and (SCCmec) type IV. The results of this study indicate that the incidence of patients with CA-MRSA disease had been increased in Riyadh, KSA.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, CA-MRSA, PVL gene, multiplex polymerase chain reaction.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：786

Research Article

Nanomolecular simulation of the voltageâ€“gated potassium channel protein by gyration radius study

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Molecular dynamics simulations may be used to probe the interactions of membrane proteins with lipids and with detergents at atomic resolution. Examples of such simulations for ion channels and for bacterial outer membrane have already been studied. The molecular potassium channel function is universally conserved. Potassium channels allow potassium flux and are essential for the generation of electric current across excitable membranes. Potassium channels are also the targets of various intracellular control mechanisms, such that the suboptimal regulation of channel function might be related to pathological conditions. Realistic studies of ion current in biologic channels, present a major challenge for computer simulation approaches. In this work, to characterize protein behavior, we observed quantities such as gyration radius and energy average. We studied the changes of these factors for voltage – gated potassium channel protein in gas phase with native conformation by Monte Carlo, Molecular and Langevin Dynamics simulations. Monte Carlo simulation is a stochastic method and therefore, is the best method to evaluate the radius of gyration. When the temperature is increased the kinetic energy is increased too and its correlation is linear. All the calculations were carried out By Hyperchem 8.0 program. The determination of gyration radius is spectacular for configuration of a macromolecule. It also reflects molecular compactness shape. The radius of gyration is calculated by VMD 1.8.7 software.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Monte Carlo simulation, molecular dynamics simulation, Langevin dynamics simulation, protein folding, gyration radius.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：785

Research Article

Prevalence of plasmid-mediated 16S rRNA methylase genes among Proteus mirabilis isolates from a Chinese hospital

Fangyou Yu, Jingye Pan, Baixing Ding, Lehe Yang, Xueqing Zhang and Liangxing Wang*

Abstract: 16S rRNA methylase-mediated high-level resistance to aminoglycosides has been reported recently in clinical isolates of Gram -negative bacilli from several countries. Five (2.5%, 5/198) of 198 isolates of Proteus mirabilis from a teaching hospital in Wenzhou, China, were positive for 16S rRNA methylase genes (one for armA, four for rmtB) and highly resistant to gentamicin, amikacin and tobramycin (MICs, 256 g/ml). One of five isolates harboring 16S rRNA methyalse genes were extended-spectrum - lactamases (ESBL) producer. The plasmids harboring 16S rRNA methylase genes from four out of five donors were transferred into the recipients, Escherichia coli J53. Among five isolates harboring armA and rmtB, the armA gene and the rmtB genes were located on the plasmids, as determined by Southern hybridization. The present study investigated the prevalence of 16S rRNA methylase genes in clinical isolates of P. mirabilis in China for the first time.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Proteus mirabilis, 16S rRNA methylase, plasmid.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：744

Research Article

Nested PCR on semen samples for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis

Ali Sharifzadeh*, Abbas Doosti, Mohammad Hashem Fazeli and Iman Adavoudi

Abstract: Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MAP) is a gram positive, acid-fast bacterium and cause of Johne’s disease in some animals. The important signs of this disease in bovine are diarrhea, weight loss, bowel inflammation, fever and reduce of milk production. The symptoms of this disease are very similar to Crohn©s disease in humans. The aim of this study was to use nested -PCR as an accurate and fast method to trace MAP in bull semen. Semen samples from 112 bulls were collected and DNA was extracted. Then, nested-PCR was performed by specific primers for IS900 gene of MAP. The PCR products with 230 bp length were estimated as a positive. The frequency of MAP in semen samples were 12.50%. The results were showed nested-PCR is a good procedure with high efficiency for detection of intracellular bacteria such as M. paratuberculosis in bull©s semen samples. Thus, despite this abundance more attention to this disease in bulls to identify MAP quickly is essential.[...] Read More.

Keywords: MAP, nested-PCR, John’s disease, IS900 gene, semen, bull.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：766

Research Article

Comparative analyses of phytochemicals and antimicrobial properties of extracts of wild Tamarindus indica pulps

Adeola, A.A*, Adeola, O.O. and Dosumu, O.O.

Abstract: Tamarindus indica L. (Tamarind), an underutilised fruit tree which belongs to the Leguminosae family, grows wild in the savannah region of Nigeria. T. indica pulp was obtained from 19 towns of the 20 savannah states of Nigeria. The methanol and hexane crude extracts obtained from it pulps were evaluated in vitro to determine their inhibition activities on human pathogenic microorganisms made up of five bacteria and three fungi. All the bacterial strains were sensitive to both extracts at concentrations ranging from 25 to 125 mg/ml, using the agar broth cup diffusion procedure. Only the hexane extract exhibited intrinsic antifungal properties on Penicillium species. Preliminary phytochemical screening of both extracts indicated the presence of alkaloids and tannins. Both the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of the extracts of the pulp varied for locations of the tamarind. Natural products present in tamarind pulp have potential of being used as agents for animals and/or plants protector against pathogenic microorganisms.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Tamarind, phytochemical, antimicrobial, underutilised fruit, saponins.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：788

Research Article

Expression and identification of a small recombinant beefy meaty peptide secreted by the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris

Song-Rong Zeng, Yan-Ping Wang*, Yong-Qing Yang, and Jian Zhang

Abstract: A tasty peptide, beefy meaty peptide (BMP), which was initially isolated from beef digested by papain, has potential as a new flavor enhancer. BMP is a small peptide consisting of eight amino acids. In this study, DNA encoding BMP was synthesized and cloned into the expression vector pPICZ A to obtain the recombinant expression vector pPICZ A-BMP. The recombinant vector was linearized and then integrated into the genome of Pichia pastoris strain X-33 by electroporation. The recombinant strain P.p2 was then incubated in BMGY medium and then induced in BSM medium for expression of BMP. The fermentation broth was centrifuged and the supernatant was purified by gel-filtration chromatography. Purified recombinant BMP was then tested by high performance liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). After optimization of the culturing process, the yield of BMP reached 10 mg/L in the clarified broth. The results of mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS/MS) showed that recombinant BMP secreted from P. pastoris had a molecular weight of 873.7 Da rather than the expected 847 Da. We speculate that the last amino acid, Ala, of the BMP sequence was replaced with Pro in the BMP fragment.[...] Read More.

Keywords: beefy meaty peptide, Pichia pastoris, peptide expression, HPLC-MS.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：817

Review

Listeria monocytogenes in foods: Incidences and possible control measures

F. Adzitey and N. Huda*

Abstract: The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, intracellular, ubiquitous, and facultative food-borne pathogen of humans and animals. They may occur naturally in environmental sources such as soils, faeces and intestinal tracts of animals and humans. The pathogen causes listeriosis characterized by gastroenteritis, meningitis, abortion, and sometimes death in systemic cases. Neonates, infants, immunocompromised individuals, pregnant women, and the elderly in particular are most susceptible to listeria infections. In recent times, contamination of foods by L. monocytogenes has become a major concern to all stake holders in the food industry and the health sector. Their infection has been associated with a number of food-borne outbreaks resulting from the consumption of various foods especially, cooked and chilled ready-to-eat foods. A review on L. monocytogenes and its association with foods is important to create more awareness on the need to reduce their colonisation, transmission, cross contaminations and infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes, listeriosis, food.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：817

Review

Properties of dehalogenase from Rhizobium sp. RC1

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Microorganisms isolated from sawdust have been demonstrated to be effective in its degradation. Eight bacteria and eight fungi were isolated from wet decaying sawdust. These were tested for their capability to degrade sawdust. Among the bacteria, C ellulomonas sp. was found to be the most effective degrading agent based on its high percentage degradation (18.3%). This was followed by Micrococcus sp. (16.0%) and Pseudomonas sp. (14.6%), Cytophaga sp. and Bacillus sp. had the lowest percentage degradation of 0.2 and 7.7%, respectively. The fungi, Penicillium sp. had the highest percentage degradation of 14.3%, followed by Mucor sp. (13.3%) and Trichoderma sp. (9.5%). Aspergillus sp. and Absidia sp. had the lowest percentage degradation of 4.3 and 6.5%, respectively. This report shows that indigenous microorganisms possess the capacity to degrade sawdust.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Degradation, sawdust, utilizing, autochthonous microorganisms.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：846

Research Article

Influence of physical and chemical mutagens on dye decolourising Mucor mucedo

Bhargavi Moturi* and M. A. Singara Charya

Abstract: The decolourisation efficiency of the wild fungal strain Mucor mucedo was investigated by the treatment with physical mutagen ultraviolet radiation (UV) and chemical mutagens [ethyl methyl sulfonate (EMS), diethyl sulfonate (DES) and colchicines]. The mutants that were exposed to 12 and 15 min UV radiation showed reduction in extension and branching of hyphae. EMS at concentrations of 100 and 150 mg inhibited the germination of spores in M. mucedo. Surprisingly, at concentrations of 100 and 150 mg DES, spores were converted to yeast like cells which produced buds instead of hyphae. Colchicine at higher concentrations abolished the germ tube and hyphal elongation. There was stimulatory effect on growth at lower concentrations only. With respect to enzyme productions and decolourisation activity, there was increase in protease (1.48 U/ml) and peroxidase (1000 U/ml) production in Mucor mucedo when exposed to 9 min UV radiation and showed maximum decolourisation activity of crystal violet (90%) and malachite green (70%). There was an increase in the peroxidase enzyme (1200 U/ml) production at 50 mg concentration relating to the maximum decolourisation activity of crystal violet (90%) and malachite green (71%). Also, there was a decrease in the production of all enzymes in Mucor mucedo when treated with different concentrations of DES and so, there was no improvement in decolourisation activity. There was an increase in protease (1.86 U/ml) and peroxidase (1000 U/ml) production only at 10 mg concentration of colchicine proving that the higher enzymatic secretions were responsible for the decolourisation efficiency of 89% in crystal violet and 74% in malachite green. The wild strain isolated from dye effluent amended soils when exposed to different physical and chemical mutagens showed improvement in the decolourisation of crystal violet and malachite green except in the case of DES.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mucor mucedo, ultraviolet radiation, ethyl methyl sulfonate, diethyl sulfonate, colchicine, protease, peroxidase, laccase, decolourisation activity.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：742

Research Article

Evaluation of antimicrobial potentials of stem bark extracts of Erythrina senegalensis DC

James Hamuel Doughari

Abstract: Antimicrobial activity of organic (methanol and chloroform) and aqueous stem back extracts of Erytrina senegalensis against some pathogenic microorganisms was investigated using the filter paper disc diffusion method. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, glycosides, phenols and alkaloids. The extracts demonstrated antimicrobial activity against both bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Penicillium notatum). For the bacteria, the highest activity (14 mm zone diameter of inhibition) was demonstrated against E. coli and the lowest activity (4 mm zone diameter of inhibition) against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, while for the test fungi, the highest activity of 8 and 6 mm (zone diameter of inhibition) was demonstrated against C. albicans and A. flavus respectively, and the lowest activity of 4 mm against P. notatum. The methanol extracts demonstrated the highest activity while, the aqueous extracts demonstrated the lowest activity against all the test organisms. The activity of the extracts increased with increase in temperature (4 - 100ºC) and acidic pH, but decreased as the pH was adjusted toward alkalinity (pH 8 - 10). The MIC (7.5 - 30 mg/ml) and MMC (8.0 - 30.0) for bacteria, and MIC (7.5 - 40) and MMC (8.0 - 30.0) shows that E. senegalensis stem bark, if further purified can be used to source novel antibiotic substances for drug development against infections such as typhoid fever, urinary tract and wound infections, dysentery and mycotic infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, antibiotic substance, bacterial infections, disc diffusion method, Erythrina senegalensis, phytochemicals, MIC, MMC, mycotic infections.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：750

Research Article

Investigation of cellular hydrophobicity and surface activity effects of biosynthesed biosurfactant from broth media of PTCC 1561

Golamreza Dehghan Noudeh,*, Ali Dehghan Noodeh, Mohammad Hassan Moshafi, Effat Behravan, Masoud Ahmadi Afzadi and Mahsa Sodagar

Abstract: Biosurfactants as surface active molecules that are synthesized by microorganisms. These substances include many advantages in comparison with chemical surfactants. For instance they have lower toxicity, higher biodegradability, better environmental compatibility, higher foaming activity, and specific activity at extreme temperatures, pH ranges, and the ability to be synthesized from renewable feed stocksin. In this study, the production of biosurfactant, produced by PTCC 1561 was studied. This bactrium was grown in a nutrient broth medium and the production of biosurfactant was evaluated by the surface tension and emulisification index (E24), each 24 h. The production of biosurfactant was studied in different conditions, including time of incubation, temperature, aeration rate and presence of several additives containing mineral salts and hydrocarbons. Finally, the optimum condition for production of the biosurfactant was determined and the biosurfactant identity was investigated using chemical and spectroscopy methods. The maximum biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1561, was exhibited when it was grown in Brain Hearth Broth medium containing Fecl3, ZnSO4, FeSO4, starch and olive oil incubated in a 200 rpm shaker incubator at 37°C for 24 h . The structure of produced biosurfactant sugar-lipid was confirmed by chemical and spectroscopy methods.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Biosurfactant, emulsification index, surface tension.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：780

Research Article

The antifungal susceptibilities of oral Candida spp. isolates from HIV-infected patients

Dilek Satana*, Gonca Erkose Genc and Zayre Erturan

Abstract: Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is the most common HIV related oral lesion. Most patients are infected with a strain originally present as a commensal of the oral cavity. The resistance of Candida isolates to antifungal drugs is important due to morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study was to investigate the antifungal susceptibility profiles of oral Candida spp. which were isolated from HIV-infected patients. In vitro susceptibility tests were performed using the broth microdilution method recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). A total of 67 oral Candida isolates from colonized HIV-infected patients, which were previously isolated and identified were included in this study. MIC ranges were 0.12 - 4.0, 0.12 - 16, 0.03 - 1.0, 0.03 - 1.0, and 0.03 - 0.25 µg/ml for amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole, respectively. All isolates were fully susceptible to voriconazole. Sixty five (97%) of all isolates were determined fully susceptible to amphotericin B, 66 (98.5%) to fluconazole, 64 (95.5%) to ketoconazole and 50 (88%) to itraconazole. No resistance was detected to fluconazole and voriconazole in oral Candida strains isolated from colonized Turkish HIV positive patients. Antifungal resistance was detected in 8.96% (6 strains) of all isolates tested.[...] Read More.

Keywords: HIV, Candida, oropharyngeal carriage, antifungal agents, antifungal susceptibility.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：753

Research Article

Identification and biological characteristics of a newly isolated fungus Hypocrea lixii and its role in lignite bioconversion

Xiu Xiang Tao,*, Hui Chen, Kai Yi Shi and Zuo Peng Lv

Abstract: Fungus, named TZ1, was isolated from coal mine soil at the Fushunxi colliery, Liaoning Province, North of China. The lignite’s bioconversion rate was about 23.3% by TZ1. The morphological, biochemical, physiological characterization and analysis based on 18S rDNA gene sequence indicated that the strain TZ1 was most closely related to Hypocrea lixii (100% similarity in gene sequence), bioconversion lignite experiments with this new strain showed that it could play an important role in degradation of Chinese lignite.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lignite, bio-conversion, Hypocrea lixii.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：693

Research Article

Selection of photosynthetic bacteria producing 5-aminolevulinic acid from soil of organic saline paddy fields from the Northeast region of Thailand

Thanawan Kantha, Chaiyavat Chaiyasut*, Duangporn Kantachote, Suchada Sukrong and Amorntip Muangprom

Abstract: Soil samples from organic saline paddy fields from 14 provinces of the northeast region of Thailand were collected and used for isolating photosynthetic bacteria (PB) prepared as a Soil and Straw Products (SSPs). PB from these SSPs were further grown in double strength G5 broth under microaerobic-light conditions before purification. A total of 130 isolates were then screened for growth in G5 broth under microaerobic-dark conditions for 24 h and 15 isolates were further selected by secondary screening in G5 broth under microaerobic-light conditions for 24 h. Four isolates (tk35, tk85, tk103 and tk123) were selected and all were identified as Rhodopseudomonas palustris based on their 16S rRNA gene. After incubation in SSP for 4 weeks with microaerobic-dark conditions, all SSPs had pH values in a range of 5.33 -7.17 and electrical conductivity (EC) values were between 3.02-12.93 dS/m. It was also found that the 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) content increased with time to achieve levels of 2.95, 2.94, 2.95 and 2.96 mM, from strains tk35, tk85, tk103 and tk123, respectively. The results indicate that SSP containing selected PB could produce ALA and this could be practically applied to organic saline paddy fields and increase growth and yields of rice.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Photosynthetic bacteria (PB), soil and straw product (SSP), 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), organic saline paddy field.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：791

Short Communication

Differentiation of modern and ancestral Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Northwest region of Iran by screening for the presence of TbD1

Mohammad Asgharzadeh*, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Kazem Najati and Khalil Ansarin

Abstract: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for considerable human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Based on the presence or absence of M. tuberculosis specific deletion (TbD1), M. tuberculosis isolates are divided into ancestral and modern strains. The aim of this study was to differentiate ancestral and modern M. tuberculosis in northwest of Iran. 165 M. tuberculosis strains were isolated from West and East Azarbaijan provinces of Iran. Ancient and modern M. tuberculosis isolates were distinguished by primer specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This study showed that 49 (29.7%) of the isolates were modern M. tuberculosis and 116 (70.3%) were ancestral M. tuberculosis. The prevalence of modern M. tuberculosis in West Azarbaijan was relatively higher than that of East Azarbaijan. Considering the increasing rate of modern M. tuberculosis in the studied region and in world, which has resulted in multi-drug resistance and low preventive effect of bacillus of calmette and guerin (BCG) vaccine, the fast diagnosis, prevention, treatment and more controlling programs of the infection, is important in this region.[...] Read More.

Keywords: TbD1, modern tuberculosis, ancestral tuberculosis, PCR.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：808

Short Communication

Stimulation of mycelial growth of pathogenic and seabed isolates of Fusarium oxysporum in presence of salts

Daniel Palmero*, Miguel De Cara, Marta María Moreno, Concepción Iglesias and Julio Cesar Tello

Abstract: The mycelial growth of eleven Fusarium oxysporum strains, eight isolated from seabed soil of the South- eastern Mediterranean coast of Spain and three formae speciales from diseased plants were tested on potato-dextrose-agar adjusted to different osmotic pressures with either KCl or NaCl (-1.50 to -144.54 bar) at 10°C intervals ranging from 15 to 35°C. The extent of growth of F. oxysporum shows the same pattern for isolates from the seabeds that for isolates of Formae speciales. Maximal growth was observed at -13.79 bar of osmotic pressure at 25°C with an acute decrease at -41.79 bar and lower. At 35°C maximal growth was observed at -41.79 bar of osmotic pressure not only for seabeds isolates but also for pathogenic F. speciales isolates. These findings could indicate that F. oxysporum is well adapted to exist in moderate saline habitats. It does not seem that the pathogenicity of the isolates is a factor that determines the response to the salinity, but that behavior seems to be common to all the isolates studied and it could be speculated to be a specific behavior.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Salinity, soilborne pathogens, conductivity, osmotic pressure.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：785

Review

Pseudomonads: A versatile bacterial group exhibiting dual resistance to metals and antibiotics

Barnali Sarma, Celin Acharya and S. R. Joshi*

Abstract: Pseudomonads is a versatile and cosmopolitan bacterial group that can occur in metal contaminated as well as clinical environment and many of them possess the ability to proliferate resistance to bacteria from their own or other group. Antibiotic resistance in clinical bacteria is a growing concern for mankind. Various reports have shown dual resistance of pseudomonads to metal and antibiotic involving different inheritable or non-inheritable mechanisms like co-resistance, cross-resistance, co-regulation, biofilm production, persistence and swarming. Increasing rate of metal pollutant in environment contributed by various anthropogenic activities may constantly provide a selective pressure in proliferation of antibiotic resistance among bacteria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Pseudomonads, dual-resistance, metals, antibiotics, inheritable, non-inheritable.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：781

Research Article

Bioconversion of soy processing waste for production of surfactants

Mahmoud Z. Sitohy, Mona M. Rashad*, Samy F. Sharobeem, Abeer E. Mahmoud, Mohamed U. Nooman and Amr S. Al Kashef

Abstract: The production and properties of biosurfactants synthesized by Candida guilliermondii NRRL Y-2075 and Bacillus subtilis NRRL B- 94 using soy processing waste (okara) as substrate were investigated under different fermentation techniques. Higher oil displacement activities for the isolated biosurfactants were achieved by using submerged fermentation technique (SMF) for both organisms. Preliminary chemical characterization and IR spectroscopy for C. guilliermondii biosurfactant revealed that, it is mainly a glycolipid complex, while that of B. subtilis biosurfactant was found to be a complex mixture of lipoprotein and glycolipid. Both biosurfactants formed stable water-in-oil emulsions with motor oil and sunflower oil, while soybean oil was only emulsified by C. guilliermondii biosurfactant. The surface tension of water was reduced to 51 mN/m by C. guilliermondii biosurfactant at a critical micelle dilution (CMD) of 8% concentration, while B. subtilis biosurfactant showed a minimum surface tension of 48 mN/m at CMD value of 10% concentration. Both biosurfactants exhibited good antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria and yeast strains with different values of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Surfactant, Candida guilliermondii, Bacillus subtilis, soy processing waste, submerged fermentation.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：801

Research Article

Purification and characterization of chitinase from Micrococcus sp.AG84 isolated from marine environment

N. Annamalai*, S. Giji, M. Arumugam and T. Balasubramanian

Abstract: Chitinase producing bacterial strain Micrococcus sp. AG84 isolated from marine sediments grew maximally in shake flask and produced chitinase at 35°C, pH 8.0. Chitinase activity was found to be maximum at 45°C, pH 8.0, and the enzyme was 100% stable even at 60°C and pH 11.0. Added with Fe2+, Ca2+ and Ni2+ chitinase activity increased but it was inhibited by EDTA. The molecular weight of purified chitinase is 33 kDa.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Micrococcus sp. AG84, chitinase, thermostable, alkaline, marine.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：791

Research Article

Production of yeast using acid-hydrolyzed cassava and poultry manure extract

L. I. Osumah and N. J. Tonukari*

Abstract: Cassava is made up of starch as its major nutritive reserve. Starch which is one of the most important products synthesized by plants is consumed as food and can be used in industrial processes. This investigation seeks to explore the availability of cassava as a source of glucose as well as poultry manure as a source of nitrogen in the production of yeast. Cassava flour was hydrolyzed with 0.5% (v/v) concentrated H2SO4 as carbon source for the production of yeast. It was found that pH 6.5 gave optimum yeast growth. Increased concentrations of acid-hydrolyzed cassava and poultry manure extracts led to significant (P < 0.05) increase in yeast biomass after 36 h culture. The residual glucose concentration was also determined and was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) increased with increase in the concentration of poultry manure extract. Therefore, yeast can be produced using acid hydrolyzed cassava flour as carbon source with poultry manure extract as nitrogen source. The methods described in this work can be used in the development of a rapid method of producing glucose and simple sugars from cassava through acid hydrolysis and combining this with poultry manure for yeast production.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Yeast, poultry manure extract, acid-hydrolyzed cassava.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：863

Research Article

AQY1 gene from Debaryomyces hansenii

Juan Carlos González-Hernández

Abstract: Aquaporins are members of the major intrinsic protein superfamily of integral membrane proteins that enable the transport of water, glycerol and other solutes across membranes in diverse organisms. In yeasts, the proposed physiological roles of aquaporins are related to their contribution to freeze tolerance, osmoregulation and water transport. This article reports a contribution to the freeze tolerance in the heterologous expression of the Debaryomyces hansenii aquaporin gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the present experiments, the transformant cells were similarly sensitive to osmotic stress conditions, since their growth capacity phenotype was equivalently abolished in the presence of 0.6 and 1.0 M NaCl. Northern analysis of the yeasts studied revealed a correlation between freeze resistance and the aquaporin gene AQY1.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Debaryomyces hansenii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, aquaporin, freeze tolerance.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：812

Research Article

Ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) triggers apoptosis and G0/G1 cells arrest in HCT 116 and HT 29 colon cancer cell lines

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Although many studies have shown the antitumor properties of ginger extract (Zingiber officinale), little is known regarding the mechanism of its effects. This study was conducted to determine the mechanism of antitumor effects of ginger extract by evaluating apoptosis rate and cell cycle progression status in colon cancer cell lines HCT 116 and p53 defective HT 29. HCT 116 and HT 29 cells were cultured in the presence of ginger extract at various concentrations for 24 h. The percentage of cell viability was determined by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-di phenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Our results showed that ginger extract inhibited proliferation of HCT 116 and HT 29 cells with an IC50 of 496 ± 34.2 µg/ml and 455 ± 18.6 µg/ml, respectively. We also found that ginger extract at increasing concentrations induced apoptosis dose dependently in both colon cancer cells. Apoptosis rates were 11.15, 35.05 and 57.49% for HCT 116 and 4.39, 19.81 and 28.09% for HT 29 at 200, 500 and 800 µg/ml of ginger extract, respectively. Ginger extract arrested HCT 116 and HT 29 cells at G0/G1 and G2/M phases with corresponding decreased in S-phase. This study suggests that ginger extract may exert its antitumor effects on colon cancer cells by suppressing its growth, arresting the G0/G1-phase, reducing DNA synthesis and inducing apoptosis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Zingiber officinale, HCT 116, HT 29, G0/G1 phase, S phase, apoptosis.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：837

Research Article

Application of acid-hydrolyzed cassava (Manihot esculenta) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) for the production of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Nyerhovwo J. Tonukari* and Linda I. Osumah

Abstract: Much progress has been made in the cultivation and production of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in Nigeria. In the present study, investigation was carried out on the possibility of using cassava flour as a source of glucose as well as cowpea as source of nitrogen in the production of yeast. Acid hydrolysis (using dilute H2SO4) of cassava and cowpea was undertaken to release the sugars and amino acids. The pH of the growth medium using hydrolyzed cassava as carbon source and cowpea as nitrogen source was varied from pH 2.5 - 6.5. The results obtained show that pH 6.5 gave optimum yeast biomass. The hydrolyzed cassava was also varied in the growth medium. The result obtained shows that increased concentrations of acid-hydrolyzed cassava increased yeast biomass, indicating that hydrolyzed cassava is a good carbon source of glucose for yeast production. It was also observed that yeast biomass using acid hydrolyzed cowpea extract as nitrogen source was high. This is due to the fact that cowpea contains 66.35% of carbohydrate in addition to about 25% protein and hence a good source of carbon and nitrogen in the culture medium. The residual glucose concentration of the yeast culture for each medium was also determined. The result obtained indicates that with increased yeast biomass, there was significant decrease in the residual glucose. Also, there was a significant decrease in pH of the culture media following yeast culture; the culture media tends to be acidic after yeast culture. Therefore, yeast can be produced using acid hydrolyzed cassava flour as carbon source with cowpea as nitrogen source.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cassava, cowpea, yeast, acid hydrolysis, glucose, nitrogen source.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：757

Research Article

Captopril interferes with some serum biochemical findings

I. A. Ibrahim, F. S. Al-Joudi *, R. Waleed Sulaiman and B. Hilal AL-Saffar

Abstract: Captopril is a widely used anti-hypertensive drug that acts by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme. This work has been carried out to investigate the effects of captopril on some common biochemical laboratory parametres in the sera of patients receiving the drug. For this study, 40 subjects were included, all within the age range of 40 to 63 years and with newly diagnosed essential hypertension. From each patient, two samples were taken, one immediately before the start of treatment and the second one taken two weeks later. The control group comprised 30 apparently healthy volunteers of comparable ages and genders. The biochemical parameters measured in the sera were glucose, total protein (TP), urea, creatinine, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), liver enzymes and creatine kinase (CK). Captopril exerted significant increases in the obtained readings for the concentrations of glucose, TP, urea, creatinine, TC, TG, AST and LDH. The increases in readings in the biochemical parameters may be attributable to chemical or to physical interactions. They could also be induced by physiological, enzymatic or by IN VIVO metabolic factors. By all means, these alterations that accompany captopril treatment must be taken into account by physicians and laboratory workers, to help avoid misinterpretation of laboratory data.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：796

Research Article

Effect of ferric oxide nanoparticles on microtubules organization

Ali Khaleghian, Gholam Hossein Riazi, Shahin Ahmadian, Mahmoud Ghafari, Marzieh Rezaie, Akira Takahashi, Yutaka Nakaya and Hossein Nazari, *

Abstract: Nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in several manufactured products. The small size of nanoparticles facilitates their uptake into cells as well as transcytosis across epithelial cells into blood and lymph circulation to reach different sites, such as the central nervous system. Studies have shown different risks of Fe2O3NPs in the neuronal system and other organs. They are membrane-bound layer aggregates or single particles that could not enter only cells, but also in mitochondria and nuclei. Therefore, these particles can interact with cytoplasmic proteins such as microtubules (MTs). MTs are cytoskeleton proteins that are essential in eukaryotic cells for a variety of functions, such as cellular transport, cell motility and mitosis. MTs play an important role in neurons and to act as a substances transport such as neurotransmitters. Single Fe2O3NPs in cytoplasm can interact with these proteins and affect their crucial functions in different tissues. In this study, we showed the effects of Fe2O3NPs on MTs organization and structure using ultraviolet spectrophotometer and fluorometry. The fluorescent spectroscopy showed a significant tubulin conformational change in the presence of Fe2O3NPs and the ultraviolet spectroscopy results showed that Fe2O3NPs causes MTs depolymerization and decrease turbidity intensity as well as increase spectra emission. The aim of this study was to find the potential risks that Fe2O3NPs pose to human organs and cells for cancer treatment.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ferric oxide, tubulin, microtubule, protein interaction, nanoparticle.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：789

Research Article

Synergistic effects of glucan and resveratrol

Vaclav Vetvicka* and Zuzana Vancikova

Abstract: Recent data showing that glucan stimulates defense reactions in plants through synthesis of resveratrol, led us to study the possible synergetic effects of a glucan-resveratrol complex on immune reactions in mice. We measured phagocytic activity, expression of CD4 marker on spleen cells, IL-2 secretion and antibody response. In all cases we confirmed the stimulatory effects of glucan. Resveratrol alone had either limit or has no effect. However, a combined preparation showed very strong synergetic effects. Our data support further studies of these two natural immunomodulators.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Glucan, resveratrol, phagocytosis, IL-2, immune reactions, macrophage, antibody.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：767

Research Article

Assessing the role of RecA protein in the radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus geothermalis

Haïtham Sghaier*, Katsuya Satoh, Hirofumi Ohba, and Issay Narumi,

Abstract: The moderately thermophilic bacterium Deinococcus geothermalis exhibits extraordinary resistance to ionizing radiation. RecA protein is considered to be one of the most important participants in radioresistance. To assess the role of the RecA protein in D. geothermalis, the recA gene was isolated from D. geothermalis and over expressed in Escherichia coli. After the D. geothermalis RecA protein (GeoRecA) was purified, the recombination activity was investigated in vitro. GeoRecA efficiently promoted the strand exchange reaction between homologous linear double-stranded DNA and circular single-stranded DNA substrates at 50°C. Like Deinococcus radiodurans RecA protein (DraRecA), GeoRecA could promote DNA strand exchange reaction through normal and inverse pathways. Furthermore, GeoRecA complemented the RecA deficiency of D. radiodurans. These results indicate that GeoRecA is a functional homologue of DraRecA and plays an important role in radioresistance. However, unlike DraRecA, GeoRecA could not complement the RecA deficiency of E. coli, suggesting that GeoRecA require more strict intracellular conditions than DraRecA does to fulfill its function. This study provides new insights into the role of deinococcal RecA protein in radioresistance.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Deinococcus geothermalis, DNA repair, DNA strand exchange, radio resistance, RecA.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：761

Research Article

Fermentation in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) pulp juice improves nutritive value of cassava peel

Naa Ayikailey Adamafio*, Maxwell Sakyiamah and Josephyne Tettey

Abstract: A major challenge in using cassava peel as feed for animals is the presence of cyanogenic glycosides and the low concentration of protein. The present study investigated the possibility of upgrading cassava peels using fermented cassava pulp juice. Cassava pulp juice was squeezed out of grated cassava pulp and fermented for 3 days at ambient temperature. The microorganisms in the fermented pulp juice were identified as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Lactobacillus spp. Non-sterile cassava peels were sun-dried, milled and inoculated with fermented cassava pulp juice over a 7-day period. Controls were treated with either sterile distilled water, autoclaved inoculum or phosphate buffer (pH 5) over the same period. After 7 days, the cyanogenic glycoside content of the peels, determined by the silver nitrate titration method, had decreased to 12.3% (p < 0.05) of the value for untreated peels while the cyanogenic glycoside content of the controls was 38.8 - 42.9%. Proximate analysis of 7-day inoculum-treated and untreated cassava peels showed that the protein content of the treated peels had increased 10-fold and significant decreases in starch and fat content were recorded. The fibre content remained unchanged. The present findings show that microorganisms present in fermented cassava pulp juice are capable of enhancing the nutritional value of cassava peels by increasing the protein content and reducing the cyanogenic glycoside content to levels safe for consumption by livestock.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cassava peel, pulp juice, cyanogenic glycosides, microorganisms.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：764

Research Article

Comparative osmotic fragility of three erythrocyte genotypes (HbAA, HbAS and HbSS) of male participants administered with five antimalarial drugs

P. C. Chikezie*, A. A. Uwakwe and C. C. Monago

Abstract: IN VIVO study was carried out to ascertain the mean corpuscular fragility (MCF) index and corresponding stability of three erythrocyte genotypes (HbAA, HbAS and HbSS) before (control; t = 0 h) and after (tests; that is, at t = 3, 6 and 18 h) five (5) antimalarial drugs (FansidarTM, HalfanTM, Quinine, CoartemTM, and Chloroquine phosphate) were administered to male participants. Clinically confirmed healthy non-malarious and malarious male participants enrolled for this study. Erythrocytes obtained from these individuals were suspended in two separate sets of Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution of decreasing concentrations in the following order: 0.9, 0.7, 0.6, 0.4, 0.3 and 0.2 g / 100 ml. Spectrophotometric method was used to determine the level of erythrocyte osmotic fragility. The mean (±S.D) MCF values of the three genotypes were in the order: HbAAP > 0.05) between the MCF values of HbAA and HbAS erythrocytes. Comparatively, parasitized erythrocytes exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) increased MCF values. The five antimalarial drugs were agents of erythrocyte destabilization in both categories of participants. However, the overall capacities of the drugs to disturb erythrocyte stability diminished as the experimental time progressed.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimalarials, erythrocytes, mean corpuscular fragility, genotypes, osmotic fragility.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：797

Research Article

Production of cuticle - degrading proteases by Beauveria bassiana and their induction in different media

Priyanka Dhar and Gurvinder Kaur*

Abstract: The concern for the development of hyphomycete fungi as suitable biocontrol agents of insect pests leads to the isolation of various insect pathogenic fungi. Amongst them, one of the most studied entomopathogenic fungus is Beauveria bassiana. The conidia of mitosporic fungi adhere to the host cuticle and germinate to produce an infectious propagule, and produce a sequential release of extra cellular enzymes to breach the insect cuticle. Protease is one of the most important and earliest enzymes involved in the host invasion. Extracellular protease production by seventeen B. bassiana isolates was investigated in the present study. High protease activity was observed during four to six days of culture incubation. Induction mechanism of subtillisin type Pr1 and trypsin type Pr2 activity were investigated utilizing different media. Minimal medium supplemented with casein (1%) showed high protease production and minimal medium supplemented with colloidal chitin (2%) was also able to induce Pr1 activity. The pH, ammonia and oxalic acid production in in vitro conditions was also investigated and the alteration in pH for protease production was not significant irrespective of the medium used. The protease activity gel was also studied and a common 66 kDa protease was observed in all the seven isolates studied.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ammonia, Beauveria bassiana, oxalic acid, subtillisin type Pr1, trypsin type Pr2, protease, pH.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：781

Research Article

Optimization of culture parameters to enhance production of amylase and protease from Aspergillus awamori in a single fermentation

Sangeeta Negi* and Rintu Banerjee

Abstract: Concomitant production of amylase and protease by Aspergillus awamori nakazawa MTCC 6652 was enhanced in a single fermentation by media engineering and optimization of other important parameters. Wheat bran was considered as a suitable substrate for production of amylase and protease by A. awamori in a single fermentation as none of the additional substrate such as powder of peanut, corn, soybean seeds and sunflower seeds was effective in enhancing the concurrent production of enzymes further. Optimum amylase yield of 4528.4 ± 121U/gds and protease yield of 250.4 ± 10 U/gds was achieved with wheat bran to Czapek-dox ratio of 1:1.5 (w/v), 96 h incubation, 35˚C temperature, pH 5.5 and 85% relative humidity. Media engineered with 1% casein and 1% starch solution increased yield of amylase and protease by 2.07 fold (9386.5 ± 101 U/gds) and 3.73 fold (934.8 ± 67 U/gds), respectively, therefore, considered as the most suitable media for concomitant production of amylase and protease by A. awamori in a single fermentation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Amylase, protease, solid state fermentation, optimization.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：749

Research Article

Hepatoprotective role of Garcinia kola (Heckel) nut extract on methamphetamine: Induced neurotoxicity in mice

Gabriel Oze*, Iheanyi Okoro, Austin Obi and Polycarp Nwoha

Abstract: The hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of Garcinia kola (AEGK) was studied in 60 mice of mixed sexes. The animals were divided into 6 groups of 10 mice each. Group I received normal saline, groups and III got 100 and 200 mg/kg AEGK (orally), respectively. Group IV received 10 mg/kg methamphetamine (MAM) (s.c.) only. Groups V and VI got 100 and 200 mg/kg of AEGK respectively, before 10 mg/kg methamphetamine which was used to induce neurotoxicity. The serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin and its conjugated metabolite were used to assess liver damage. Fifty percent of the animals in group IV died. 30% died in group V and none in group VI after 10 - 30 min interval of MAM administration. The serum levels of some of the marker enzymes and bilirubin were decreased significantly in groups VI at 200 mg/kg of AEGK (P < 0.05). The Blood glucose level increased transiently in the MAM treated groups. There was a slight rise in serum WBC after an initial fall at 100 mg/kg AEGK. The results suggest a possible hepatoprotective potential of AEGK. This may justify their local use in the management of some hepatic dysfunction and stress-related conditions.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Garcinia kola extract, methamphetamine, neuroprotection, mice.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：780

Research Article

Lecithin: Cholesterol acyltransferase, lipoprotein lipase and lipoproteins in adult Nigerians with sickle cell disease

M. A. Emokpae, *, P. O. Uadia and H. B. Osadolor

Abstract: Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is a glycoprotein enzyme involves in the esterification of plasma cholesterol to form cholesteryl ester and is important in the maturation of high density lipoprotein. Lipid metabolism in sickle cell anaemia patients may be affected. The objective of this study was to determine the activities of serum lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase, lipoprotein lipase, lipids and lipoprotein levels in sickle cell anaemia patients in a steady state. The study population consisted of 144 confirmed sickle cell disease patients; 68 males aged 22.2 ± 3.8 years and 76 females aged 21.0 ± 3.0 years. Fifty age matched males; 25 sickle cell trait (HbAS), 25 normal haemoglobin (HbAA) and fifty females; 25 HbAS and 25 HbAA were used as controls. Statistically significant decrease in LCAT and LPL activities (p < 0.001) were observed in sickle cell anaemia patients compared with HbAS and HbAA controls in both sexes. Decrease levels of cholesterol (p < 0.001) and HDL cholesterol (p < 0.001) were also observed in sickle cell anaemia patients. The activities of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase and lipoprotein lipase were lower in subjects with sickle cell anaemia than sickle cell trait and normal haemoglobin. This may contribute to the changes observed in lipid metabolism in sickle cell anaemia. The exact cause is not known but appears to be multifactorial.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Sickle cell disease, Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase, lipoprotein lipase, Lipoproteins.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：754

Research Article

Changes in haemorrheologic and fibrinolytic activities upon hypertension and diabetic chemotherapy in Calabar diabetic residents, Nigeria

M. S. Edem, A. O. Emeribe and J. O. Akpotuzor*

Abstract: This research was carried out to assess the effect of hypertension on haemorrheologic and fibrinolytic activities in fifty (50) diabetics resident in Calabar municipality and the values obtained were compared with those of fifty (50) age and sex-matched non diabetics in the same locality. Relative plasma viscosity plasma fibrinogen concentration, euglobulin lysis time and fasting blood sugar were determined using standard methods. The relative plasma viscosity, plasma fibrinogen concentration, euglobulin lysis time and the fasting blood sugar values were significantly higher in diabetics (P < 0.05) when compared with the controls. Correlation between RPV and duration of diabetes was positive and significant (r = 0.323, p < 0.05). Also, correlation between fasting blood sugar and plasma fibrinogen concentration was positive and significant (r = 0.635, p < 0.05).There was no significant increase in RPV, PFC and ELT of type I diabetes when compared with type II diabetes (P > 0.05). The RPV and ELT of diabetics with hypertension was increased, but showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) with that of those who had no hypertension. However, the PFC of diabetics with hypertension was significantly increased (P < 0.05) when compared with that of the control group. The diabetics who were on oral hypoglycaemic agents and insulin showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) in RPV, PFC and ELT when compared with those who were on combination therapy of oral hypoglycaemic agents (glanil, glucophage), but there was significant increase when RPV, PFC and ELT values were compared with the controls (P < 0.05). This work shows that defective rheology and poor fibrin clearing may be the contributory factor to vascular and thrombotic complications seen in diabetics.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Hypertension, haemorrheologic, fibrinolytic, diabetes mellitus.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：771

Research Article

The response to iron deficiency of two sensitive grapevine cultivars grafted on a tolerant rootstock

M. A. Russo*, F. Sambuco and A. Belligno

Abstract: Two sensitive cultivars were examined, VITTORIA and ITALIA, grafted on a tolerant rootstock (140 Ruggeri). Two levels of iron chlorosis in scions were selected, initial and evident, and compared to the healthy rootstock (control). The fractions of extracellular and cytoplasmatic cations, chloroplastic mobile, loosely linked, strongly linked and residual cations as well as the active fraction were extracted from the fresh matter. In the chlorotic the plant inability to use Fe2+ uptaken by the rootstock was highlighted, with a different response from VITTORIA and ITALIA, as evidenced by the decrease in the available fraction of Fe2+, particularly in the case of evident chlorosis. The increase in leaf content of the active forms of K+ and Ca2+ resulted directly correlated to the intensity of iron deficiency, since they bring about a higher pH and a destabilization of membranes, respectively, both hindering iron utilization. The modified response in terms of reduced photosynthetic activity in chlorotic scions was evidenced through the decrease in the active form of Mg2+ and consequently in chlorophyll content.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fe and nutrition unbalance, active Fe fraction, iron chlorosis.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：793

Research Article

The effects of aqueous extracts of the leaves of HIBISCUS ROSA-SINENSIS Linn. on renal function in hypertensive rats

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The leaves of HIBISCUS ROSA-SINENSIS Linn. (Family Malvaceae) have been used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of various human diseases such as aphrodisiac, hypertension, wound healing, diabetes mellitus and cancer. In this present study, the effect of 200 mg/kg of the aqueous leaf extract on the renal function of hypertensive rats was investigated. The administration of H. leaves extract shows a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the Na+ level of normotensive rats, thus it may interfere with the normal function of the kidney and hence produce increased salt retention. These results had shown that although H. ROSA-SINENSIS leave extract reduced blood pressure; the integrity of the kidney may be compromised when this plant is used for the treatment of hypertension.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, hypertension, rats, leaves, blood pressure, kidney.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：798

Research Article

Effects of soaking and boiling and autoclaving on the nutritional quality of Mucuna flagellipes (â€œukpoâ€)

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The effect of soaking and boiling, and autoclaving on nutritional factors (proximate and mineral) and anti-nutritional qualities of the legume, Mucuna flagellipes were studied. Batches of seeds were soaked for 6, 12, 18 and 24 h in distilled water at room temperature, then boiled in water for 30, 45, 60 or 90 min respectively. Another batch of M. flagellipes was autoclaved for different duration of 30, 45, 90 and 120 min respectively. Results showed that soaking followed by boiling produced products with lower crude fibre content (10% for soaking for 24 h followed by boiling for 90 min). However it increased the carbohydrates. Autoclaving resulted in products with lower mineral contents (1042.5 mg/100 g phosphorous for autoclaving for 120 min.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Legumes, Mucuna flagellipes, nutritional factors, soaking, boiling, autoclaving.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：822

Research Article

Effect of egusi melon oil on lecithin: Cholesterol acyltransferase activity in rats fed a cholesterol diet

G. C. Ojieh, G. O. Eidangbe and O. M. Oluba*

Abstract: The effect of feeding egusi melon oil as a supplement to a cholesterol-based diet on serum lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity of rats was evaluated. The rats were divided into two groups designated: control and test respectively. Rats in the test group were fed 5% cholesterol diet supplemented with 5% egusi melon oil while the control rats received 5% cholesterol diet without egusi melon oil. After 6 weeks of diet feeding, the enzyme activity was decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the egusi melon oil- fed rats compared with the control. The test group also showed relative significant decreases in the serum levels cholesteryl ester and lysolecithin (p < 0.05) and increase levels of lecithin (p < 0.05). Significant decreases (p < 0.05) were also observed in serum total and free cholesterol in the egusi melon oil treated group compared to the control group. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to hypercholesterolemia.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Egusi melon oil, cholesterol diet, cholesteryl ester, LCAT, supplementation.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：839

Research Article

A study on prostate specific antigen (PSA) with the ratio of free to total PSA

Chavan Atish, Suman Diggi Prasad, Rawal Mukesh, Kandasamy Surendran, Sivapatham Sundaresan* and Thangarajan Thangapannerselvem

Abstract: Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a glycoprotein produced as a marker by prostate gland for prostate cancer, benign prostate hyperplasia and prostatitis. Study objective is to evaluate f/t PSA ratio to distinguish the Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer patients in and around SRM University. To define the age specific reference ranges of PSA in control and test group at Chennai, India. Healthy men aged 40 - 75 years in and around SRM Medical College and Research Centre, Chennai, India were selected and grouped as control. Blood samples were collected from patients who attended Cancer Hospital, Adiyar underwent rectal examination revealed prostate enlargement. Results of our study showed that they were diagnosed as BPH and as Cancer, using PSA determination. The free to total PSA ratio were decreased significantly in cancer patients than BPH. PSA was increased linearly with age and observations were associated with the claims of National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry guideline reported that the clinical decisions limits should be decreased for younger patients (age below 50) and should be increased for older patients (age above 50). PSA should be used more appropriately to distinguish (BPH) and prostate cancer and to detect cancer prostate at an early stage. The age specific reference ranges and different forms of PSA have the potential to make serum PSA, a more discriminating tumor marker for detecting cancer prostate significantly in men.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Prostate specific antigen, free PSA prostate cancer, benign prostate hyperplasia, free to total PSA ratio, complex PSA, percentage of free PSA.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：806

Research Article

Immunomodulatory effects of novel bifidobacterium and lactobacillus strains on murine macrophage cells

Jun Zhu, Liang Zhao, Huiyuan Guo, Lu Jiang, and Fazheng Ren,*

Abstract: The principle purpose of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory ability of three microbial strains isolated from Bama County centenarians in activating macrophages, and to characterize the effective component of these strains. A murine macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, was cultured in presence of intact bacterial cells, bacterial cell wall (CW) or cell free extract (CFE) . NO, IL-6, TNF-production and phagocytic activity of co-cultured macrophages were tested. Bifidobacterium adolescentis BBMN23, Bifidobacterium longum BBMN68 and Lactobacillus saliva Ren were demonstrated to enhance the activities of macrophages by increasing the phagocytic activity and NO, IL-6, TNF- production. The immunomodulatory activities of these microbial strains are mainly due to the CW fraction, although their CFE were also effective. The results of this study indicated that specific substrains of bifidobacterium and lactobacillus from guts of healthy centenarians (Bama County, China) may be of immunomodulatory value, and thus may have the potential to be used as probiotics.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bifidobacterium, lactobacillus; RAW 264.7 cells, immunomodulatory activities, bacterial fractions.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：755

Research Article

A magnetic microparticle-based immunoassay for hepatitis C virus NS3 antigen

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: In order to detect Hepatitis C virus NS3 antigen (HCAg-NS3) in human serum, we developed a magnetic microparticle (MMP) based immunoassay by using biotin-streptavidin amplification, MMP in combination with immunoassay. Results showed that the HCV NS3 monoclonal antibody had a high immobility rate (87.1%) on the surface of MMPs; the assay procedure required smaller volumes of reagents (only 20 l of immune magnetic bead); the detection could be completed within 30 min; this method could detect 10 pg/ml HCAg-NS3 (sensitivity: 5.2 pg/ml) and had favorable stability; the mean coefficient of variances (CVs) of intra-assay and inter-assay were 5.35 and 7.15%, respectively. The results of this method were also related to those in HCV RNA detection with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.570 (P < 0.01). These findings demonstrate this assay which has high specificity, sensitivity, precision and stability may be promising in clinical application.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Hepatitis C virus NS3 antigen, magnetic microparticle, biotin-streptavidin sytem (ABS), magnetic immunoassay.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：795

Research Article

Pathogens change in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis patients with cirrhosis

Yanzi Gou*, Fangxin Zhang, Zhenbin Liang, Xuefan Bai, Lei Pan, Wei Wang, Bo Liu, Jiuping Wang and Dingcheng Wang

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of clinical microorganisms isolated from spontaneous bacterial peritonitis patients. Ascitic fluid was collected from these patients and cultured for pathogens. The patients were placed into three groups, Group A (01/1996 to 12/2000), B (01/2001 to 12/2005) and C (01/2006 to 06/2010) and the clinical data were compared among these groups. There was a significant difference in the ratio of pathogens (Gram- positive bacteria/ isolated pathogens, Gram-negative bacteria/ isolated pathogens) between groups A and C (P < 0.001). Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis patients with Gram-positive bacteria used significantly more antibiotics within 30 days compared to those with Gram-negative bacteria (P < 0.001) . In recent years, the types of isolated pathogens have significantly changed in Northern China. Such changes have also been observed in other countries and have been attributed to long-term antibiotic therapy and invasive procedures. Changes in the epidemiology of pathogens that cause spontaneous bacterial peritonitis must be monitored for optimal treatment.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Pathogens, gram-positive bacteria, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, cirrhotic patients.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：767

Research Article

Identification of clusters in tissue samples in gene expression data with Principal Component Analysis based on relative variance matrix

Uzma Nawaz* and Asghar Ali

Abstract: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been in use as a preprocessing step to clustering for long. We have focused on the clustering of tissue samples in gene expression data. Different clustering techniques and algorithm are available in literature on gene expression data but with the existing ambiguity on the number of clusters, apart from relying on biologically known groups. A consensus is needed to reach on the number of clusters in the wide variety of existing clustering techniques based on different similarity or dissimilarity metrics. The conventional usage of PCA for clustering is either by forcing the unit variance to each variable or the high magnitude of variance of an individual variable is allowed to dominate the entire results of PCA. We propose the use of relative variance covariance method in PCA, so as to give due consideration to the joint and individual variances in the dataset and identify clusters with principal component loadings. We emphasize empirically that the proposed approach of PCA is conclusively more informative than the available approaches to identify cluster structure in tissue samples (sample expression profiles). Clusters formed are valid with the existing results on the data set under study and with valid biological background.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Clustering methods, gene expression analysis, principal component analysis, the relative variance covariance matrix, principal component loadings.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：795

Research Article

Molecular characterization of antigens extracted from hydatid cysts of human and other intermediate hosts

Mohammed M. A. Al-Fayadh, Maani N. Al-Shemari and Ihsan E. Al-Saimary*

Abstract: This research includes a study of hydatid cysts Echinococcus granulosus (larval stage on the molecular level, where 7 samples of hydatid cysts were collected from parasite intermediate hosts " Human (liver, spleen, lung) and liver of sheep, goat, cattle and buffaloes”. DNA was extracted from germinal layer cells of hydatid cysts which were isolated shortly or preserved for various periods in 70% ethanol. Genetic analysis of isolated DNA from hydatid cysts collected from human and animals was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine genetic variation depending on random amplified polymorphic DNA. In the present study 10 primers have been used, during which the genetic variations were revealed among isolated (extracted DNA) of hydatid cysts which was collected from human and other intermediate hosts except Cows and Buffaloes. The current results of this study have shown the following: 1 - It was found one primer (OPA – 01) was able to diagnose sample numbered 1 which represent the isolated DNA of liver hydatid cyst which was obtained from human at age group 10– 20 years old. 2 - The ability of primer OPC – 10 to determine fingerprinting of DNA sample of Sheep liver hydatid cyst. 3 - The ability of primer OPC – 05 to determine fingerprinting of DNA sample of human spleen hydatid cyst which was obtained from human at age group 30 – 40 years old. 4 - The ability of primer OPE – 07 to determine fingerprinting of DNA sample of goat liver hydatid cyst. 5 – Amplification process to the DNA samples which extracted from cows and buffaloes liver hydatid cysts was not completed by using all 10 primers.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Echinococcus granulosus, molecular, antigens, human.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：754

Commentary

Avian flu (H5N1): threat of 'global pandemic' is growing and itâ€™s impact on the developing countriesâ€™ economy

Commentary

Abstract: When something appears to be public health issues, there is a razor-thin line between appropriate caution and over compensatory alarm. Such is the case with avian influenza, more commonly known as avain flu (H5N1). Since the potential threat of global pandemic of avain flu (H5N1) is growing and the developing countries’ economy is affected to a small extent, now it is the high time to formulate effective and essential measures which include heightened influenza surveillance, early detection and appropriate pandemic preparedness plans. The appropriate use of vaccines, antiviral drugs and public health interventions will greatly reduce their economic impact in the developing countries.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Avian flu (H5N1), global pandemic, developing countries.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：795

Research Article

Production, purification and characterisation of extracellular L-asparaginase from a soil isolate of Bacillus sp.

Vidhya Moorthy, Aishwarya Ramalingam, Alagarsamy Sumantha* and Rajesh Tippapur Shankaranaya

Abstract: L-asparaginase is an anti-neoplastic agent used in lymphoblastic leukaemia chemotherapy. Soil microbial isolates were screened for potential producers of L-asparaginase using a phenol red indicator growth medium and the microbe producing the largest hydrolysis zone was selected. The isolate was characterised by biochemical tests and was found to belong to Bacillus sp. The enzyme production was carried out by submerged fermentation. Two different carbon sources, glucose and maltose were used for the enzyme production and glucose was found to be the better carbon source. The enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation. Dialysis was carried out to remove the excess salt and complete purification was achieved by ion -exchange chromatography. The characterised enzyme exhibited maximal enzyme activity at pH 7 and temperature 37°C. The enzyme was activated by MgCl2 and inhibited by EDTA. Protein profiling by SDS-PAGE revealed the molecular weight of the protein to be 45 kDa.[...] Read More.

Keywords: L-asparaginase, Bacillus, submerged fermentation, enzyme, purification.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：768

Research Article

Diagnosis of infectious hematopoietic necrosis in rainbow trout hatcheries, Iran

Mehdi Raissy*, Hasan Momtaz, Mahsa Ansari and Manouchehr Moumeni

Abstract: Distribution of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) was studied in rainbow trout fish farms in Chaharmahal and Bakhtyari Province which is a major trout culture region in Iran. Overall 150 suspected rainbow trout fry with less than 3 g body weight from 30 fish farms in Chaharmahal and Bakhtyari Province, Iran, were studied and fishes of 10 hatcheries (33.3% of all studied farms) found to be infected with IHNV. Reverse transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to the detection of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) using primer pairs. The product of 371 bp was amplified from the RNA extracts of infected organs of suspected fish. DNA sequencing of the PCR products demonstrated specificity of the amplification. The RT-PCR was found to be a simple, highly specific and sensitive method allowing diagnosis of IHN in a short time.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), IHN, rainbow trout.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：777

Research Article

Antibacterial activity of propolis and honey against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

M. Motior Rahman,*, Allan Richardson and M. Sofian-Azirun

Abstract: The disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and gradient-plate techniques were implemented to evaluate the antibacterial activity of honey and propolis against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The growth of S. aureus was inhibited by application of propolis and honey at concentrations of 2.74 to 5.48 mg ml-1 and 375. 0 at mg ml-1, respectively at both MIC and MBC. The greater inhibition zones (13.0 ± 0.09 to 15.0 ± 0.11 mm) were observed from propolis at concentrations of 2.74 to 5.48 mg ml-1 in the disc diffusion method which was closely correlated with the MIC, MBC and gradient-plate technique results. The combined results obtained from the disc diffusion test, MIC, MBC and gradient-plate techniques suggested that propolis at concentrations of 2.74 to 3.5 and 3.5 mg ml-1 was effective to inhibit S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. On the contrary, honey was effective to inhibit S. aureus at the concentration of 375.0 mg ml-1 but failed to inhibit E. coli growth at same concentration. The combined results from all methods indicated that both propolis and honey had antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Present findings also suggested that S. aureus is more susceptible to the effect of the propolis than its Gram-negative counterpart E. coli.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibacterial activity, honey, propolis, MIC, MBC, disc diffusion, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：795

Research Article

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) isolated in a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Brazil

Renato Pariz Maluta*, Ariel Eurides Stella, Everlon Cid Rigobelo, Ana Cláudia de Oliveira, Manoel Victor Franco Lemos and Fernando Antonio de Ávila

Abstract: We investigated the prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) in humans and dogs and evaluated the antimicrobial resistance patterns of these bacteria at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Specimens from 50 human subjects and 50 dogs were studied. Isolates were identified by Gram-staining, biochemical reactivity and resistance to antimicrobials. While no isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus intermedius (MRSI) were isolated, two (4%) methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) were isolated from dogs and 18 (36%) were isolated from humans. The percentage of MRCoNS isolates resistant to penicillin (100%), ciprofloxacin (30%), gentamicin (40%), clindamycin (25%), erythromycin (70%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (20%) or vancomycin (0%) was evaluated. The absence of MRS isolates resistant to vancomycin is of interest because this antimicrobial may be used as an important therapeutic alternative in cases of MRSA infections. Surveillance programs aimed against MRS should therefore be stimulated in veterinary health units.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Dogs, MRS, nosocomial, veterinary staff.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：735

Research Article

Identification of the CagM's location in cytomembrane of Helicobacter pylori

Honglei Ding, , Tao Liu, Linping Huang, Weijun Zhang, Ping Luo, Qinghua Xie, Zhen Liu, Gang Guo, Xuhu Mao* and Quanming Zou,

Abstract: Helicobacter pylori infect nearly half of the world’s population and are associated with a spectrum of gastric maladies. The cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island (cag PAI) encoding a type IV secretion system (T4SS) has been implicated in a series of host responses during infection. The cag PAI contains about 28 - 30 open-reading frames, for most of which the exact function is not well characterized or totally unknown and a delivered effector, CagA that becomes tyrosine phosphorylated upon delivery into host cells and initiates the changes in cell signaling. Here, we cloned one such cag PAI protein, CagM, which is encoded by the gene HP0537 from H. pylori strain 26695 and expressed the gene in Escherichia coli M15. 6xHis-tagged CagM protein was purified with one-step Ni-NTA affinity column chromatography. The IgG antibody against CagM was produced by immuning rabbit and purified by protein A sepharose chromatography, finally, we showed that CagM protein localized to the bacterial inner and outer membrane and the conclusion was consistent to some bioinformatics result.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, CagM, type IV secretion system, expression, fractionation.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：786

Research Article

Isolation and serotyping of Legionella pneumophila from Goreangab Dam and hostel shower heads in Namibia

Kazhila C. Chinsembu*, Hilaria Hakwenye and Jean-Damascène Uzabakiriho

Abstract: This is the first report of Legionella pneumophila serotypes in Namibia. Using modified buffered charcoal extract agar selective medium, L. pneumophila was isolated from Goreangab Dam water and University of Namibia (UNAM) student hostel shower heads. Latex agglutination tests showed that L. pneumophila serotypes 1 - 15 were present in Goreangab Dam water and serotypes 2 - 15 were present in blocks A and B of the UNAM old hostel shower heads. Further studies are needed to help understand L. pneumophila ecology and risk of human infection in Namibia.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Namibia, Legionella pneumophila, isolation, serotypes, dam water, shower heads.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：778

Research Article

Survival analysis to determine the length of latent period of Mycosphaerella pinodes on peas (Pisum sativum L.)

B. Setti*, M. Bencheikh, J. E. Henni and N. Claire

Abstract: Blight caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes is one of the most devastating diseases of pea that causes yield losses of over 50% in some years and may cause total failure to the crop under epidemic conditions. During this study, a sensitive disease assessment and statistical tool was developed for Mycosphaerella blight on peas, the latent period was used to discriminate between different treatments. The time until appearance of the first pycnidia (latent period length) was recorded. Seedling that did not display any production of pycnidia structure during the 20 days period of observation was recorded as right censored observations. Using non parametric and semi parametric survival analysis, different hypothesis dealing with factors that might influence the latent period was tested. Survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards were performed for data analysis. During these investigations, latent period was regressed against leaf wetness duration, pea cultivar, inoculum concentration, plant age and isolate aggressiveness. Both the Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier tests had shown the importance of leaf wetness duration, inoculum concentration and isolate aggressiveness on the survival times, thus, the median latent period length was respectively 15 and 16 for tn0203 and md0202. The median for the 3 leaf wetness was 14, 16 and 17 respectively for 06, 48 and 72 h LWD. Both the cultivar and plant age had no significant risk for the pycnidia structure appearance. Likewise, using the semi parametric Cox proportional hazard regression, the 2 covariates namely higher leaf wetness, higher inoculum dose with an aggressive isolate were all associated significantly with survival time. Hence, the hazard ratio was respectively 1.205 and 1.423 for LWD and inoculum concentration respectively.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cox regression, survival analysis, Mycosphaerella blight, Pisum sativum.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：774

Research Article

Prevalence of tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (TB/HIV) co-infections amongst patients with bronchopulmonary disorders in Lagos

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) still remains a global public health problem of enormous dimension. This study was carried out between March 2007 and June 2008 to determine the prevalence of TB and TB/HIV co-infections amongst patients with bronchopulmonary disorders in Lagos State, Nigeria. 1280 patients were screened for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) by microscopy and culture at the TB reference laboratory of the Nigerian institute of medical research Lagos. Information on HIV status of each patient was obtained from medical records. Of the 1,280 patients, 318 (24.8%) were diagnosed positive for AFB while 236 patients (18.4%) were co-infected with TB and HIV. Amongst the co-infected patients, TB was diagnosed in 45 (14%) by microscopy alone, in 145 (46%) by culture alone and in 46 (15%) by both microscopy and culture. The higher yield of TB cases by culture alone compared to microscopy alone further confirms the higher sensitivity of culture for TB case detection amongst TB/HIV co-infected patients. In addition, the high burden (24.8%) of TB amongst the screened patients calls for differential diagnosis of this infection amongst cases with bronchopulmonary disorders seen in health facilities.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus, TB/HIV co-infections.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：715

Research Article

The effect of fructo-oligosaccharides on blood RBC count and digestive enzyme activities of oxyeleotris lineolatus

Liang Renjie*, Shi Shidi and Zhang Bangjie

Abstract: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) on blood RBC (red blood cell) count and digestive enzyme activities of oxyeleotris lineolatus. 60 oxyeleotris lineolatus were randomly divided into three groups with 20 fish in each group: control, low and high dose of FOS-treated groups. Animals in the control group consumed basic feed, animals in FOS-treated groups consumed the feed containing 1.5 and 3% FOS, respectively. After 20 days of FOS administration, growth rate, blood RBC count and hemoglobin (Hb) level of oxyeleotris lineolatus were dose-dependently significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) compared to control group, in addition, digestive enzyme activities in stomach and intestine of oxyeleotris lineolatus were dose-dependently significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) compared to control group. The present data indicated that supplementation of FOS could improve nutritive value of food through altering its digestibility and intestinal morphology. In other words, the addition of an appropriate level of digestible carbohydrates to the diet made with this raw material improved the nutritive utilization of the dietary protein and of the diet as a whole.[...] Read More.

Keywords: RBC, Hb, oxyeleotris lineolatus, digestive enzyme, FOS.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：771

Research Article

Arbuscular mycorrhizas and dark septate endophytes colonization status in medicinal plant Lycium barbarum L. in arid Northwestern China

Haihan Zhang, Ming Tang*, Hui Chen, Yajun Wang and Yihui Ban

Abstract: Lycium barbarum L. is an oriental medicinal plant. The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungal associations of this plant species are completely unknown. In this study, the AM and DSE fungal colonization status in three L. barbarum cultivars in arid Northwestern China were investigated. The results showed that the three cultivars were simultaneously colonized by Paris-type AM and DSE fungal associations. The highest colonization by AM was found in L. barbarum Ningqi No.1. The significant “month” and “cultivar” indicates that the AM colonization changed among the months within the cultivar. Meanwhile, roots of the three cultivars were heavily colonized by DSE fungi. Melanized hyphae were frequently observed in the three cultivars. Microsclerotia of varied shapes were also found in the cortex cells of L. barbarum. Hyaline hyphae were most abundant in August but their occurrence decreased in December. Lipid contents were abundant in hyaline hyphae, and changed with month. Lipid may act as energy material reserves to sustain the survival of DSE-host symbioses under drought environmental conditions.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lycium barbarum, fungal symbionts, hyaline hyphae, lipid, melanized septate hyphae.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：769

Research Article

A study on the effect of microwave heating on the properties of edible oils using FTIR spectroscopy

M. A. Moharam and L. M. Abbas*

Abstract: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used for the structural characterization of vegetable oils (olive, cotton, corn and sunflower oils) following the induced changes in their structure brought about by microwave heating. The vegetable oils samples were microwave heated at 2 powers (450 and 630 W) for different times ranging from 2 - 28 min. The investigation of the FTIR spectra of the treated oils revealed that the microwave heating of oils for different periods of time at 450 and 630 W caused significant changes in the intensities of their absorption bands and produced no shifts in the position of the bands. The results showed that, the microwave heating of oils produced changes in the absorbance ratios A 3006/A 2924 cm-1 (RI) , A 3006/A 2854 cm-1 (RII) and A 3006/A 1746 cm-1 (RIII) which were taken as a measure for the degree of unsaturation. It was found that the changes depended on the applied power, the time of heating and the type of oils. Microwave heating of oils at 630 W for any given time produced an initial decrease in the ratios RI, RII and RIII. This decrease was attributed to the reduction in 18:2 and 18:3 fatty acids content due to the oxidation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Edible oils, microwave, FTIR spectroscopy.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：784

Research Article

Germinability and seedling vigour of some arable crops treated with AlbitÂ® bioregulator and superhormaiÂ® fungicide

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: This study assessed the germination and vigour of seeds of four arable crops (Arachis hypogea, Digitaria exilis, Vigna unguiculata and Zea mays) treated with Albit® bioregulator and also with superhormai® fungicide. Completely randomized laboratory trials showed that presoaking of seeds of A. hypogea, D. exilis V. unguiculata and Z. mays with 0.2 ml Albit® L-1 H2O produced significantly higher germination percentage, radicle and plumule lengths (P 0.05) than those of the control. Randomized pot and field trials showed that seedling emergence percentage (SEP), seedling vigour index (SVI), shoot growth rate (SGR) and shoot biomass (SBM) of the crops treated with Albit® + superhormai® were significantly higher (P 0.05) than the control. The root biomass (RBM) of D. exilis and V. unguiculata did not significantly differ (P >0.05) due to the treatment effects. The effect of Albit® treatment on the quantity and quality of yield of the test crops under varied agroecological conditions in Nigeria deserves further investigation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Albit® bioregulator, arable crops, germinability, shoot biomass, root biomass, seedling vigour, superhormai® fungicide.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：725

Research Article

Sero-epidemiology of brucellosis in small ruminants in Plateau State, Nigeria

W. J. Bertu*, I. Ajogi, J. O. O. Bale, J. K. P. Kwaga and R. A. Ocholi

Abstract: A sero-epidemiological study of brucellosis in small ruminants was carried out in Plateau state to determine the status of the disease. A total of 1347 serum samples from 851 goats and 496 sheep systematically collected from nine randomly selected Local Government Areas (LGA) of the state were tested for brucella antibodies using Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and serum agglutination test (SAT). The result revealed brucellosis prevalence of 14.5% in sheep and 16.1% in goats, respectively. The prevalence varied from one LGA to another and between sheep and goats in each LGA. In goats, the highest prevalence of 19.7% was recorded in Mangu LGA while the lowest (10.3%) was in Shendam LGA. In sheep, Quanpan LGA had the highest prevalence of 23.5% while Bassa LGA had the least prevalence of 6.3%. The prevalence in goats was higher compared to sheep but this was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The widespread brucellosis seroprevalence in Plateau state is of great economic and public health significance. There is the need to embark on control and eradication of small ruminant brucellosis in Plateau state, Nigeria. Culling of affected small ruminants and maintenance of good hygienic practices will be useful methods of control at this point in time.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Sero-epidemiology, brucellosis, small ruminants, Plateau State.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：791

Research Article

Effect of time and relative humidity on the microbial load and physical quality of cashew nuts (Anacardium occidentale L) under storage

A. A. Onilude, R. O. Igbinadolor* and S. M. Wakil

Abstract: Post harvest deterioration by microbes due to improper storage condition is considered to be the major cause of spoilage of most seeds like cashew nuts. Roasted cashew nuts were subjected to 4 different storage conditions with different relative humidity of 30, 70, 80 and 90%, respectively, for a period of 12 days. Each storage condition was examined for microbial growth, crispiness, pH changes, moisture content and other parameters. 8 fungal species identified as Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus sp., Penicillium sp., Trichoderma sp., Botryodiplodia sp., Fusarium compactum, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceous and 3 bacteria isolates identified as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Staphylococcus sp., were obtained. The most predominantly encountered organisms were fungal isolates of Rhizopus sp and A. niger with percentage frequency of 34.9 and 32.6%.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Relative humidity, preservation, microbial load.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：886

Research Article

Conjunctivitis among children in a teaching hospital in South-West of Nigeria: Role of Staphylococcus aureus as an aetiologic agent and its antibiogram

O. A. Adeyeba, M. C Anorue, O. A. Adefioye*, Y. O. Adesiji, A. A. Akindele, O. S. Bolaji, and I. K. Adewuyi

Abstract: This study was done at the University College Hospital Ibadan, Nigeria between January and June, 2006. It was designed to determine the incidence and prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in conjunctivitis in the Ophthalmology clinic of the hospital as well as the antibiotic sensitivity profile to chloramphenicol. A total of 210 swabs were gram-stained and cultured bacteriologically. 158 were positive for bacterial pathogens while 26 were bacteriologically sterile. A total of 174 bacterial isolate both in pure and mixed culture were isolated and 72 of the isolates were S. aureus. The age group < 1 year had the highest occurrence rate of 44.4%, followed by age group 1 - 5 years (30.6%) while the age group 6 - 10 years had the least (11.1%). More males (63.9%) than females (36.1%) were infected (p < 0.05). Susceptibility test result showed that gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, erythromycin were active against s. aureus and are therefore, recommended as first line drugs. Chloramphenicol (61.1%) showed moderate activity against the organism.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Prevalence, incidence, staphylococcus aureus, ophthalmology, chloramphenicol.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：810

Research Article

In vitro assessment of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of some Nigerian chewing sticks on bacteria associated with dental infections

David O. M., Famurewa O.,* and Olawale A. K.

Abstract: The antimicrobial efficacy of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of ten Nigerian chewing sticks was investigated using standard methods. These extracts were tested against six bacteria associated with dental infections; they are Actinomyces vercosus, Neisseria sicca, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus salivarius and Moraxella catarrhalis. Generally, ethanolic extract had higher activity on the test organisms than the aqueous extracts. The zone of inhibition of Viellaria paradoxical (Gaertn. F) ranged between 5 and 13 mm. M. catarrhalis was most susceptible bacterium to the extracts. A. vercosus was resistance to the extract of P. guineense (Schum & Thonn), A. indica (A. Juss) and M. accumunata (G. Don).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Chewing sticks, oral hygiene, pathogens, antibacterial activity

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：781

Research Article

Antimicrobial activity of Rhaponticum acaule and Scorzonera undulata growing wild in Tunisia

Houda Ben Abdelkader*, Karima Bel Haj Salah, Kaouthar Liouane, Olfa Boussaada, Karima Gafsi, Mohamed Ali Mahjoub, Mahjoub Aouni, Ahmed Nourreddine Hellal and Zine Mighri

Abstract: This study examined the in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of the extracts (butanolic, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and the product H2) of 2 plants belonging to the Asteraceae family: Rhaponticum acaule L. and Scorzonera undulata L. Butanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of the Rhaponticum acaule plant showed a moderate antibacterial activity against 3 of the tested strains; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus fecalis while Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Citrobacter freundeï were resistant to the extracts. The product H2 showed an antibacterial activity against S. aureus, C. freundeï and E. fecalis. From the results of the antifungal activity, we observed that butanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of R. acaule showed a strong inhibition against Trichophyton rubrum with inhibition percentage of 56.25 and 78.75%, respectively. Butanolic extract showed a moderate inhibition of Microsporum canis, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and Aspergillus fumigatus while ethyl acetate extract showed low inhibition. The aerial part ethyl acetate extract of S. undulata seemed to be more active than the petroleum one. It showed an antibacterial activity against all bacteria strains tested except for E. coli. For antifungal activity, the petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the aerial part inhibited strongly all tested fungi. The roots extracts from S.undulata show weak antimicrobial activities compared with the aerial parts extracts of the same plant.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Rhaponticum acaule L, Scorzonera undulata L, Asteraceae, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, Tunisia.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：792

Research Article

Investigation of endophytic and symbiotic features of Ralstonia sp. TSC1 isolated from cowpea nodules

Papa Saliou Sarr*, Takeo Yamakawa, Satoru Asatsuma, Syunsei Fujimoto and Masao Sakai

Abstract: Ralstonia sp. TSC1 previously isolated from cowpea nodules was tagged with gfp gene by transposon insertion. The resultant gfp-tagged Ralstonia sp. TSC1 showed no difference in physiological properties such as growth rate, exopolysaccharide formation and colony morphology. When it was co- inoculated with compatible bradyrhizobial strains, the observation of fluorescence microscopy showed that TSC1 strains were colonized in subsurface of cowpea nodules and stems. In addition, TSC1 positively and negatively modulated symbiotic performance with the bradyrhizobia in terms of nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The results suggested that Ralstonia sp. TSC1 is an endophyte with beneficial, neutral or detrimental effects on cowpea plants when in presence of effective bradyrhizobia.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ralstonia sp., cowpea, endophyte, green fluorescent protein, bradyrhizobium, nodulation.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：810

Research Article

Effect of cultural components on antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin produced by bacteria isolated from gut of poultry

Qiuju Wang, Yizhe Cui, Dale Lackeyram, Ling Yuan, Jili Xu, Wenmei Wang and Li Xu*

Abstract: The effects of various carbon and nitrogen sources and enzymes on the antibacterial activity of Enetrococcus faecium bacteriocin L17 (3.5 kDa) isolated from poultry gut and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 16S rDNA sequencing was carried out. The bacteriocin exhibited antibacterial activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, as well as some funding such as Micrococcus flavus and Candida mycoderma, but had no effect on Lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The metabolite was stable in the presence of lipolytic or glycolytic substances and over a wide range of temperatures and its activity was also enhanced in the presence of 1 - 1.5% Tween80, 0.1% macrogol as well as various carbon (lactose) and nitrogen (lactose combined with beef extract and soy peptone) sources. Poteolytic enzymes however, completely inactivated the metabolite. These results are promising because the trend today is to employ eubiotic or symbiotic products and their use in the poultry industry could be a natural way to protect the flocks against potential pathogens.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacteriocin, medium composition, antimicrobial activity, poultry.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：767

Research Article

Investigating the effects of various additives on surface activity and emulsification index of biosurfactant resulting from broth media of Bacillus subtilis PTCC 1023

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Surfactants are amphipathic molecules which reduce surface tension and are widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. In the present study, the production of biosurfactant by Bacillus subtilis PTCC 1023 was studied. B. subtilis was grown in the nutrient broth medium and biosurfactant production was evaluated by measuring the surface tension and emulsification index (E24) each 24 h. The bacterium’s biosurfactant production was investigated in different status with variable factors such as incubation time, temperature, aeration rate and presence of several additives. Then the best fermentation condition was investigated for maximum biosurfactant production and finally biosurfactant identity was investigated using some chemical and spectroscopy methods. The maximum biosurfactant production by B. subtilis PTCC 1023 was obtained when it was grown in brain-heart broth medium containing FeSO4 (4×10-3 M), MnSO4 (1.3×10-3 M), starch (4%) and castor oil (4%) which incubated in a 300 rpm rotary shaker at 30°C for 24 h. Lipopepetide natures in this biosurfactant was confirmed by biochemical and spectroscopic methods.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacillus subtilis, biosurfactant, emulsification index, surface tension.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：801

Research Article

Acetoin production associated with the increase of cell biomass in Bacillus pumilus ATCC 14884

Zijun Xiao*, Shuling Qiao, Cuiqing Ma and Ping Xu

Abstract: Some of Bacillus strains, especially Bacillus pumilus, were the best acetoin producers. This study attempts to disclose the mechanisms of vigorous acetoin excretion using B. pumilus ATCC 14884 as a model strain. The production of acetoin by this strain has been studied under a variety of conditions. Glucose was found to be a much better substrate than citrate, pyruvate, succinate, or fumarate for acetoin production. Malonate was used to slow down the Krebs cycle and the addition of 0.10 M malonate was found to inhibit cell growth slightly, but reduce the production of acetoin by 13%. The addition of 100 g/L NaCl strongly reduced cell growth and acetoin formation. On the other hand, 200 g/L glucose reduced the rate of cell growth, but led to the largest final acetoin production of all the conditions studied. Linear relationships between acetoin accumulation and cell biomass, which increased in the lag and arithmetic growth phases were found when glucose was used as the carbon source, which corroborated acetoin as a primary metabolite. Metabolite study indicated that there were few minor pathways for by-products. Acetoin was utilized as a preferential carbon source without the catabolite repression of glucose, suggesting that the main physiological function of acetoin excretion is an energy-storing strategy in this species.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Acetoin, biomass, association, metabolism, Bacillus pumilus.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：781

Research Article

Influence of cultural conditions on hydrogen peroxide production by lactic acid bacteria isolated from some Nigerian traditional fermented foods

I. A. Adesokan*, Y. A. Ekanola and B. M. Okanlawon

Abstract: In this study, influence of cultural conditions on hydrogen peroxide production by lactic acid bacteria was investigated. Leuconostoc mesenteroides produced the highest quantity (0.024 L) of hydrogen peroxide while Lactobacillus plantarum produced the lowest amount (0.016 g/L) in normal MRS. The effect of temperature on hydrogen peroxide production was determined and the result showed that Leuc. mesenteroides produced the highest quantity (0.024 g/L) at 30°C while L. brevis produced the lowest amount (0.012 g/L) of hydrogen peroxide at 45°C. Leuc. mesenteroides produced the highest amount of hydrogen peroxide (0.032 g/L) when mannitol was used as the carbon source while Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus fermentum produced the lowest amount (0.020 g/L) when glucose was used as the carbon source. Furthermore, Leuc. mesenteroides produced the highest amount of hydrogen peroxide (0.033 g/L) when potassium nitrate was used as the nitrogen source while L. fermentum and L. delbrueckii produced the lowest amount (0.020 g/L) when yeast extract was used as the nitrogen source. Hydrogen peroxide produced by Leuc. mesenteroides has the highest zone of inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa while hydrogen peroxide produced by L. plantarum had the lowest zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Hydrogen peroxide production, lactic acid bacteria, temperature.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：763

Research Article

Seroepidemiological survey of canine Visceral leishemanisis in Sarab District, East Azerbaijan Province, Northwest of Iran in 2009

M. Khanmohammadi*, E. Fallah, S. Rahbari, I. Sohrabi, M. Farshchian, F. Hamzavi and A. Mohammadpour Asl

Abstract: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most important endemic parasitic diseases in different parts of Iran. It is also a health problem in some tropical and subtropical countries. The purpose of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of canine VL (CVL) in owned dogs of Sarab and to identify the isolated Leishmania species. Sera samples were taken from 384 dogs from 30 random villages around Sarab and tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . A total of thirty five dogs were seropositive. The seroprevalence rate (SPR) of CVL was 9.1% (95 % CI; 6.6 - 12.4). Out of 361 (94%) asymptomatic dogs, 31 (8.6%) were seropositive, and out of 23 (6%) symptomatic dogs, 4 (17.4%) were seropositive. 306 (79.7%) dogs were male and 78 (20.3%) were female. 28 (9.2%) male dogs and 7 (9%) female dogs were seropositive. There was no statistically significant relation between sex and seroprevalence (p = 0.962). The largest age group was 2 - 4 years, with 170 (44.3%) dogs out of which only 18 dogs (10.5%) were seropositive. Agreement between the ELISA test and clinical signs was 86.7%. A significant difference in the presence of antibodies against Leishmania was seen between symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs (p = 0.015) . ELISA was efficiently sensitive in the identification of infected dogs and seems to be an appropriate tool in rapid diagnostic screenings. ELISA is highly recommended to be applied as a standard test for routine CVL diagnosis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Dogs, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), epidemiology, Iran, Visceral leishmaniasis, prevalence, serology.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：811

Research Article

In vitro characterization of bacteriocin producing Bacillus subtilis from milk samples

S. Hemalatha* and S. Shanthi

Abstract: Bacillus subtilis was isolated from milk samples. Antibiotic resistance and the antimicrobial activity of B. subtilis were studied. All the four isolates of B. subtilis were sensitive to antibiotics such as streptomycin (25 g/ml), ampicillin (10 g/ml), penicillin (10 g/ml), erythromycin (15 g/ml), amoxycillin (10 g/ml).But they were resistant to bacitracin (10 g/ml). B. subtilis shown antibacterial activity against the selected human pathogens such as Salmonella spp, Streptococcus spp, Klebsiella spp and E. coli. The antimicrobial substance from B. subtilis extracted with organic solvent such as ethyl actetate have also shown antibacterial activity against the human pathogens. The proteineceaous nature of the B. subtilis exerted antimicrobial activity. The amount of protein varied between 0.05 - 0.55 mg/ml and the protein was qualitatively analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The entire samples have shown peptide < 62 kDa.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacillus subtilis, antibiotics, Salmonella spp, human pathogens, ethyl acetate, SDS PAGE.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：752

Research Article

Detection of deep fungal infection in SLE patients with multiplex fluorescent real-time PCR

Ledong Sun, Caimei Zhong, Mingyu Chen, Bing Wang, Xueyan Liu, Xiufen Zheng, Fengjiao He, Zaigao Zhou and Kang Zeng*

Abstract: To establish a rapid, sensitive and specific detection method for deep fungal infection, we detected the deep infection of Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus by using multiplex fluorescent real-time PCR (MFRT-PCR). Firstly, the positive rate, sensitivity and specificity of multiplex fluorescent quantitative PCR for detecting the fungal infection was tested in 20 specimens from systemic lupus erythematosus patients with C. albicans and A. flavus infections. Then, 20 specimens from SLE patients with suspected deep fungal infections and 20 other microorganism infections were detected with MFRT-PCR. Results showed the positivity rate and specificity of both 100% for detecting the deep C. albicans and A. flavus infection. Its detecting sensitivity for deep fungal infection was 75%, which was significantly higher than that of fugal culture method (40%) (P < 0.05). MFRT-PCR is a better method for detecting deep C. albicans and A. flavus infections, with higher sensitivity and specificity than fungal culture.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Systemic lupus erythematosus, deep fungal infection, multiplex fluorescent quantitative PCR.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：762

Research Article

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Turkish endemic Achillea species

Ismail Turkoglu, Semra Turkoglu*, Sait Celik and Mustafa Kahyaoglu

Abstract: This study was undertaken to examine in vitro antioxidant, radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities of extracts of Achillea schischkinii Sosn. and Achillea teretifolia Waldst. and Kitt (Asteraceae). The plant materials were extracted in methanol, water and chloroform using rotary evaporator apparatus. The extracts were screened for antioxidant activity using the ABTS radical scavenging capacity, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and metal chelating activities and compared to standard antioxidants. The results obtained in this study indicate that A. schischkinii and A. teretifolia are potential sources of natural antioxidants, antimicrobial activity screening was performed by the disc diffusion method against 6 bacteria strains and 2 yeast species. A. teretifolia displayed strong inhibitory effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The A. teretifolia extract also showed antimicrobial activity against Saccharomyces cerevisae. I contrast, the A. schischkinii extract showed no antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria nor against yeast.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Achillea schischkinii, Achillea teretifolia, antioxidant, antimicrobial.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：756

Research Article

A microbiologic evaluation of patients with chronic prostatitis and relation with clinical symptoms

Fahriye Eksi*, Ahmet Erbagci, Sakip Erturhan, Iclal Balci, Mehmet Solakhan and Faruk Yagci

Abstract: In this study urine and prostatic secretion samples of patients with chronic prostatitis were investigated for various prostatitis pathogens and the correlation between clinical symptoms. A total of 60 patients with chronic prostatitis were examined, prostatic secretion and urine specimens were evaluated under direct microscopy after staining with Giemsa and Gram. The selective media were used to investigate the presence of bacterial pathogens, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Based on the laboratory findings of patients, 11(18.3%) were found to have chronic bacterial prostatitis, 49 (81.7%) were found to have chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Organisms isolated in patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis included Escherichia coli in four cases, Staphylococcus aureus in two cases and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, coagulase- negative staphylococci, Enterococcus faecalis and diphtheroids in one case each. Of the 49 patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome, U. urealyticum was isolated in seven and M. hominis in one of the patients. Premature ejaculation was more frequently detected in the patient group with chronic bacterial prostatitis than the patient group with chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Analysis of etiology of chronic prostatitis in our patients showed that U.urealyticum and E. coli were common pathogens of chronic prostatitis. We concluded that chronic bacterial prostatitis may increase the risk of premature ejaculation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Chronic prostatitis, etiology, Ureaplasm urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, premature ejaculation.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：748

Research Article

Inhibitory activity of Paenibacillus macerans and Paenibacillus polymyxa against Ralstonia solanacearum

Bin Li*, Ting Su, Rongrong Yu, Zhongyun Tao, Zhiyi Wu, Soad A. E. Algam, Guanlin Xie, Yanli Wang and Guochang Sun

Abstract: The inhibitory activities of seven Paenibacillus polymyxa strains and nine Paenibacillus macerans strains against Ralstonia solanacearum strains were examined. Result from this study indicated that the growth of all R. solanacearum strains except strain E406 were inhibited by P. macerans MB02-992 and P. polymyxa MB02-1007, while the other fourteen Paenibacillus strains had no in vitro inhibitory effect against R. solanacearum strains. In addition, suspensions of the two antagonistic bacteria showed antibacterial activities against R. solanacearum under different treatments and reduced the disease incidence and severity of tomato bacterial wilt. Overall, this study clearly demonstrates that antagonistic substances may play an important role in biocontrol of the two antagonistic bacteria. However, antimicrobial activities of P. macerans and P. polymyxa depend on the Paenibacillus strains and the target pathogen. This is the first report about the antibacterial activities of Paenibacillus strains against R. solanacearum strains isolated from different host plants.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Paenibacillus, antagonistism, biovar, Ralstonia solanacearum, tomato wilt.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：780

Research Article

Assessment of the temporal change in groundwater quality when stored at different temperatures in household conditions, in the equatorial region of Central Africa

Moïse Nola*, Ernest Djarmaila, Norbert Kemka, Serge H. Zébazé Togouet, Nour-Eddine Chihib, François Krier, Pierre Servais, Jean-Pierre Hornez and Thomas Njiné

Abstract: The study carried out aimed at assessing the impact of groundwater storage temperature at household conditions on the temporal evolution of electrical conductivity and the future of heterotrophic aerobe bacteria (HAB). The storage duration was 7 days and the considered temperatures were 3, 10, 18 and 25°C. The electrical conductivity during storage reached 829 µS/cm at 3 - 18°C and 850 µS/cm at 25°C. The maximum HAB abundance was 9 x 103 cfu/ml at 3°C, 41 x 103 cfu/ml at 10°C, 44 x 103 cfu/ml at 18°C and 93 x 103 cfu/ml at 25°C. At the 3rd and 7th days storage at 3°C, changes in bacterial abundances values were significantly in the same direction as those of electrical conductivity (P < 0.05). The highest cell apparent growth rate at the 3rd day storage was 0.249 d-1 at 3°C, 0.559 d-1 at 10°C, 0.924 d-1 at 18°C and 1.233 d-1 at 25°C. However, at the 7th day storage, it was 0.362 d-1 at 3°C, 0.497 d-1 at 10°C, 0.690 d-1 at 18°C and 0.672 d-1 at 25°C. At the 3rd day storage, a decrease in cell abundance was noted in 90% of samples at 3°C and the cell apparent inhibitory rate varied from 0.012 to 0.989 d-1. The storage of groundwater in households’ conditions for a long period would alter its bacteriological quality.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacterial abundance’s evolution, electrical conductivity, groundwater, storage temperature, duration.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：801

Research Article

Bacillus pumilus, a new pathogen on potato tubers in storage in Mali

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Soft rot occurred severely in potato tubers stored in traditional and ameliored storehouses at Sikasso, Mali. 17 infective bacterial isolates were isolated from potato rot tissues (Solanum tuberosum L var. Odessa). Out of all, the isolate Od23 was found pathogenic and was characterized as rod-shaped, Gram positive, endo-spore formers and yellow pigment producers. This isolate which was found to be the principal organism responsible for potato rot in storage in Sikasso, grew at a temperature range from 5 to 45°C, with optimum temperature of 30 - 35°C. However, it showed strong pathogenicity to potato tubers at 30°C at 3 days. Furthermore, the 16S DNA analysis confirmed that the obtained isolate was Bacillus pumilus. All Potato varieties cultivated in Mali responded to infection with B. pumilus. Potato var. Sahel was the most susceptible, while Pamina appeared the most resistant potato variety from Mali. According to literature review, this is the first report on the occurrence of B. pumilus as a causal agent of potato soft rot in storage in the region of Sikasso, Mali.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Potato, storage, Bacillus pumilus, soft rot, Mali.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：768

Research Article

Dynamics of acid phosphatase production of the ectomycorrhizal mushroom Cantharellus tropicalis

Rohit Sharma*, Rakesh K. Baghel and Akhilesh K. Pandey

Abstract: Ectomycorrhizal mushroom Cantharellus tropicalis was grown in axenic culture to study the effect of pH, temperature, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus and heavy metals/trace elements on production of acid phosphatase and mycelial growth. The results of present study showed optimum mycelial growth with pH 4 at 15 and 35 ± 2°C. The ectomycorrhizal mushroom mycelia utilized lactose and yeast extract as best carbon and nitrogen source for biomass production. Ferrous sulphate supported the maximum mycelial growth when different trace and heavy metal were used. Among phosphorus sources, di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate supported maximum growth. The acid phosphatase production did not follow a uniform pattern as inferred from observations in this study. Moreover, results showed that high biomass did not mean more acid phosphatase production. However, pH 5 at temperature 15 and 35 ± 2°C supported high enzyme production. Fries Das medium supplemented with inositol and yeast extract produced maximum acid phosphatase at in vitro conditions. Ferric chloride produced considerably higher acid phosphatase among different trace elements tested. The present study demonstrates various factors affecting acid phosphatase production, an important feature for selecting ectomycorrhizal mushrooms for field inoculations.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Dendrocalamus, Cantharellus, acid phosphatase, ectomycorrhizal mushrooms.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：719

Research Article

Analysis of compatibility relationships among some almond genotypes using fruit set and fluorescence microscopy

Yavar Sharafi*, Jafar Hajilou, Seyyed Abol-Gasem Mohammadi and Mohammad Reza Dadpour

Abstract: Most of the Iranian almond cultivars are self-incompatible followed by pollination, fertilization, fruit set and lower yield problems. Therefore, selecting suitable cross-compatible cultivars for orchard establishment is necessary especially by new cultivars/genotypes obtained from breeding programs. In this study fruit set and pollen tube growth of ten late- bloom almond genotypes, obtained from a breeding program (D, E, F, I, G, L, K, O, P and Q) were investigated under filed and lab controlled pollination conditions. In order to study self-and cross-(in) compatibility they were pollinated by the pollens of overlap blooming-time genotypes in both conditions. Initial and final fruit set, fruit drop and some of the kernel traits were measured under filed condition. Measurements of pollen tubes at the style and in ovary were scored using fluorescence microscopy in lab, Results showed significant differences in some of the studied characters among crosses in both methods and Results confirmed each other in both methods. Fruit set percentage and pollen tube number in the ovary demonstrated that, all of the genotypes were self-incompatible but cross- (in) compatibility was not observed among them. In conclusion all of the genotypes could be used as a suitable polinizers for each others, regarding overlapping blooming-time of genotypes.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Almond, self-incompatibility, cross-incompatibility, fruit set, fluorescence microscopy.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：742

Research Article

Survival enhancement of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum CMU-FP002 by granulation and encapsulation techniques

Sasimar Woraharn, Chaiyavat Chaiyasut*, Busabun Sirithunyalug and Jakkapan Sirithunyalug

Abstract: Two processes of enclosure of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum CMU-FP002, probiotic granules and calcium alginate beads, were studied. Sodium alginate solution at 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 % (w/v) was used as a binder. The results showed that 20 log cfu/ml initial concentration of cells could be entrapped by the granules and beads with 12 to 13 log cfu/g and 16 cfu/g, respectively. The physical properties of granules and beads revealed that the strength increased when sodium alginate concentration was increased. On the other hand, the dissolution decreased. Probiotic granules completely released the cells within 60 min after being suspended in stimulate gastric fluid (SGF) pH 1.8 and had 2 to 3 log survival cells per gram. Calcium alginate beads, which were formulated from 1.0 and 1.5% (w/v) sodium alginate solution, gradually released bacterial cells and were completely released in SGF within 120 min. The beads formulated from 2.0 %(w/v) sodium alginate solution could not completely release the probiotics. The beads contained more survival cells than granules. Furthermore, the beads formulated from 1.5% (w/v) sodium alginate solution had the highest survival cells (9.30 log cfu/g). Probiotic cells in calcium alginate beads were still high (11 log cfu/g), although they were stored at 4˚C for 5 days alternating with room temperature for 5 days, for a total of 2 month. Further application in broilers will be studied.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Probiotic, survival enhancement, granulation, encapsulation, Lactobacillus plantarum.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：726

Research Article

Does dermatophagoides cause different allergic rhinitis clinic than pollens?

M. Akarcay*, M. C. Miman, O. Miman, M. Kelles and N. Ekici

Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare allergic rhinitis clinics caused by two most common allergens: house dust mites (HDM) and pollens. Three hundred and fifty patients were evaluated. These patients were pure pollen or HDM allergic according to skin prick test (51 HDM+, 299 Pollen+). Mainly, HDM were allergens for perennial allergic rhinitis, while pollens were for seasonal allergic rhinitis (p < 0.01). Both groups were found with similar symptom frequency except palatal, ocular, throat itching and eye redness indicating mostly pollen allergy (p < 0.05). Seasonal exacerbations used for the differential diagnosis were found to be very significantly different. Spring and autumn were the seasons where pollen allergy symptom exacerbation was mainly seen (p < 0.01) . HDM allergy was uniquely found with symptom exacerbations in winter (p < 0.05). Rural area visit was found dominating triggering factor for pollen allergy (p < 0.05). The most common triggering factor was house dust exposure in HDM+ group (p < 0.05). HDM allergy being mostly mimicking pollen allergy in allergic rhinitis, however, differs from it with some clinical features. This could be detected with detailed history taken from the allergic rhinitis patients. While doing definitive diagnosis, prick test may be helpful with a clear patient history in patients hard to diagnose.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mite, pollen, allergy, rhinitis.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：754

Research Article

Bio-nanomodeling of active site in oxidized azurin using by computational methods

F. Mollaamin*, K. Shahani poor, T. Nejadsattari and M. Monajjemi,

Abstract: A cluster model for active site of oxidized azurin was presented and investigated the geometric structure and thermochemical parameters. Quantum-mechanical calculations were performed at the HF and B3lYP/6-31G levels of theory in the gas phase and eight solvents at four temperatures. Also, nuclear shielding parameters of the active site of oxidized azurin have been taken into account using GIAO and CSGT methods at the HF and B3LYP/6-31G levels of theory in the gas phase and in different solvents such as water, DMSO, nitromethane, methanol, ethanol, acetone, dichloroethane and dichloromethane. The results were revealed that the NMR chemical shielding parameters are strongly affected by inducing different solvent media. According to these theoretical results of energy values, some important relationships have been found between the dielectric constant and structural stability of active site of oxidized azurin. Thus, it can be drastically concluded that the dielectric permittivity of the solvent is a key factor that determines the chemical behavior of active site azurin in solution.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Azurin, IR, nuclear magnetic resonance, blue copper proteins, solvent effect.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：754

Research Article

Campylobacteriosis in sheep in farm settlements in the Vhembe district of South Africa

Uaboi-Egbenni, P. O., Bessong, P. O., Samie, A. and Obi, C. L.

Abstract: A total of 300 freshly voided sheep faeces were collected and screened for the presence of Campylobacter spp. using standard microbiological techniques. The samples were obtained randomly from 3 farm settlements in the Venda Region, South Africa in 2008 and 2009. The recovery rate was 30.0% (90 of 300) for all faeces. Of these, 65 (72.2%) were from diarrheic and 25 (27.8%) were from non-diarrheic faeces. Out of the 90 Campylobacter spp. isolated, 41(45.6%) were Campylobacter jejuni and 49 (54.4%) were C. coli. Sixty-three (70%) of the isolates were -haemolytic, while 17 (18.9%) were - haemolytic and 10 (11.1%) were non-haemolytic on 5% sheep red blood cells. The antibiotic resistance patterns of the 90 Campylobacter isolates were examined by the disc diffusion method. All Campylobacter isolates from the farms were resistant to at least one of the 12 antibiotics tested. The prevalence rate of C. coli resistance to ciprofloxacin was 20.4% compared with C. jejuni, 17.1%. Similar rates were noted for tetracycline for the two species. C. jejuni showed a higher rate of resistance to erythromycin (22.0%) compared with Campylobacter coli (10.2%). Significantly higher frequency of kanamycin resistance was recorded for C. jejuni compared to C. coli (p < 0.005). However, for ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, erythromycin, imipenem, gentamycin and ampicillin comparable resistant profiles were recorded for C. jejuni and C. coli isolates from the farms. The high prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in sheep is of public significance in the Venda Region. The observed multi-drug resistance and especially resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones in this study pose a threat of transfer of antibiotic resistance to human pathogens because of the close contact between sheep and humans.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibiotics, Campylobacter, haemolytic, macrolides, pathogens, resistance.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：747

Research Article

Serological and bacteriological study of leptospirosis in slaughtered cattle in north of Iran (Rasht)

T. Shafighi, G. Abdollahpour*, T. Zahraei Salehi and H. Tadjbakhsh

Abstract: A serological and bacteriological study was performed in Guilan industrial slaughter house, in Rasht, North of Iran in 2009. To investigate the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in slaughtered cattle in Guilan, 59 and 39 random serum samples were collected from cows and bulls, respectively. None of the cattles was vaccinated against leptospirosis. Also urine samples were collected from all of the blood-sampled cattle and cultured. All serum samples were serologically tested by microscopic agglutination test (MAT), as a standard method for serological diagnosis of leptospirosis. The serum samples were tested for antibodies against eight live antigens of Leptospira interrogans serovars: Australis, Autumnalis, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona and Sejroe. The lowest dilution that each serum was considered positive was 1:100. The results of this study showed that 37 (37.8%) animals had a positive reaction against one or more serovars. The most prevalent Leptospira serovars was Pomona (49.0%). One leptospiral organism was isolated from 98 urine samples of cows and bulls. The results of this study indicates that leptospiral infection is magnified in cattle in Rasht, and cattle have a major role in maintaining Pomona serovar; indeed they are a potential zoonotic risk to slaughter house workers, meat inspectors, milkers and farmers.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Iran, Rasht, serology, bacteriology, cattle, leptospirosis.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：727

Research Article

Textile effluent treatment by Bacillus species isolated from processed food

N.Murugalatha*, A. Mohankumar, A. Sankaravadivoo and C. Rajesh

Abstract: Colour removal of industrial effluent has been a major concern in waste water treatment, especially for the waste water that originates from textile and dye stuff plant with a continuous discharge of great quantity of remaining dyes to the environment. The efficient treatment of the effluent is an eco- friendly method for the treatment of textile effluent. Bacillus species was isolated from the processed food-pickles and were characterized by means of biochemical reactions. Spore formers, non spore formers and their supernatant were used for the treatment. Effluent collected from the textile was diluted to 10, 50 and 90%, were subjected to biological treatment. The level of degradation rate was increased to 87.7 to 93.3% on dilution at 50 and 90% respectively when spore formers were used. The culture supernatant was able to degrade the dye at a rate of 34% with crude effluent and 98 with 90% of diluted effluent. Probably the metabolites produced by the organism were involved in the dye degradation process.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Textile effluent, Bacillus species, declorization, aerobic degradation.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：772

Research Article

Identification of Streptococcus salivarius bacteriophage isolated from Persian Gulf as a potential agent for dental caries phage therapy

Keivan Beheshti Maal, Majid Bouzari* and Farahnaz Arbabzadeh Zavareh

Abstract: The aim of this research was to detect oral Streprtococci bacteriophages from Persian Gulf. Dental plaque samples were collected using sterile explorer and cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) Broth. The oral Streptococci were isolated in culture media. The Persian Gulf water sample was gathered using a sterile bottle from the depth of 50 cm under the inframarine surface at Boushehr Port, Boushehr state, Iran. The Persian Gulf water was centrifuged and its supernatant was filtered through a 0.45 micrometers membrane filter and with a sterile Millipore filtration system. The filtrates were added to activate oral Streptococci at their logarithmic phase and cultured in (BHI) Agar using overlay method. Bacteriophage plaque forming assay in (BHI) Agar and clearance of (BHI) Broth suggested the presence of specific bacteriophages in sample. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the capsid of the isolated bacteriophage was hexagonal (diameter: ~ 83.33 nm) most probably related to Cystoviridae family. This is the first report of isolation and identification of oral Streptococci bacteriophages from Persian Gulf located in South of Iran. The applications of these lytic phages as a potential for phage therapy of dental plaque could be considered as the significance and impact of the present study.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Persian Gulf, Streptococcus salivarius, bacteriophages, phage therapy, dental plaque, pharmaceutical and medical biotechnology.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：821

Research Article

In vitro antimicrobial activity of leaves of Acalypha indica Linn. (Euphorbiaceae)

M. N. Somchit,*, R. Abdul Rashid, A. Abdullah, A. Zuraini, Z. A. Zakaria, M. R. Sulaiman, A. K. Arifah and A. R. Mutalib

Abstract: The antimicrobial activity of water, ethanol and chloroform extracts of Acalypha indica was tested against four bacterial and fungal strains using the disc diffusion method. The antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria was more pronounced (p < 0.05) in water and ethanol extracts. Antifungal activity was more significant (p < 0.05) only in chloroform extract. This antimicrobial activity was compared to standard antibiotics (penicillin, enrofloxacin, ampicillin and chlorampenicol) and antifungal drugs (ketoconazole, itraconazole and fluconazole). Findings from current study support the use of Acalypha indica in traditional medicine for the treatment of various bacterial and fungal infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antifungal, antibacterial, disc diffusion assay.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：855

Research Article

Molecular and biochemical characterization of surfactin producing Bacillus species antagonistic to Colletotrichum falcatum Went causing sugarcane red rot

Muhammad Nadeem Hassan, A. Mark Osborn and Fauzia Yusuf Hafeez,*

Abstract: Bacillus species suppress phytopathogens by producing lipopeptide antibiotics, hydrolytic enzymes, siderophores and other secondary metabolites. Three bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis NH-100 (EU627167), B. subtilis NH-160 (EU627169) and Bacillus sp. NH-217 (EU627170) with proven ability to suppress red rot disease on sugarcane plants were further characterized to elucidate the multiple modes of action involved in their biocontrol activity. Plate assays pointed out the production of protease and antibiotics. Lipopeptide antibiotic surfactin was detected in the culture extract of B. subtilis NH-160 and Bacillus sp. NH-217 through LC-MS (Liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry). These results were further supported by identifying the presence of sfp and srfAC genes of surfactin biosynthetic operon using specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. Two strains B. subtilis NH-160 and Bacillus sp. NH-217 were further analyzed for their survival in compost which successfully retained consistency in their population 4.0 - 5.0 log CFUg-1 after 14th day. Bacteria capable of suppressing pathogens and maintaining their population by competing with other microbes can be successfully utilized as biopesticide for sustainable organic farming.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacillus, biocontrol, surfactin, sugarcane, red rot.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：770

Research Article

The role of hp1165 gene on the efflux-mediated resistance to tetracycline in clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori

T. Falsafi*, M. Anoushiravani and V. Niknam

Abstract: Tetracycline-resistant (TetR) Helicobacter pylori isolates have emerged in many parts of the world. We have previously demonstrated that among the mechanisms involved in the resistance of H. Pylori to Tet, its active efflux may be an important mechanism. This work, aimed to determine whether presence and/or expression of hp1165 are associated with efflux-mediated resistance to Tet in clinical strains of H. pylori. Twenty five TetR strains including seven low level-resistant, eight intermediately- resistant, and ten high-level resistant strains/or mutants, of which 21 displayed the active efflux ability for Tet, were investigated. They were screened for the presence of mutation (s) in 16S rRNA at 965- 967 position and for the presence of hp1165 gene. Detection of hp1165 gene transcription /or gene expression was performed by RT-PCR Two low-level Tet R strains displaying no efflux ability, that contained mutation (s) at 965-967 position of 16S rRNA. Ten out of 21 TetR strains displaying active efflux abilities, that contained hp1165 gene. Their PCR product was similar to that of 26695 standard strains, susceptible to Tet. RT -PCR was positive for five out of them however; their product size was approximately 100 bps smaller than that of 26695 strains. Regarding to the results of PCR and RT- PCR, hp1165 plays a role in the active efflux of Tet in resistant strains. A post-transcriptional regulation step may be involved in the expression of hp1165 gene in TetR strains.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, tetracycline, resistance, efflux, hp1165 gene.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：755

Research Article

AdeABC efflux pump: Less important role in Acinetobacter baumannii against carbapenems

Jiansheng Huang, Jinwei Huang*, Fangyou Yu, Xiaoguang Wang and Guoxiong Li

Abstract: AdeABC efflux pump in a total of 50 Acinetobacter baumannii strains were investigated and the role in contributing to hydrolysis carbapenems were further analyzed. All strains were divided into 3 groups according to their susceptibilities to Imipenem, Amikacin, Minocycline and Levofloxacin: Group A (22 imipenem-resistant strains), B (13 isolates which were imipenem-sensitive but resistant to at least one of the other three antibiotics) and C (15 isolates, sensitive to all the antimicrobials). Five gene types were observed according to REP-PCR and 39 isolates were included in the main one. Only one isolate (A2) was positive for efflux pump phenotype. All strains were positive for blaOXA51-like and AdeB gene and negative for blaOXA24, blaOXA58, VIM, IPM, and SIM-1. blaOXA23 were detectable merely in the 22 imipenem-resistant strains. 24 isolates from the same REP type representing for the 3 groups were selected for quantitative analysis of adeB expression. Compared with the mean level of Group B, only A2 expressed apparently higher (2.2 fold). The induction effects of imipenem and meropenem were analyzed as well. Compared with their freely grew isogenic counterparts, up regulated expression was observed only in 2 isolates under the pressure of imipenem and none in all under meropenem. These data indicate that AdeABC efflux pump play a less important role in A. baumannii against carbapenems.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii, Carbapenem resistance, AdeABC efflux pump, adeB gene.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：735

Research Article

Infections and aerobic bacterial pathogens in diabetic foot

Ozer B.*, Kalaci A., Semerci E., Duran N., Davul S. and Yanat A. N.

Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the causative pathogens, profile of antimicrobial susceptibility of them and the extent of tissue lesions in diabetic foot infections. This is a prospective study in which infected diabetic foot presenting with Wagner grade 1 to 5 ulcers were investigated. 78 consecutive diabetic patients who were seen in the orthopaedic clinic were cultured during ordinary visits. Bacteriological diagnosis and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were carried out and analyzed using standard procedures. Diabetic polyneuropathy was found to be a common finding (74.4%). 15 (19.2%) cultures revealed polymicrobial involvement. The most frequent organisms isolated were Enterobacteriaceae (36.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.9%), Enterococcus spp. (14.9%), and Staphylococcus aureus (10.8%). While imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, piperacillin/tazobactam were found out to be the most effective agents against Gram -negative organisms, vancomycin, teicoplanin, chloramphenicol were the most effective agents against Gram -positives. The aetiologies of most of the ulcers were neuropathic and 81.6% of them were deep. Our study also revealed that Gram -negative bacteria were the most common pathogens in infected diabetic feet. The diabetic foot ulcer is the most important cause of non-traumatic foot amputations so it is important to know the causative pathogens of these ulcers, profile of antimicrobial susceptibility of them for their treatment.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, foot ulcers, infection, pathogen.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：738

Research Article

Effect of 60Co radiation on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) proliferation and differentiation

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are undifferentiated multipotent cells which reside in various human tissues and have the potential to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, fibroblasts and other tissues of mesenchymal origin. In this study, we investigated the effect of 60Co radiation on the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs. MSCs were treated with increasing radiation doses to assess the effect on MSC. Results showed that 2 Gy of 60Co radiation did not significantly affect MSCs. When compared with the control group and 2Gy of 60Co radiation group, the MSCs viability after 4 Gy of 60Co radiation markedly decreased (p < 0.05). Two weeks of 8 and 12 Gy of 60Co radiation induced all cell death. After the 5-Aza treatment, the expression of myocardial- specific protein, C-TNT and -MHC was not detected in the MSCs which were pretreated by 60Co radiation. In conclusion, middle dose (4 Gy) of irradiation induces MSCs morphological changes, as well as alteration in both proliferation and differentiation potentials of MSCs. 5- Aza treatment did not induce both proliferation and differentiation of MSCs because high dose (8 and 12 Gy) of irradiation killed all cells.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mesenchymal stem cells, radiation, proliferation, differentiation.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：734

Research Article

Antagonistic activity of probiotic lactobacilli against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis

Nazila Arbab Soleimani*, Rooha Kasra Kermanshahi, Bagher Yakhchali and Taher Nejad Sattari

Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major pathogens which cause Bovine Mastitis (BM). Probiotic lactobacilli have the great potential to produce antimicrobial compounds that inhibit and control pathogenic bacteria. Antagonistic activity of probiotic lactobacilli ( L. acidophilus DSM 20079, L. plantarum ATCC 8014, L. casei ATCC 39392 and L. reuteri ATCC 23272) against S. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis (BM S. aureus) and standard S. aureus ATCC 25923 was the objective of this study. Antagonistic effect of probiotic lactobacilli was investigated by modified double layer method, well diffusion method, co -culturing assay and co-aggregation method. Among four lactobacilli, L. plantarum showed the greatest inhibitory activity. In modified double layer method the zone of inhibition of BM S. aureus and standard S. aureus ATCC 25923 by L. plantarum was 44 and 40 mm, respectively. Cell Free Supernatant (CFS) of probiotic lactobacilli in well diffusion method had inhibitory effect. Inhibition zone of BM S. aureus (13 mm) and standard S. aureus ATCC 25923 (9 mm) by L. plantarum was achieved. Co-culturing of L. plantarum with these two bacteria resulted in 87 and 77% inhibition growth of BM S. aureus and standard S. ureus ATCC 25923, respectively after 12 h. Co-aggregation between L. plantarum with two mentioned S. aureus was obtained 88.4 and 76%, respectively. According to these data, L. plantarum and its antimicrobial compounds can be one of the selective choices to control the BM S. aureus.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antagonistic effect, probiotic lactobacilli, bovine mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：793

Research Article

Antimicrobial effect of slightly acidic electrolyzed water for inactivation of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli on fresh strawberries (Fragaria L.)

Abdulsudi Issa-Zacharia, Yoshinori Kamitani, Happiness Muhimbula and Koichi Iwasaki

Abstract: Antimicrobial effect of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW: pH 5.6 ± 0.1, 20.5 ± 1.3 mg/L available chlorine concentration; ACC) against indigenous aerobic mesophiles and inoculated Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. on fresh strawberry was assessed. The antimicrobial effect of SAEW was compared with that of strong acidic electrolyzed water (StAEW) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution. SAEW effectively reduced total aerobic mesophilic bacteria from strawberries by 1.68 log10CFU/g and was not significantly different from that of NaOCl solution (p > 0.05). Antimicrobial effect of SAEW against Salmonella spp. and E. coli was indicated by a more than 2 log10CFU/g reduction of their population and the effect was not significantly different from that of NaOCl solution and StAEW at similar treatment conditions (p > 0.05). From these findings, SAEW with a near- neutral pH and low available chlorine concentration exhibits an equivalent bactericidal effectiveness to NaOCl solution and thus SAEW is a potential sanitizer that would be used as an alternative for StAEW and NaOCl solution in the fresh fruit and vegetables industry.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Slightly acidic electrolyzed water, strawberry, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：723

Short Communication

Inhibition of Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides against liver cancer cell HepG2

Wu Yejin and Wang Yanqun*

Abstract: We have studied the inhibition of polysaccharides of Astragalus membranaceus against liver cancer cell HepG2. The polysaccharides at higher doses (25 mg/ml) have stronger antitumour effects, decreasing more than 40.5% (24 h) and 67.3% (48 h) of liver cancer HepG2 cell viability. A high percentage of apoptotic HepG2 cells was found at 25 mg/ml of A. membranaceus polysaccharides. 23.9 and 38.2% of cells experienced apoptosis when HepG2 cells were treated for 24 and 48 h with 25 mg/ml of A. membranaceus polysaccharides. Consequently, the results of the in vitro assays suggest that the A. membranaceus polysaccharides possesses strong antitumour activities, which is benefical to treatment of liver cancer.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides, Antitumour, HepG2, MTT.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：738

Research Article

A survey of cellulolytic mesophilic fungi in the soil environment of Keffi Metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

M. D. Makut* and E. M. Godiya

Abstract: An investigation was carried out to determine the species of cellulolytic fungi present in the soil environment of Keffi metropolis. Keffi town is the Headquaters of Keffi Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Soil samples of 200 g each were collected at random from 10 different locations at dump sites of Keffi town. Malt extract agar and potato dextrose agar were used for the isolation of mesophilic filamentous fungi at incubation temperature of 25°C. All the isolates were again inoculated on chemically defined cellulose agar medium to determine their cellulases producing abilities. The results revealed that the cellulolytic mesophilic fungi were present in the soil environment of Keffi metropolis and they included Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Tricoderma viride, Penicillium sp. and Fusarium solani. The fungal isolates could be harnessed as inocula for use in solid waste management involved in the biodegradation of cellulose-containing materials. The results further demonstrate that the isolates could also be harnessed for the industrial production of cellulases.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cellulases, mesophilic fungi, soil environment, Keffi, Nigeria.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：740

Research Article

Identification and characterization of tenuazonic acid as the causative agent of Alternaria alternata toxicity towards groundnut

P. Suvarnalatha Devi, M. N. Reddy, M. Nagalakshmi Devamma, P. Jayalakshmi, G. Revathi and G. Narasimha*

Abstract: Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, the causal agent of Alternariosis of groundnut seeds ( Arachis hypogaea L.) was toxigenic when cultured on various laboratory media. The cell free extract or culture filtrate induced severe chlorosis and necrosis on leaves, inhibition of root and shoot growth of germinating seeds and wilting of seedlings. A phytotoxin was isolated both from cell free extract/culture filtrate and infected tissues, purified and identified as tenuazonic acid, by using thin layer chromatography, ultra violet and infra red spectral analysis. Toxicity was monitored with standard bioassay techniques. The results show patho-physiological significance of tenuazonic acid in disease syndrome.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Alternaria alternata, groundnut, alternariosis, tenuazonic acid.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：809

Research Article

Growth inhibition (in vitro) of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from cassava (Manihot esculenta) using Trichoderma longibrachiatum

A. A. Sobowale*, O. A. Odeyingbo, H. O. Egberongbe, R. T. Feyisola, O. A. Ayinde and A. Adesemowo

Abstract: The growth inhibition of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from cassava was studied in-vitro using Trichoderma longibrachiatum. Both fungi were cultured together on the same Petri plate using three different pairing methods. Inoculation of each fungus on separate Petri plates served as controls. For each pairing method, experiments were conducted in five replicates. Radial growth (cm) of both C. gloeosporioides and T. longibrachiatum in all Petri plates were measured daily for 7 days. In all the three pairing methods, T. longibrachiatum significantly inhibited the growth of C. gloeosporioides (P > 0.0001). Growth inhibition of C. gloeosporioides by T. longibrachiatum was better in ‘inoculating antagonist before pathogen’ than in the other two pairing methods (P = 0.05). C. gloeosporioides had significant addition of radial mycelia only between days 1 and 2, as well as days 2 and 3 after pairing (DAP) before contact was made with T. longibrachiatum. Addition of mycelia mass of C. gloeosporioides slowed down significantly by the day upon contact with T. longibrachiatum (P = 0.05, R2 = 0.86). F value for day after pairing (DAP) was also highly significant (P > 0.0001). T. longibrachiatum could thus be said to possess probable antagonistic tendency against C. gloeosporioides.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Manihot esculenta, day after pairing, growth inhibition.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：771

Research Article

Molecular detection of invA and spv virulence genes in Salmonella enteritidis isolated from human and animals in Iran

Kumarss Amini, Taghi Zahraei Salehi*, Gholamreza Nikbakht, Reza Ranjbar, Javid Amini and Shahrnaz Banou Ashrafganjooei

Abstract: It is important to study the genotypic diversity of Salmonella plasmid genes which are responsible for its virulence. In the present study multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex PCR) assay was carried out for detection of Salmonella enteritidis and presence of invA and spv genes. In the first stage of the study, 1001 poultry samples were collected from a slaughterhouse in Kerman province (southern Iran). Biochemical and serological tests were then performed for identification of Salmonella serovars and 6.79% (68/1001) were positive for Salmonella. Multiplex PCR with three set primers was then applied to confirm serovar enteritidis 51.4% (35/68). Simple-PCR was then applied to detect spvA (Salmonella plasmid virulence), and spvB genes. Finally, multiplex PCR assay was carried out to simultaneously detect and identify invA and spvC genes. The presence of spvA, spvB and spvC in S. enteritidis was 88.6% for each gene. In the second stage of the study, thirty-three bovine (n = 13) and human (n = 20) S. enteritidis strains were isolated from the culture collection in the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran. The analyses of the samples revealed that spvA, spvB, and spvC genes were present in 90% of S. enteritidis from human sources as compared to 100% in bovine sources. The study represents the first report in Iran about the genotypic diversity of spvA, spvB and spvC genes of S. enteritidis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Salmonella enteritidis, multiplex PCR, virulence genes.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：857

Research Article

Studies on the culturable marine actinomycetes isolated from the Nahoon beach in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Isoken H. Ogunmwonyi, Ntsikelelo Mazomba, Leonard Mabinya, Elvis Ngwenya, Ezekiel Green, David A. Akinpelu, Ademola O. Olaniran, Kim Bernard and Anthony I. Okoh*

Abstract: A total of 84 culturable marine actinomycetes belonging to 15 generic morphotypes were isolated from water and rock scrapings from the Nahoon beach, a coastal shore of Indian Ocean in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The colonies showed diverse morphological characteristics and their occurrence and distribution varied with sample type. The rock scrappings yielded more actinomycetes morphotypes than the water samples. Streptomyces was most prevalent in both samples. Actinoplane, Actinosynnema, Norcadia, Norcardiopsis, Streptosporagium and Intrasporagium were present in rock scrapings but absent in water samples. Kibdellosporium was present in water sample and absent in rock scrapings. The Streptomyces isolates were selected and preliminarily screened for antimicrobial activity. The bioactive compounds of 10 most potent Streptomyces isolate was extracted twice with equal volume of ethyl acetate (1:1 v/v). The ethyl acetate extracts of the putative Streptomyces isolates showed activities against at least 6 and up to 26 of the 32 test bacteria screened. Inhibition zones were found to range between 9 and 32 mm diameters at a concentration of 10 mg/ml. The partial characterization of the crude extracts by IR spectra analysis revealed the possible presence of terpenoid, long chain fatty acids and secondary amine derivatives compounds in the extracts. We conclude that the Nahoon beach promises to be a veritable resource for diverse marine actinomycetes of potentials for bioactive compounds production and novel drug discovery.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Morphotypes, occurrence, rock scrapings, IR spectral, bioactive compound.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：752

Research Article

Bacteriological quality of some Nigerian currencies in circulation

S. Awe*, K. I .T. Eniola, F. T. Ojo and A. Sani

Abstract: The bacteriological quality of some Nigerian currencies in circulation was investigated in terms of total bacterial count and kinds of bacterial species present. The notes had high bacterial counts: ranging from 1.5×104 to 4.2×104 cfu/cm2; there was no significant difference in the bacterial counts. Eight bacterial species were isolated: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus faecalis, Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella sp. Salmonella sp. was the least prevalent of the bacterial isolates (2%) while S. aureus was the most prevalent (28%). Antibiotic susceptibility pattern suggests that some of the isolates (S. aureus and P. mirabilis) had potentials for multiple antibiotic resistances. The health implications of the organisms encountered are discussed and suggestions are provided to enable safe handling of the notes.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Currencies, naira notes, antibiotic resistance.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：745

Research Article

Microbial morphology and community structure in a suspended carrier biofilm reactor as a function of substrate loading rates

Fu Bo, Liao Xiaoyi, Ding Lili, Xu Ke and Ren Hongqiang*

Abstract: An aerobic suspended carrier biofilm reactor was efficient in simultaneous organic carbon and nitrogen removal, with COD removal efficiencies of 87.1–99.0% and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) efficiencies about 96.7-98.8%. The effects of substrate loading on microbial morphology and community structure were investigated by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Biofilms formed at different substrate loadings had different morphology and community structures. A higher substrate concentration resulted in denser and thinner biofilms, while a lower substrate concentration resulted in looser and thicker biofilms with significant presence of filamentous bacteria. Both sequence analysis of DGGE bands and FISH analysis indicated the dominance of β-Proteobacteria in the biofilm communities, especially Zoogloea. FISH analysis revealed that the relative abundance of β-proteobacteria ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was positively correlated with ammonium concentrations, whereas Nitrospira-like nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) were negatively affected by ammonia and nitrite concentrations. The presence of denitrifying bacteria, Hydrogenophaga spp., Hyphomicrobium spp. and Rhizobium spp. suggested that not only the oxygen microgradients within the biofilm but also aerobic denitrifiers may be responsible for SND in the aerobic biofilm.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Microbial community structure, microbial morphology, substrate loading, suspended carrier biofilm.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：767

Research Article

Isolating endophytic fungi from evergreen plants and determining their antifungal activities

Changhong Liu*, Tingting Liu, Fengfeng Yuan and Yucheng Gu

Abstract: A total of 262 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from 23 evergreen plant species collected from Zijin Mountain in Nanjing, China. Two-hundred and three of the fungi isolates were classified into 23 taxa in 19 genera based on colony morphology and microscopic observation of mycelia and asexual/sexual spores. The highest richness was obtained from Cedrus deodara (28), while the highest diversity of identified species (6) was isolated from Sabina procumbens. Some fungi appeared to be host-specific, such as Botrytis ricini lt300, Geotrichum candidum lt274 and Lacellina graminicola lt256, while other strains (e.g. Alternaria alternata lt222, Anthina sp. Lt147, Colletotrichum gloeosporioids lt305 and Fusarium solani lt293) were commonly isolated from a range of plants. The richness of the endophytic fungi recovered from plant branches was significantly higher than those from leaves. Moreover, about 70% of the obtained endophytic fungi could produce antifungal metabolites against at least one plant pathogenic fungi. The EtOAc extracts of seven species of Anthina sp. lt147, C. gloeosporioids lt305, Ectostroma sp. Lt144, Fusarium decemcellulare lt183, Fusarium oxysporum lt173, Paraconiothyrium brasiliense lt161 and C. montemartinii lt198 showed broad inhibition against the growth of all the six phytopathogens with the inhibition rates from 20 to 80%. These results indicated that endophytic fungi may play an important role in protection of the evergreen plants from disease as well as an excellent resource for searching for natural antifungal compounds.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Endophytic fungi, evergreen plants, antifungal activity.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：726

Research Article

Determination of the ability of microorganisms isolated from mechanic soil to utilise lubricating oil as carbon source

A. Sebiomo*, S. A. Bankole and A. O. Awosanya

Abstract: Ten bacteria and five fungi capable of utilising lubricating oil as carbon source were isolated from mechanic soil. The growth profiles were determined by monitoring the optical density, total viable counts, dry weights and pH of the culture utilizing lubricating oil as sole carbon and energy source. The total viable counts increased significantly with optical density and dry weights of fungi as the days of incubation progressed until the 14th day (P < 0.001). There was significant decrease in pH (P < 0.001) as fungal cells metabolised lubricating oil, Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced the highest optical density and viable count values of 0.441 and 8.31 to the end of 14th day of incubation among all bacterial isolates used in this study. P. aeruginosa also presented lowest pH value of 6.53 after 14 days of incubation between all bacterial isolates. Bacillus licheniformis and Enterobacter aerogenes recorded the lowest optical density and viable count values of 0.19 and 8.1 of all bacterial isolates after 14th day of incubation, Enterobacter aerogenes had the highest pH value of 6.8. Of all the fungal isolates used in this study Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus recorded the highest dry weight and viable count values of 19.3 and 6.41. Trichoderma sp. had the lowest pH, dry weight and viable count values of 5.1, 17 and 6.3, respectively, Aspergillus flavus had the highest pH of 5.6. Correlation analysis indicated negative correlation between optical density and pH (correlation coefficient = +0.174) and between viable counts and pH (correlation coefficient = +0.159), there was positive correlation between viable counts and optical density (correlation coefficient = 0.735). For the fungal isolates there was negative correlation between dry weights and pH (correlation coefficient = +0.958) and between viable counts and pH (correlation coefficient = -0.830). The correlation analysis between fungal dry weights and viable counts showed positive correlation (0.786). The utilization of hydrocarbon in lubricating oil resulted in gradual reduction in the oil layer and complete disappearance of the oil with prolonged incubation. This study has shown that the microorganisms isolated from mechanic soils have potential application in the bioremediation of sites polluted with lubricating oil.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacteria, fungi, lubricating oil, biodegradation.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：763

Research Article

A binding of ECM proteins - collagen, fibronectin, albumin and vitronectin by Bacteriocinogennic enterococci isolated from chicken and rabbits

Igor Štyriak*, Viola Strompfová, Iveta Štyriaková, Monika Simonová and Andrea Lauková

Abstract: Ten Bacteriocinogennic enterococci, isolates from chicken and rabbits, were examined for their binding of collagen, fibronectin, albumin and vitronectin in tubes with Nutrient broth No.2. For ECM binding examination, enterococci were grown in MRS broth under normal air conditions at 37°C. Individual strains expressed binding of selected glycoproteins to various degrees, however, vitronectin was bound the best from these four ECM proteins. These observations lead to suggestion that at least one mode of enterococcal attachment utilizes glycosaminoglycan chains present on the surface of adherent cells. Significance and impact of the study is that some animal strains are comparable with the commercially used strains with respect to their ECM ability. As this feature is important for probiotic bacteria to be able to colonize intestine, these strains could be considered for their wider use in fermented feed for animals.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Enterococcus, extracellular matrix, collagen, fibronectin, albumin and vitronectin.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：735

Research Article

Investigation of in vitro effects of daptomycin, tigecycline and teicoplanin combinations against MRSA, VISA and VRE strains

Ahmet Yilmaz Coban*, Aydin Deveci, Ozlem Acicbe, Nuriye Tasdelen Fisgin, Alper Ciftci, Basak Dokuzoguz and Belma Durupinar

Abstract: Multidrug resistant (MDR) gram positive infectious agents can cause severe infections and monotherapy of these infections by current available antimicrobial agents can be problematic. Therefore, antimicrobial combination therapy may be needed for effective treatment. The study aimed to investigate in vitro effects of binary combinations of tigecycline (TGC), daptomycin (DPC) and teicoplanin (TP) against 4 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 2 vancomycin intermediate S. aureus (VISA) and 9 vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) species by E test method. Whilst, all binary combination of TGC, DPC and TP showed synergistic effect against standard strain of S. aureus and 50% of clinical MRSA isolates, all of the combinations except DPC-TP combination showed additive effect against VISA strains (Mu 3 and Mu 50). TGC-TP, DPC-TP and TGC-DPC combinations showed additive effect against 25, 60 and 50% of clinical VRE isolates, respectively. Synergistic effect was observed in combinations of TGC-TP and DPC-TGC against 2 and 1 VRE clinical isolates, respectively. Combinations of TP with any of TGC and DPC brought MIC values of TP below the level of sensitivity in all of TP resistant VRE and VISA isolates. Antagonistic effect was not observed in combinations of tested drugs against any strains. In conclusion, in vitro effectiveness of these drug combinations may reflect advantages in clinical practice for severe MDR gram positive bacterial infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Multidrug resistant, antimicrobial agents, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, infectious agents, vancomycin resistant enterococci.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：752

Research Article

In vitro activities of three kinds of antibiotics against Staphylococcal biofilm and planktonic cultures

T. El-Banna, A. Abd El-Aziz, A. Abo-Kamar, A. Ghazal and R. AboZahra*

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to determine the activities of three kinds of antibiotics against Staphylococcal biofilm and planktonic cultures in vitro, and to indicate the enhancement of biofilm formation in response to stress factors such as glucose and sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics by using scanning electron microscope. Biofilm forming staphylococci were identified by using the modified microtiter plate method. And the effect of different concentrations of several antibiotics (including ciprofloxacin, gentamycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid) on eight isolates was determined. The result showed that out of 86 Staphylococcal isolates, eight strains were found to be strong biofilm forming. Sub-MIC of the antimicrobial agents used increased the biofilm formation in some isolates. However, the preformed biofilm was very difficult to remove with most isolates even with multiples of the MIC. The biofilm MBC reached 46 times the planktonic MBC in some isolates. Scanning electron micrographs of staphylococcus aureus isolate (45S) were made in order to confirm the enhanced biofilm formation in the presence of glucose and sub-MIC of ciprofloxacin and it was found that the slime layer production increases in the presence of glucose and low concentration of ciprofloxacin.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Staphylococcal biofilms, scanning electron micrograph, antimicrobial sub-MIC activity.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：792

Research Article

Reduction of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization by the oral administration of Lactobacillus casei as a probiotic in a murine model

Reza Mirnejad*, Jafari Hossein, Abdolla Ardebilli and Hamid babavalian

Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the reduction of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) colonization by oral administration of Lactobacillus casei as probiotic in a murine model. In this study, thirty-six BALB/c mice were divided to two test groups and one control group. One of the test groups was fed probiotic bacteria at six days and other groups at three days; whereas, the control group did not receive any probiotic. 72 h after the last oral administration of probiotic, the all three groups were fed by the ETEC. Than, the numbers of E. coli excreted from animal intestinal were determined at various times by colony counting on specific culture media and assessed their rate of colonization. The results of this study showed that L. casei is enable to be colonize in the murine gastrointestinal tract and both test groups of murine show significant decrease of ETEC excretion compared to control group (P = 0.001) . Also, comparison of test groups indicated that longer time reception of probiotic bacteria resulted in more reduction of colonization of pathogenic bacteria. These findings suggest that L. casei can be used as a candidate probiotic to reduce the rate of colonization and establishment of ETEC in the digestive tract and to prevent diarrhea caused by this organism.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lactobacillus casei sp. strain GG, Escherichia coli, probiotic, enterotoxigenic traveler's diarrhea, bacteriotherapy.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：775

Research Article

Optimization of culture conditions for thermostable chitinase production by Paenibacillus sp. D1

Anil Kumar Singh

Abstract: A hyper-chitinase producing isolate Paenibacillus sp. D1 was obtained from common effluent treatment plant of seafood industries at Veraval (Gujarat, India). The isolate exhibited chitinase production over a wide temperature (25 - 45°C) and pH (6 - 9) range with maxima at 30°C in medium with initial pH 7.0. The crude chitinase had activity in broad pH (4 - 10) and temperature (30 - 60°C) range with optima at pH 5.0 and 50°C, respectively. The enzyme was highly thermostable with t1/2 of 36 to 60 h at 40 and 45°C. Crab shell chitin, urea and K2HPO4 were identified as best carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous sources influencing chitinase production by Paenibacillus sp. D1. Addition of tween 80 and FeCl3 enhanced the chitinase production by 1.44 and 1.33 fold, respectively. Identification of essential nutrients affecting chitinase production by Paenibacillus sp. D1 would help to formulate a suitable medium for its production. Moreover, low cost chitin from crab shells can be used as carbon source for thermostable chitinase production by the isolate for industrial and agricultural applications.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Paenibacillus, optimization, thermostable, chitinase.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：741

Research Article

The use of the purple non sulfur bacterium isolate P1 and fermented pineapple extract to treat latex rubber sheet wastewater for possible use as irrigation water

Duangporn Kantachote,*, Nastee Kornochalert and Sumate Chaiprapat,

Abstract: A central composite design using two variables (concentrations of isolate P1 and Fermented Pineapple Extract (FPE) each at three levels was used to study their effects on the treatment efficiency of latex rubber sheet wastewater under microaerobic-light conditions. The optimum combination over a 72 h period consisted of 3% P1 and 0.13% FPE and resulted in the removal of 80% Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), 82% Suspended Solids (SS) and 85% Un-ionized Hydrogen Sulfide: H2S in wastewater (UHS). The selected experimental condition was then verified by varying the retention times. A 96 h retention time gave the highest treatment efficiency with a 92% reduction of COD, 87% SS and 83% UHS and the effluent met both standards for industrial effluent discharge and crop irrigation. This effluent in its undiluted and diluted between 1: 25-1: 200 showed no phytotoxicity and also stimulated rice seed germination based on a germination index when compared with distilled water. Addition of 3% P1 into the raw wastewater either alone or in combination with 0.13% FPE yielded an effluent that passed the standard guidelines within 72 h, while with FPE alone a 96 h retention time was required. Based on morphological, physiological and biochemical properties, the isolate P1 was identified as Rhodopseudomonas palustris.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fermented plant extracts, hydrogen sulfide, latex rubber wastewater, purple nonsulfur bacteria, response surface method, wastewater treatment.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：744

Research Article

In vitro interaction of combined plants: Tinospora crispa and Swietenia mahagoni against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

N. T. Al- alusi*, F. A. Kadir, S. Ismail and M. A. Abdullah

Abstract: This study has carried out to evaluate the antibacterial effect and the interaction between Tinospora crispa and Swietenia mahagoni extracts against resistant strains of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined in the setting of clinical MRSA isolates. Separated and mixture forms of T. crispa and S. mahagoni extracts were assayed to determine their antibacterial activity against eight clinical MRSA isolates. The extracts of T. crispa and S. mahagoni in separated forms were effective against MRSA strains. However, no interaction was found in the two plants combination. In conclusion, T. crispa and S. mahagoni are potential as anti MRSA agents, but the mixture of T. crispa and S. mahagoni has no synergism against MRSA strains.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Anti methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), ethanolic extract, Swietenia mahagoni, Tinospora crispa, synergism.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：728

Research Article

An alternative method for the establishment of virulence of Newcastle disease virus isolates

Charlotte Enastacia Boucher*, Robert Richard Bragg and Jacobus Albertyn

Abstract: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes major losses in the poultry industry and is regarded as endemic in many parts of Africa. Differences in virulence of the virus occur and during any disease outbreak, determining virulence is essential for effectively controlling the disease. The virulence of the virus is dependent on cleavage of the fusion site and is characterised by different sequences in the genome. Thus a reliable and rapid method to determine virulence is to sequence the fusion site. The alternative method is to do a conventional mean death time (MDT) study, which is time consuming. Furthermore, the molecular techniques required for the sequencing of the fusion glycoprotein are not within reach of many regional laboratories in developing countries, where NDV is a serious problem. Thus a simple method is described in which the virulence of a NDV field virus can be determined, using conventional MDT methods, more rapidly. In this study viral samples were treated with 0.25% trypsin free of EDTA, and the MDT was compared to untreated control samples. Results indicate that if the viral isolate is lentogenic in nature, and treated with 0.25% trypsin it caused mortalities in eggs within 70 h post inoculation, whereas control samples resulted in mortalities from 96 h. By using this technique, the time to identify lentogenic isolates is substantially reduced.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Newcastle disease virus, rapid diagnosis, mean death time, fusion site, trypsin, pathogenicity, virulence.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：823

Research Article

Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) of new isolated strains of bifidobacteria from newborn babies microbiota

J. Z. Mazo, A. Z. Dinon, C. Tagliari, E. C. Ilha, E. S. Sant’Anna and A. C. M. Arisi*

Abstract: Bifidobacterium species are known for their beneficial effects on health and their wide use as probiotics. Molecular methods applied to accurately and rapidly identify these micro-organisms are necessary. This study was conducted in order to isolate Bifidobacterium from newborn babies’ microbiota and also to identify the new isolated strains by PCR and ARDRA. The bile and the low pH tolerance for the new isolates were evaluated as evidence of possible probiotic potencial. A total of 30 strains were isolated from four newborn babies and three of them (I6, I17 and I20) were identified as Bifidobacterium after PCR using two genus-specific primer pairs. Digestion patterns of I17 and I20 by ARDRA were similar to B. longum and B. breve and were different to B. bifidum patterns. The 30 isolated strains were bile and low pH tolerant. Therefore, this study identified three Bifidobacterium isolated strains as good candidates for further investigation to elucidate their potential as probiotic.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bifidobacterium, ARDRA, PCR, newborn babies, restriction digestion.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：794

Short Communication

Coxiella burnetii in goat bulk milk samples in Iran

Ebrahim Rahimi

Abstract: Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the rickettsial organism Coxiella burnetii, the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence rate of C. burnetii in bulk milk samples from dairy goat herds in Fars, Ghom, Kerman, Khuzestan and Yazd provinces, Iran. In the present study, 296 bulk milk samples from 89 dairy goat herds were tested for C. burnetii using a nested PCR assay. The animals which their milk samples collected for this study were clinically healthy. In total, 6 of 296 (2.0%) goat milk samples were positive; the positive samples originated from 4 of 22 (18.2%) dairy herds in Fars, 1 of 24 (4.2%) dairy herds in Khuzestan and 1 of 18 (5.5%) dairy herds in Yazd. All 76 goat bulk milk samples from 25 goat breeding farms collected in Ghom and Kerman provinces were negative, although no extensive prevalence study was undertaken, the results of this study indicate those clinically healthy dairy goats are important sources of C. burnetii infection in Iran.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Coxiella burnetii, PCR, milk, goat, Iran.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：731

Research Article

Microbial flora on the hands of healthcare workers

Fahriye Eksi*, Aysen Bayram, Murat Mehli, Sadik Akgun and Iclal Balci

Abstract: The aims of this study were to study the process of microbial contamination of healthcare workers’ (HCWs) hands during routine patient care and simultaneously to evaluate the state of antibiotic susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from the hands of HCWs. Samples were collected from the hands of 154 HCWs working at Gaziantep University Hospital. A standard bag broth technique was employed. In addition to conventional methods, VITEK 2 automated system and API ID 32C kits were used for identification of the isolated microorganisms. Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial agents was performed by disc diffusion method. For antifungal susceptibility, ATB Fungus 2 kit was used. Of 154 specimens, 148 (96.1%) showed microbial growth and 160 microorganisms were isolated as single or multiple members of the resident flora. Transient flora including one or more microorganisms (n = 47) were recovered from the hands of 39 (25.3%) HCWs. All gram-positive bacteria were detected to be sensitive to vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid, however 30.1% of the coagulase-negative staphylococci and 40% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to methicillin. Multiple drug resistance was determined in Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas isolates. It can be concluded that transient flora members isolated from hands of HCWs can be causative agents of serious nosocomial infections due to their high and multiple antimicrobial resistance patterns.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Healthcare workers, resident flora, transient flora, antimicrobial susceptibility.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：808

Research Article

Cultivation of an edible desert truffle (TERFEZIA BOUDIERI Chatin)

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: This research was conducted to study the fruiting of an edible truffle TERFEZIA BOUDIERI Chatin in fields using mycorrhizal plants of HELIANTHEMUM SESSILIFLORUM Desf. Pers. in two soil types (gypsy and sandy loam soils). Two cultivation methods have been tested. The first is the transplantation of inoculated plants (with T. BOUDIERI ascospores) maintained in greenhouse and the second is the seedling of inoculated H. SESSILIFLORUM seeds in experimental field (24 m2). The first ascocarps was detected one year after (2006) nearby transplanted plants in gypsy soil, two fruiting bodies of T. BOUDIERI were observed in both soil types near the plants obtained by direct inoculation of H. SESSILIFLORUM seeds in the second year (2007). Three years after (2009), the experimental field produces two ascocarps close to transplanted plants in sand loamy soil and directly seedling plants in gypsy soil.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Helianthemum sessiliflorum, arid land, desert truffle, cultivation, plantation, mycorrhization, seeds.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：859

Research Article

Antimicrobial activity of ten common herbs, commonly known as â€˜Dashapushpamâ€™ from Kerala, India

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Ten herbs which are widely used in Ayurvedic system of medicine and are collectively known as “Dashapushpam “in Kerala, (India), were screened for their antimicrobial properties against nine spp. of pathogenic fungi and seven spp. of pathogenic bacteria. In the preparation of extracts, the entire shoot systems were used for Cardiospermum halicacabum and Evolvulus alsinoides and only leaves for others. Crude plant extracts were prepared by cold extraction with acetone. Two sets of pathogenic fungi-Set-1 and Set- 2-were used with Nystatin and Amphotericin as standards, respectively. From Set-1, all the extracts showed antimicrobial properties at least with two fungal species, the most commendable being the extract of Vernonia cinerea which was effective against all the fungal strains, outscoring the standard Nystatin. Only Ipomoea sepiaria and V. cinerea could inhibit the growth of Rhodotorula sp. Among the six extracts tested with Set- 2, only I. sepiaria and V. cinerea were effective which inhibited the growth of only one strain, in sharp contrast to the activity of the standard, Amphotericin which was highly effective against all other spp. The extracts of Aerva lanata, C. halicacabum and V. cinerea inhibited the growth of six, seven and four species of bacteria respectively. Results show that the herbal extracts involved are more effective against pathogenic fungi than pathogenic bacteria and throws light on the future prospects of plants as sources of potent antibiotics.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimicrobial, pathogenic fungi, pathogenic bacteria, crude plant extract, dashapushpam.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：762

Research Article

An inquiry of knowledge, attitudes and practices against pandemic H1N1 influenza among Turkish health care workers: Experience of a single center in Southeast of Turkey

Selda Aslan*, Serda Gulsun, Elvan Caglar Citak, Ahsen Oncul and Habibe Pirinccioglu

Abstract: It is crucial to have a knowledge of pandemia. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude and behavioral responses of health care workers (HCWs) toward pandemic H1N1 influenza (PI). A cross-sectional study was performed in September 2009 in Diyarbakir, Turkey. All HCWs replied to a self-administered standardized, structured questionnaire. A total of 783 participated, with 31.55% having low knowledge and 22.98% having high level about PI. It was observed that HCWs sex was affecting knowledge level scores (p = 0.005). 26.44% had low knowledge about nosocomial preventive cautions, with 24.90% having high level of knowledge. The significant predictor for higher knowledge scores about preventive measures for nosocomial transmission was HCWs occupational status (p < 0.001). The study therefore reveals that, nosocomial transmission is a major problem during a pandemic and HCWs will be essential for effective working of the health system. Efforts should be targeted at educating HCWs to improve knowledge, attitude and behavioral responses in the current pandemia, as well as for future epidemics.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Pandemic H1N1 influenza, health care worker, nosocomial transmission, hospital.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：779

Research Article

The effect of short-time microwave exposures on Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated onto beef slices

A. Jamshidi*, H. A. Seifi and M. Kooshan

Abstract: Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an important human pathogen causing haemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic-ureamic syndrom and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. In this study the effect of microwave irradiation of beef samples which were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 were investigated. The portions of fresh beef slices weighting 200 g each and about 10 × 10 × 2 cm in size, were soaked in fully growth of E. coli O157:H7, in BHI broth. The swab samples were taken from the contaminated samples, after different times of radiation (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 s), using a domestic microwave oven at full power. The bacterial counts were performed by using surface plating on sorbitol Mac Conkey agar supplemented with cifixime and potassium tellurite. After each experiment the surface temperature of treated samples were measured. The experiment was carried out in triplicate and it was concluded that the microwave radiation which enhance the surface temperature more than 70°C, can eliminate the superficial contamination of cattle beef slices with E. coli O157:H7.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Escherichia coli O157:H7, microwave, beef.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：768

Research Article

Bacterial load on Ghanaian currency notes

Patrick Feglo* and Michael Nkansah

Abstract: Ghanaian currency notes are handled by all manner of people including ready-to- eat food sellers who serve food and handle the currency notes as they sell making the notes dirty and cross-contaminated. Hence this study aims at determining bacterial species and level of contamination of the notes in circulation. Ghanaian currency notes were collected at random from ready- to-eat food sellers in Kumasi. Buffered peptone water (BPW) washings of the notes were inoculated onto plate count agar (PCA) for total viable count and then Blood and MacConkey agar for bacteria identification. The study reveals 98.6% of the currency notes were bacterially contaminated, 12 (17.14%) had acid-fast bacilli, and 1.43% Taenia sp. ovum. The bacterial mean viable count was 1.5 × 104 ± 1.1 × 101 CFU/Note, the GH¢1 had the highest mean viable count of 4.0 × 104 CFU/Note, the GH¢5 1.8 × 104 CFU/Note, and then the GH¢10 had 2.8 × 103 CFU/Note. The isolates were Bacillus species (41.07%), coagulase-negative staphylococcus (33.04%), Staphylococcus aureus (7.14%), Enterococcus faecalis (7.14%), Citrobacter freundi (4.46%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2.68%), Shigella dysenteriae (2.68%) and Escherichia coli (1.79%). The Ghanaian currency notes in circulation were found to be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms which can spread human diseases.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacterial contamination, currency notes, food poisoning.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：773

Research Article

Occurrence of Klebsiella oxytoca producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in different seasons in Ilam Hospitals, Iran

Sobhan Ghafouryan, Nourkhoda Sadeghifard, VasanthaKumari Neela, Nor Shamsudin Mariana, Reza Mohebi, Mohammad Rahbar , Ali Hematian, Zamberi bin Sekawi*, Mohammad Raftari and Iraj Pakzad

Abstract: Our study focused on assessing frequency of Klebsiella oxytoca, to study incidence of K. oxytoca producing ESBLs, to investigate frequency of blaTEM,blaSHV and blaCTX-M and to determine resistance of K. oxytoca producing ESBLs toward non-beta-lactam antibiotics, in different seasons in Ilam hospital. Twelve clinical isolates of K. oxytoca were found during March 2007 to April 2008 in Ilam hospital in Ilam city in west of Iran. The strains were isolated from admitted patients in surgery wards, lesion and respiratory tract infection. ESBLs identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods. PCR had done for detection of blaSHV, TEM and CTX-M. K. oxytoca producing ESBLS were evaluated against non -beta-lactam antibiotics.of twelve K. oxytoca collected in Ilam hospitals, 16.67% (n=2), 16.67% (n=2) and 66.66% (n=8) were from the surgery wards, lesion, and respiratory tract infections (RTIs), respectively. 25% of K. oxytoca were ESBLs positive. blaSHV were found as responsible for ESBLs production. All the K. oxytoca producing ESBLs were susceptible to non-beta-lactam antibiotics. The highest frequency of K. oxytoca were found from patients with RTI (66.7%) and the lowest frequency of K. oxytoca had observed in admitted patients in surgery ward and patients with lesion infections, as an equal (16.6%) . Our finding showed that resistant to ceftazidime was more than the others antibiotics (41.66%). We were found the most ESBLs production occurred in winter in K. oxytoca isolated in surgery ward (50%). Key word: K. oxytoca, ESBLs, Ilam Hospitals, Iran.[...] Read More.

Keywords: K. oxytoca, ESBLs, Ilam Hospitals, Iran.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：753

Research Article

Antimicrobial protein production by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MBL27: An application of statistical optimization technique

K. Vijayalakshmi and Suseela Rajakumar*

Abstract: The applicability of the Taguchi DOE (design of experiment) methodology for optimization of medium composition for maximum antimicrobial protein (AMP) production by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MBL27 has been demonstrated in the present study. The influence of individual factors and the relationships between the factors and their levels were established. Three factors viz, glucose, triammonium citrate and K2HPO4, each at three levels were selected and an orthogonal array (OA) layout of L27 containing 27 well-defined experiments were performed. Two response variables (bacterial growth and inhibitory activity of the AMP) were measured. Maximum AMP production was achieved at a concentration of 1.0% glucose, 0.25% triammonium citrate and 0.2% K2HPO4. The experiments conducted provided basic information to improve the efficiency of AMP production and supported the analysis of main effect of each constituent in the medium. This study is therefore another example of the application of the Taguchi methodology for improvement of biological processes.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimicrobial protein, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, optimization, response surface methodology (RSM), Taguchi design.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：755

Research Article

Bacteriological and fungal evaluation of some aromatic and taste giving herbs from Igdir region in Eastern Anatolia of Turkey

Zeynep Ulukanli* and Ekber Karadag

Abstract: In this work, aromatic and taste giving herbs including thyme (n=23), basil (n=23) and mint (n=19) samples collected from retail outlets of Igdir were examined for the microbiological quality as well as the detection of some pathogenic bacteria. Total aerobic mesophilic counts varied from 102 to107 cfu/g in thyme, 103 to 107 cfu/g in basil and mint samples. Coliforms were present in 34.8% of thyme, 69.6% of basil and 36.4% of mint samples. E. coli was detected only in a mint sample. Detection rate for staphylococci and micrococci in thyme, basil and mint was 21.7, 69.4 and 79%, respectively. Enterococci were observed in 21.7, 26 and 26.3% of thyme, basil and mint samples, respectively. Samples revealed the absence of Lactobacilli, S. aureus. E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. Aerobic Spore Forming Bacteria (ASB) was present in 56.3% of thyme, 74% of basil and 94.8% of mint samples. Sulphide Reducing Clostridia (SRC) only occurred in 30.5% of thyme and 5.2% of mint samples included SRC. Total yeast and fungal counts indicated that 52% of thyme, 61% of basil, 58% of mint samples was > 104 cfu/g.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Thyme, basil, mint, herbs, microorganisms, Igdir.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：743

Research Article

Malondialdehyde, vitamin E, and anti-oxidant enzyme activity levels in patients with crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever

Hüseyin Aydin, Gürsel Yildiz*, Aynur Engin, Abdülkerim Yilmaz, Kenan Çelik and Sevtap Bakir

Abstract: Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral disease that can be seen in people epidemically or as single patient. CCHF is a highly deadly disease caused by Nairovirus from Bunyaviridae family. Endothelial damage caused by secreted cytokines plays an important role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly cytotoxic. Intracellular and extracellular antioxidants are the mechanisms that protect the cell from the cytotoxic effects of the ROS. In this study, malondialdehite (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutation peroxidase (GSHPx), glutation reductase (GR), catalase (CAT) enzyme activities and vitamin E – one of the antioxidant vitamins, values are examined to evaluate how oxidant/antioxidant value is affected in patients with CCHF. 47 patients diagnosed as CCHF with control group that is made of 41 healthy individuals that matched to patient group as sex and age contributed to study. All individuals’ plasma SOD, CAT, GSHPx, GR, and vitamin E values and erythrocyte MDA levels were determined. SOD enzyme activity is increased (p0.05). Vitamin E values turned out to be lower than control group (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever, antioxidants, vitamin E, malondialdehyde.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：721

Research Article

Isolation and application of a chlorpyrifos-degrading Bacillus licheniformis ZHU-1

Jiangwei Zhu, Yan Zhao and Jiangping Qiu*

Abstract: A strain ZHU-1 capable of utilizing chlorpyrifos as the sole carbon sources and energy was isolated from soil. ZHU-1 was identified as Bacillus licheniformis based on analysis of morphology, physiological and biochemical characters and 16S rRNA. The addition of ZHU-1 to soil treated with chlorpyrifos resulted in a higher degradation rate than noninoculated soils, the degradation rate of chlorpyrifos (100 mg kg-1) could reach 99% or above after 14 days. The microbial manure added by strain ZHU -1 can be applied not only as fertilizer, but also in degrading chlorpyrifos residue in soil. This study may provide basis for prevention and control of pesticides pollution.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Chlorpyrifos, degradation, Bacillus licheniformis, microbial manure.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：806

Research Article

Study of sputum and bronchoscopic lavage for acid fast bacilli in patients with pulmonary infections

Azar Dokht Khosravi,*, Manigeh Mehdinejad, Alireza Mozzafari and Mohammad Hashemzadeh

Abstract: The diagnosis of tuberculosis is based on the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on clinical specimens with different methods. Although there are many diagnostic techniques, such as culture and molecular methods, however, sputum smear microscopy for demonstration of acid fast bacilli remains the most important diagnostic method for tuberculosis in high prevalence countries due to its speed, easy performance, and low cost. The aim of this study was determination of prevalence of acid fast bacilli (AFB) in specimens of suspected patients of pulmonary infections. In total, 2872 specimens of sputum and bronchoscopic lavage were collected. For smear preparation, the specimens were decontaminated and processed. Prepared smears were stained by Ziehl-Neelsen staining method as per standard guideline and examined under the light microscope for the presence of acid fast bacilli. From total specimens examined, 1726 (60%) were isolated from male patients and 1146 (40%) were from females. One hundred and eighty three (6.4%) were positive for acid fast bacilli. These were identified in 81.4% of sputum specimens and 18.4% of bronchoscopic lavages. The majority of smears were graded as 3+ according to criteria for AFB smear reporting. The results of the present study indicated that Ziehl Neelsen stain is preferable method for all suspected tuberculosis cases in absence of culture.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Sputum-bronchoscopic lavage, Ziehl Neelsen, acid fast bacilli, tuberculosis.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：742

Research Article

Effect of cement dust pollution on microbial properties and enzyme activities in cultivated and no-till soils

Serdar Bilen

Abstract: Cement dust pollution is one of the sources of atmospheric pollution. The main impacts of the cement activity to the environment are the broadcasts of dusts and gases. The objective of this study is to determine the effects of cement dust pollution, which was generated by cement plant, on soil microbial population, microbial respiration, and some enzyme activities in cultivated wheat (CT) and no-till (NT) soils. The fields are located at distances of 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 km away from the cement plant. In dominant wind direction, three replicated 36 soil samples were taken from a depth of 0 to 20 cm and analyzed for chemical, physical and microbiological properties. Soil microbial population and CO2-C production showed significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation in CT and NT soils. The highest microbial population and CO2-C production was observed at 15 km away from the cement plant in CT and NT soils. Acid phosphatase, urease and dehydrogenase enzyme activities of the soils showed significant (p < 0.01) positive correlation with distance in CT and NT (r2 = 0.80-0.86; r2 = 0.90 to 0.92; r2 = 0.79 to 0.82, respectively). There was negative correlation between alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity and distance in CT and NT (r2 = 0.60, r2 = 0.68; p < 0.05).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Microbial respiration, CO2-C production, microbial population, cement dust pollution, soil enzyme activity.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：795

Research Article

Expression of innate immune-related genes of Kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus, after challenge with Vibrio nigripulchritudo

Jean Fall, Tomoya Kono, Mahmoud Tanekhy, Toshiaki Itami and Masahiro Sakai*

Abstract: The expression of five innate immune-related genes crustin (MjCrus), lysozyme (MjLyz), penaeidin (MjPEN), Toll-like Receptors (MjToll), and Tumor Necrosis Factor (MjTNF) in the lymphoid organ (LO) and intestine of kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) was investigated after challenge with Vibrio nigripulchritudo. Bacteria (1 x 105 CFU/ml) were injected into the second abdominal segment of the shrimp. The LO and intestine were isolated at 3, 12, 24, and 48 h post-injection, and total RNA was extracted. The expression of MjCrus, MjLyz, MjPEN MjToll, and MjTNF was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. In the LO, expression levels of MjCrus, MjLyz, MjPEN, MjToll, and MjTNF were significantly higher in infected shrimp than in uninfected animals. The intestine of shrimp infected with V. nigripulchritudo exhibited higher expression of MjCrus, MjLyz, MjPEN, and MjTNF than did that of uninfected animals. However, intestinal MjToll expression levels were similar in both groups. These results suggested that MjCrus, MjLyz, MjPEN, MjToll, and MjTNF may play an important role in the immune defense of kuruma shrimp exposed to V. nigripulchritudo.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus, innate immune-related gene, infection, Vibrio nigripulchritudo.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：741

Research Article

Effect of â€œeight-trigram boxingâ€ exercise on blood oxidative status and intestine bifidobacterium and lactobacillus count in practicers

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of “Eight-trigram boxing” in reducing blood oxidative status and improving intestine benefical bacteria counts. Participants were randomly assigned to “Eight-trigram boxing” exercise. After 3 months, significant increase in GSH, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and GR activities were observed. In addition, intestine benefical bacteria bifidobacterium and lactobacillus count were markedly enhanced. It could be concluded that “Eight-trigram boxing” exercise was beneficial to practicers’ health.[...] Read More.

Keywords: “Eight-trigram boxing”, antioxidant, bifidobacterium, lactobacillus.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：753

Research Article

Antioxidant and nitric oxide status in patients diagnosed with Echinococcus granulosus

Eser Kilic*, Süleyman Yazar, Gülden Ba kol, Tarik Arti and Dilara Ersayit

Abstract: In the present study, we tried to investigate whether infection with cystic echinococcosis provokes oxidative stress in the host by measuring changes in plasma levels of anti-oxidants enzymes. 23 patients and 25 control individuals were included in the study. Plasma superoxide dismutase [Cu–Zn superoxide dismutases, cytoplasmic form/superoxide dismutase 1] and glutathione peroxidase [Cytoplasmic gluthatione peroxidase 1] activities and plasma nitrite levels were all determined based on the colorimetric methods. Statistically significant decreased cytoplasmic glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities with decreased nitric oxide production, which produce superoxide radical was found in patients with cystic echinococcosis. Correlation analysis and statistical evaluation together showed that there was a significant negative correlation between glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities (p < 0.001) and also significant negative correlation between glutathione peroxidase activity and nitric oxide level (p < 0.001). In addition, there was a significant negative correlation observed between superoxide dismutase activity and nitric oxide level (p < 0.001). These results clearly indicate a decline in the response to oxidative stresses. It may also be concluded that a decrease in the nitric oxide level can be associated with the low stimulation of the cell mediated immune system.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cystic echinococcosis, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, nitric oxide.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：714

Research Article

Antimicrobial properties of 4-Carboxyl-2, 6- dinitrophenylazohydroxynaphthalenes

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The antimicrobial screening of the monoazo dyes, 4-carboxyl-2, 6-dintropheylazohydroxynapththalene, was carried out as a preliminary test for evaluating their biological potentials. Antimicrobial screening was done with filter paper disc and gauze bandage fabric impregnated with the dyes using 7 microbial isolates: Staphylococcus aureus 382, Candida albicans UBA7, Klebsiella species 864, Escherichia coli V3, Salmonella enterica gallinarum 28 V2, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus species. Diameters of zones of inhibitions were measured to evaluate the activities of the dyes. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the four title dyes was thereafter estimated using two sensitive strains of S. aureus and Candida albicans. AZ-01 and AZ-04 at a concentration of 5 mg/mL was found to have the highest activities of 20 mm each on S. aureus, comparable to the positive control gentamicin (diameter of 20 mm), using paper disc. With the fabric screening using 5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL concentration, only the 5 mg/mL AZ-01 and the 10 mg/mL AZ-01 had activities of 10 and 12 mm respectively on S. aureus. On C. albicans, 5 mg/mL AZ-01 and 10 mg/mL AZ-01 had activities of 20 and 24 mm respectively and these were found comparable to the positive control 1% tioconazole. 5 mg/mL AZ-02 and 10 mg/mL AZ-02 had activities of 10 and 14 mm respectively, 5 mg/mL AZ-04 and 10 mg/mL AZ-04 had activities of 16 and 16 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) done using serial dilution on WHO microtitre plate (96 wells), gave AZ-01 having the highest activity, both on S. aureus and C. albicans with MIC of 15.63 µg/mL, and then AZ-04 with MIC of 23.44 µg/mL. The results of these microbial assays suggest that the investigated monoazo dyes may be useful as potential antimicrobial agents, especially against multidrug resistant S. aureus, in addition to their dyeing properties.[...] Read More.

Keywords: 4-carboxyl- 2, 6-dinitrophenylazohydroxynaphthalenes, antimicrobial properties, multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MIC.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：780

Research Article

In vivo and in vitro antagonism of Streptomyces sp. RO3 against Penicillium digitatum and Geotrichum candidum

M. C. Maldonado*, C. E. Orosco, M. A. Gordillo and A R. Navarro

Abstract: Streptomyces strains may control postharvest lemon fruit diseases caused by Penicillium digitatum and Geotrichum candidum. Four Streptomyces strains (RO3, MC3, Alem and CE1) were tested and RO3 was the strain with the highest antagonistic activity. Streptomyces RO3 showed a maximum biomass value (2.15 g/L) after 72 h incubation in yeast extract, malt extract, glucose (YMG) medium; in starch casein medium the highest value was 0.477 g/L at 120 h incubation. The metabolites produced in YMG medium showed the maximum inhibition against G. candidum and P. digitatum (19.64 and 62.12% respectively). The inhibitory activity of metabolites decreased after autoclaving. RO3 metabolites have molecular mass higher than 2000 and they have fungicidal action mode against P. digitatum. In vivo assays, RO3 metabolites with wax, totally controlled lemon diseases (mainly sour rot and green mold). This is the first study on Streptomyces to control postharvest lemon diseases.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Streptomyces, Penicillium digitatum, Geotrichum candidum, metabolites, lemon diseases.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：733

Research Article

Antimicrobial activity determination of the gum of Pistacia atlantica Desf. oil

Bachir Raho ghalem* and Benali Mohamed

Abstract: The essential oil from the gum of Pistacia atlantica Desf. grown in Algeria was obtained by the hydrodistillation method, and its antimicrobial activities against the growth of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes were evaluated using the agar disc diffusion, the minimal inhibitory quantity (MIQ) determination method and the liquid phase by Maruzella method. The results of the study revealed that essential oil resin of P. atlantica has antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive as well as Gram negative bacteria resistant to commonly used antimicrobial agents, and they were considerably dependent upon concentration.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Gum, Pistacia atlantica Desf. oil, antimicrobial activities, clinical isolates.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：755

Research Article

Combination of high frequency electromagnetic fields with pre heat to inactivate mesophil microorganisms of flexible packed cooked chick and cooked chick meal

Zand N.*, Foroudi F., Mailova E., and Voskanyan A. V.,

Abstract: The effect of high frequency Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) combined with various condition of pre-heating for inactivation of mesophil microorganisms in multilayer flexible pouches has been studied. All samples were filled in pouches and, have been put in (water bath chamber; different condition of pre heating (80°C 5 min, 80°C 10 min, 80°C 15 min, 85°C 5 min, 85°C 10 min, 85°C 15 min) have been done; and ready for EMI sterilization which discharges square-wave pulses with variable voltage 1-20 kV/cm and frequency 8-10 GHz. The spores of these bacteria (gr+) were practically resistant in electric field; however, pre heat caused spore changed its behavior from passive forms (latent) to active forms (vegetative). If cells are cultivated at higher temperature, increasing tendency which can permanently keep fluidity viscosity of the cell membrane before electromagnetic field so EMI efficiency is increased. The populations of mesophil microorganisms depended on type of treatment type of chick type and type of culture. The death ratio of mesophil microorganisms increasing in chick 14200% more than chick meal, chance of negative mesophile microorganism growth in every treatment compares with last treatment increasing 54%. Negative growth in culture "PCA" is 3.3 degree more than culture "PE 2, in culture "PE 2" is 330% more than culture "Cook meat"; how ere these parameter in various thermal processing without EMI was evaluated positive mesophile microorganism growth increasing in chick meal 1905% more than chick type, and chance of passive mesophile microorganism growth in every treatment compares with last treatment decreasing 41% and type culture have no effect on growth of mesophil bacteria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: High frequency electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic induction, flexible packaging, mesophil bacteria, thermal processing, cooked chick, cooked chick meal.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：805

Research Article

Degradative activity of bacteria isolated from hydrocarbon-polluted site in Ilaje, Ondo State, Nigeria

Boboye, B., Olukunle, O. F.*, and Adetuyi, F. C.

Abstract: A study was carried out to isolate hydrocarbon -degrading bacteria associated with environmental samples collected from Ilaje coastal area, Nigeria. The samples were analyzed microbiologically using standard microbiological techniques. These organisms were further studied to determine their biodegrading activities on hydrocarbons (diesel, kerosene, petrol) using enrichment medium. The microbial growths were determined using spectrophotometer blanked at 600 nm. The nine bacteria isolated from environmental samples were Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Aerococcus viridian, Clostridium sporogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus faecalis and Bacillus sp. It was observed from the result that the length of incubation had significant effect on degradation as well as the cell load. For all the bacteria, there was general increase in length of incubation with the various hydrocarbons. The results showed that there was degradation of oil, mostly between days 1 and 3. It was also observed that there was a gradual decline in the concentration of the broth, between days 4 and 7, which suggests decrease in the bacterial population and that the oil was being degraded. The test on the degrading activity of isolates on hydrocarbon revealed that S. aureus, C. sporogenes, S. faecalis and Bacillus sp. were the best degraders of kerosene, petrol and diesel, respectively. The ability of these isolates to degrade hydrocarbons is clear evidence that their genome harbors the relevant degrading gene. However, an important limiting factor is the slow rate of degradation which often limits the practicality of using microorganisms in remediating hydrocarbon impacted environment. Further research in this area can make a marked improvement.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Biodegrading activity, bioremediation, microorganisms, incubation period, oil spill.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：794

Research Article

Isolation and characterization of Newcastle disease virus from ostriches in Iran

M. Ghiamirad*, A. Pourbakhsh, H. Keyvanfar, R. Momayaz, S. Charkhkar and A. Ashtari

Abstract: Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious infection of poultry that causes nervous signs and mortality in young ostriches. This study has been done during two years from 2008 to 2010 in Iran, in order to explore ND in ostriches died following nervous signs, and carcasses of these ostriches examined by different methods including histopathology, bacteriology and virology. No histopathological sign was found in the samples. In bacteriological study no significant bacterial agents were isolated. In virology tests, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was isolated from 4 brain samples. Intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) and mean death time of chicken embryo (MDT) values of these isolates were between 1.7-1.9 and 38-42 h, respectively, that indicated virulence of these viruses. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test confirmed NDV isolation from samples and its virulence. This study is the first report of NDV isolation from the Iranian commercial ostrich farms. With the respect to high virulence of isolated viruses and endemic pattern of virus in Iran, control program should be organized.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Newcastle disease virus, ostrich, Iran, MDT, ICPI, RT-PCR.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：829

Research Article

Camel pneumonia in Nigeria: Epidemiology and bacterial flora in normal and diseased lung

M. S. Abubakar,*, M. Y. Fatihu, N. D. G. Ibrahim, S. B. Oladele and M. B. Abubakar

Abstract: Respiratory disease is an emerging problem in camels, although information of the normal bacterial flora and bacterial agents implicated in pneumonia is rare in Nigeria. Five hundred lung samples were collected at random from two randomly selected camel slaughter house in Nigeria. Swabs samples were cultured and identified. Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida were recovered from pulmonary lesions, however Staphylococcus aureus and other Staphylococcus spp. were the most commonly isolated. Others agents isolated includes: Corynebacterium spp., Streptococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumonia, Micrococcus spp., Bacillus spp. and Proteus spp. It was concluded that, camels harbour in their lower respiratory tract potentially pathogenic agents, that may pose threat to other camels, domestic animals and/or livestock or even human populations. Therefore we suggest transboundary movements of animals be instituted and the camel herd health programme in Nigeria be maintained.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacterial flora, camel, epidemiology, Nigeria, pneumonia.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：881

Research Article

Evaluation of fluorescent in situ hybridization for rapid diagnosis of enterococcal wound infection

Somayyeh Gharibi, Saeed Tajbakhsh*, Keivan Zandi and Ramin Yaghobi

Abstract: Enterococci are among prominent causes of nosocomial wound infections. Since the rapid detection of causative agents could make earlier administration of choice antibiotics and quick recovery of patients, so the application of rapid diagnostic methods is important. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for the detection of Enterococcus in wound swab samples. The time needed for FISH procedure is about 3 h. Specimens taken from 33 hospitalized patients were examined by both FISH and culturing procedures. By using conventional culture, 10 of 33 wound samples were culture-positive. Out of these 10 specimens, eight were FISH-positive, but two specimens were FISH-negative for Enterococcus. The remaining 23 wound specimens were Enterococcus negative according to the both methods. Therefore, the specificity of FISH was 100%; however, this method showed 80% sensitivity. Because of high specificity of FISH, the combined application of FISH and cultivation methods would be suggested for detection of enterococci from wound specimens in situations in which rapid diagnosis has an advantage in the treatment of patients.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Enterococcus, wound infection, fluorescent in situ hybridization, FISH.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：836

Research Article

Rapid, specific and concurrent detection of Listeria, Salmonella and Escherichia coli pathogens by multiplex PCR in Iranian food

Hamid Reza Tavakoli, Ali Najafi* and Ali Ahmadi

Abstract: We are unable to detect all microorganisms in media. In consequence, molecular methods like PCR based techniques can mend our difficulties in this era. Herein, we describe simultaneous detection of major food-borne pathogens Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Iranian food materials used for comparison of traditional microbiological methods (such as culture and serology) and multiplex PCR method in the detection of pathogens were prepared from several local restaurant, including eggs, raw milk, Raw kobide, salad, chicken, and cheese. Following DNA extraction, PCR assay were performed, using three specific primer pair. Because of all different sizes of the amplified fragments for each uniplex reaction, we optimized the each primers concentration to achieve a clearly visible band pattern of agarose gel (210 bp for Listeria, 556 bp for E. coli and 942 bp for Salmonella). In conclusion, uniplex and multiplex PCR was considered to perceive detection of the pathogens simultaneously.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157H7, multiplex PCR.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：829

Research Article

Resistant phenotypes and genotypes of clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a teaching hospital in Shantou, China

Yuanchun Huang, Qing Peng*, Fen Yao, Yuanshu Qian, Yingmu Cai, Xiaoyang Jiao and Dexing Hua

Abstract: This study is the first to report on the resistant phenotypes and genotypes of Enterococcus faecium clinical isolates in Shantou, China. A total of 39 E. faecium clinical isolates were collected from January 2004 to January 2006 and analyzed for their resistance to 10 antibiotics and for genes coding for resistance to the associated antibiotics. E. faecium isolates were resistant to 5 or more antibiotics, and most showed high minimal inhibitory concentrations to many antibiotics as well. Resistance to erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and penicillin was 100.0, 100.0, 97.4, and 92.3%, respectively. The mean resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and high levels of gentamicin was 80% or greater for each. Neither -lactamase-producing nor vancomycin-resistant isolates were found. Genes such as aph(3 )- ,ermB, aac(6 )/aph2 , ant(6)- ,gyrA, TetM, ParC, and pbp5 coding for resistance to the associated antibiotics were present at 79.5, 71.8, 92.3, 71.8, 100.0, 38.5, 23.1 and 69.2% respectively. E. faecium isolates showing multidrug resistance (MDR) were prevalent in Shantou. A total of 32 strains carried at least 5 resistance genes. The gene profile of E. faecium isolates (ermB/aac(6 )/aph2 /aph(3 )- /ant(6)- /gyrA/Pbp5) indicated that most of the strains carried MDR in different regions. The high occurrence of MDR suggested maintenance of selective pressure by use of different antibiotics. A rapid increase in antibiotic resistance is the result of incorrect antibiotics.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Enterococcus faecium, multidrug-resistance, phenotype, genotype.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：823

Research Article

Fusidic acid-resistant methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus isolates in community of Casablanca (Morocco)

Mohamed Elazhari,*, Driss Elhabchi, Khalid Zerouali, Noureddine Dersi, Jean David Perrier-Gros-Claude, Sanaa Bouhali Zriouil, Mohammed Hassar, Rachid Saile and Mohammed Timinouni

Abstract: Fusidic acid -resistant Staphylococcus aureus is poorly documented in community acquired infections in Morocco. From 1st January, 2007 - 31 October, 2008, we collected 140 S. aureus isolates at Institute Pasteur, Casablanca, 18 of them exhibited resistance to fusidic acid and were negative for gene encoding methicillin resistance (mecA). seh toxin gene was found in 14 strains (14/18) along with an accessory gene regulator (agr) group III, 9 of them were found with two other toxin genes (sek plus seq). In conclusion, we found a close relationship between the presence of the seh gene and the possession of agr group III in fusidic acid-resistant methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (FAR-MSSA) strains. In addition, our results indicate a relationship between 6 FAR -MSSA strains belonging to the same pulsotype and harbouring agr group III with luk -PV toxin genes.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：759

Research Article

Assessment of antibiotics susceptibility profiles of some selected clinical isolates from laboratories in Nigeria

A. O. Nkang, I. O. Okonko*, O. K. Mejeha, O. G. Adewale, A. O. Udeze, A. Fowotade, E. A. Fajobi, A. O. Adedeji and E. T. Babalola

Abstract: Because antimicrobial resistance patterns are continually evolving and multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms undergo progressive antimicrobial resistance, continuously updated data on antimicrobial susceptibility profiles will continue to be essential to ensure the provision of safe and effective empiric therapies. This current study reports on the assessment of antibiotics susceptibility profiles of some selected clinical isolates from laboratories in Nigeria. Thirteen antibiotics were bought from different pharmacy shops in Calabar metropolis and their susceptibility profiles were evaluated against some clinical isolates obtained from Microbiology Section of Sufat Medical Laboratories, Ishie, Calabar; Microbiology laboratory Unit of University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar and Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar, Calabar. These included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. The species level identification was then carried out by standard biochemical test and by comparing their characteristics with those of known taxa. Susceptibility tests were performed by Bauer-Kirby disc diffusion by using Muller Hinton Agar (CM337-Oxoid). The results were expressed as susceptible/resistant according to criteria developed by NCCLS. S. aureus was susceptible to 09 (75.0%) and resistant to 3 (25.0%) of 12 antibiotics used. Str. pyogenes was susceptible to 8 (66.7%) antibiotics and resistant to 4 (33.3%). Of 11 antibiotics tested against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, E. coli was susceptible to 10 (90.9%) and resistant to 1 (09.1%). P. aeruginosa was susceptible to 9 (81.8%) and resistant to 2 (18.2%). Of 13 antibiotics tested against K. pnenmoniae, it was susceptible to 10(83.3%) and resistant to 2(16.7%). Resistance to chloramphenicol was common to all isolates except K. pneumoniae. Erythromycin- resistance was common to Str. pyogenes. Also, rifampicin-resistance was common to S. aureus. Resistance to gentamicin and tetracycline was only common to Str. pyogenes while penicillin-resistance was common to S. aureus only. Though, some multi-drug resistant organisms were reported in this study, some organisms were highly susceptible to most of the test antibiotics. There are several limitations of this work. Nevertheless, the results can serve to direct any national effort aimed toward reducing the antimicrobial resistance problems of local hospitals. The reasons for the differences in antimicrobial drug–resistant patterns might be related to infection control practices or to timing of the introduction of resistant organisms. However, more research is needed to clarify these differences. We believe that our findings represent the endemic multi-drug resistant situation in our hospitals in Nigeria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibiotics, assessment, clinical isolates, resistance pattern, susceptibility profiles

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：783

Research Article

Prevalence of toxigenic traits in native food isolates of Bacillus cereus in the city of Mysore, Southern India

Shivalingsarj V. Desai and Mandyam C. Varadaraj*

Abstract: In the growing concern for microbial food safety of traditional foods, the present study has attempted to characterize toxigenic profile of native food isolates of Bacillus cereus. In a total of 65 traditional foods, 26 isolates were characterized by morphological, cultural and biochemical attributes as B. cereus. Of these, 12 isolates (46%) were confirmed as B. cereus by PCR with 16S rDNA and phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C primers in PCR. Among B. cereus isolates, 8 (67%) and 6 (50%) were positive for binding and lytic components of haemolysin (hbl complex) and sphingomyelinase (sph) in PCR. Besides, 67% of the isolates exhibited discontinuous haemolytic pattern in blood agar. The toxigenic food isolates of B. cereus CFR 1529, 1530, 1534 and 1536 revealed a high degree of sequence homology with selected strains of B. cereus and other species of B. cereus cluster as evidenced in sequence homology of partial nucleotide sequences of respective PCR amplicons of selected target genes. The study does indicate that toxigenic traits appear to be well spread within B. cereus cluster and have become stable traits among food isolates of B. cereus prevalent in the food chain.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacillus cereus, PCR, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, haemolysin BL, sphingomyelinase, toxigenic, sequence homology, microbial diversity.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：792

Research Article

Multiple-mutations in the katG encoding catalase proxidase in isoniazid resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates

M. Karim Rahimi S. Zaker bostanabad, *, P. Adimi, M. Shekarabei, M. Habibollah, F. Shirmohammadi, Kh. Bigdeli, A. Faraji, B. Delalat, Z. Tayebi, M. Masoumi, E.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of multiple-mutations in the katG gene, predominant nucleotide changes and its correlation with high level of resistance to isoniazid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates that were randomly collected from sputa of 42 patients with primary and secondary active pulmonary tuberculosis from different geographic regions of Iran. Drug susceptibility testing was determined using the CDC standard conventional proportional method. DNA extraction, katG gene amplification and DNA sequencing analysis were performed. Thirty four (80%) isolates were found to have multiple-mutations (composed of 2 - 5 mutations) in the katG gene. Increased number of predominant mutations and nucleotide changes were demonstrated in codons 315 (AGC ACC), 316 (GGC AGC), 309 (GGT GTT) with a higher frequency among patients bearing secondary tuberculosis infection with elevated levels of resistance to isoniazid (MIC µg/ml 5 - 10). Furthermore it was demonstrated that the combination of mutations with their predominant nucleotide changes were also observed in codons 315, 316 and 309 indicating higher frequencies of mutations among patients with secondary infection respectively. In this study 62% (n = 21) of multi-mutated isolates found to have combination of mutations with predominant nucleotide changes in codons 315 (AGC ACC), 316 (GGC GTT), 309 (GGT GGT) and also demonstrated to be more frequent in isolates of patients with secondary infections, bearing higher level of resistance to isoniazid ( 5 – 10 µg/ml).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Predominant mutation, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, high level resistant to izoniazid, Iran.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：751

Short Communication

Vancomycin resistant enterococcus causing surgical site infections in a tertiary care hospital

J. B. Suchitra* and N. Lakshmidevi

Abstract: Presence of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) is increasingly being reported. In the present study we reported the prevalence of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus causing Surgical Site Infections (SSI) in a tertiary care hospital. Pus from surgical site wound was cultured and Enterococcus species was identified as standard microbiological methods. The antimicrobial susceptibility for Vancomycin was determined by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by broth dilution method. Patients (n = 2566) who had undergone surgery were included in the study. Enterococcus species had grown in cultures in 112 (4.3%) patients. Vancomycin resistance was observed in 9 isolates (8.03%). The rampant use of higher antibiotics in hospital has already paved way for multi drug resistance. The presence of Vancomycin Resistance must caution both physicians as well as hospital administrators on the urgent need for stringent hospital infection control programmes.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Vancomycin resistant enterococcus, VRE, surgical site infection.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：794

Research Article

Symptomatic urogenital candidiasis and therapeutic management on women taking oral contraceptive pills

Jombo G. T. A.*, Akpera M. T., Adebisi S. I. and Bolarin D. M.

Abstract: The use of oral contraceptive pills are increasingly becoming popular among women in both urban and rural Nigerian settings, and its perceived association with gynaecologic infections not withstanding. This study was therefore carried out to ascertain the rate of urogenital candidiasis among women on oral contraceptive pills (OCP) in Gboko town. All the willing women on OCP attending family planning clinic and Comprehensive health centre in Gboko were consecutively recruited in the month of September, 2009. Questionnaires were used to obtain relevant data such as age, marital status, occupation and urogenital symptoms. Urine, high vaginal swab and endocervical swab specimens were subsequently collected, transported and processed for isolation of microorganisms using standard laboratory procedures. The rate of urogenital candidiasis among the 153 women on OCP was significantly higher 36.5% compared to the control 20.3% (P < 0.05) in as much as their general knowledge about the disease was poor; similarly, genitourinary symptoms were recorded in 22.2% of the women on OCP as compared to the 5.2% in the control group (P < 0.001) and was significantly higher among the singles, separated, widowed and divorced (64.4 to 64.7%) compared to the married 27% (P < 0.05). 79.4% of the symptomatic infections were caused by Candida species. Women should be properly counselled and health educated on the need for prompt and adequate treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis while facilities for appropriate treatment and proper laboratory diagnosis provided.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Candidiasis, contraceptive pills, oral, urogenital, women.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：768

Research Article

Characterization and antibiogram of Salmonella spp. from poultry specimens

R. Selvaraj, R. Das, S. Ganguly, M. Ganguli, S. Dhanalakshmi and S. K. Mukhopadhayay*

Abstract: The present study was done for characterization and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the Salmonella spp. found as contaminants in chicken carcass. The overall incidence of Salmonella contamination of poultry carcass was found to be 4.90% with the higher percentage of Salmonella being isolated from chicken meat (8.00%) followed by liver and spleen (6.25%). The isolates were identified as Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Paratyphi B and Salmonella (Rough). Eight Salmonella isolates obtained from poultry were confirmed as Salmonella spp. according to their biochemical profile and their sensitivity to different antimicrobial agents. Amikacin, kanamycin and ciprofloxacin were found to be the most effective antibiotics against Salmonella spp.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Characterization, Salmonella spp., chicken carcass, antibiotic sensitivity.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：772

Research Article

BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS IITRHR2: A novel source of antimicrobial proteinaceous food substance

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Spoilage of food due to contamination by bacteria present in the environment is a major problem which affects human health and efforts to identify antibacterial components from natural sources has gained momentum. In this regard we isolated a new strain of BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS IITRHR2 (accession number FJ447354) which produced bacteriocin like inhibitory substance (BLIS). Partially purified BLIS showed a major peak on HPLC with antimicrobial activity. This proteinaceous substance (~1.2 kDa) was thermo-stable and pH resistant but lost activity when subjected to proteinase treatment. BLIS inhibited growth of 16 bacteria including environmental and clinical contaminants of food products and potentiated the activity of nisin. In conclusion, the proteinaceous substance isolated from B. LICHENIFORMIS IITRHR2 showed potential to combat contamination of food products by bacteria present in the environment.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, Bacillus licheniformis IITRHR2, BLIS, nisin.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：767

Research Article

Physico-chemical and microbiological properties of honey samples obtained from Ibadan

M. O. Adenekan, N. A. Amusa*, A. O. Lawal and V. E. Okpeze

Abstract: This research paper investigated the physico -chemical and microbiological properties of 10 samples of honey obtained from Ibadan, Oyo State. The physicochemical properties evaluated were colour, water activity, pH, moisture content, ash content and electrical conductivity, while the standard plate count (SPC), total coliforms, Bacillus spp., yeast and mould fungi were the microbiological properties evaluated. Results showed a range of honey colours from light amber to dark amber. There was significant difference in the pH of the honey samples obtained from different areas of Ibadan. Minimum pH of 2.80 was observed from honey sample collected from Idi-Ayunre, while the highest pH value of 4.50 was from honey collected from Iwo Road. Total acidity value obtained ranged from 24.60 to 41.20 meq kg -1, while moisture content was 18.30%, ash content 0.50 g 100 g-1 and the electrical conductivity of 0.64 mScm-1. Results of the microbiological characteristics showed that the microbial profile were very low for all the microorganisms studied. The SPC varied from 0 - 200 cfu g-1 whereas total coliform were not detected in any of the samples and fungi (yeast and moulds) were also present at low counts in all the honey samples obtained from Ibadan.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Natural honey, physico-chemical properties, microbiology, Ibadan.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：730

Research Article

Antimicrobial resistance and disinfectants susceptibility of persistent bacteria in a tertiary care hospital

Maria Lucia Morcerf Bouzada, Vania Lucia Silva, Felipe Augusto Sa Moreira, Girlene Alves Silva and Claudio Galuppo Diniz*

Abstract: It is well known that putative pathogenic bacteria are ubiquitous and widely distributed in the hospital environment. This study aimed to detect bacterial persistence in the nosocomial environment (different critical areas of the hospital) after mopping by the cleaning staff. Susceptibility patterns to antimicrobial drugs and disinfectants commonly used in health services were also investigated by disk diffusion and agar dilution tests. Rinse water from mops was processed for isolation of Enterobacteriaceae (GNR), non-fermenting Gram-negative rods (NFGNR), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and enterococci (ENT). Microorganisms were biochemically characterized and 547 strains were recovered. Only CNS and NFGNR were isolated in all critical areas. Overall 67% of the isolated bacteria were resistant to more than three drugs, being considered as multiresistant. Disinfectants were effective in concentrations ranging from 0.125 to 1%. Hospitals provide reservoirs of multiresistant microorganisms borne by patients and staff, but the hospital environment may be an important repository. Preventing the spread of relevant bacteria depends on the quality of hospital routine cleaning services. Monitoring bacteria susceptibility to antimicrobials and disinfectants may help the management of nosocomial infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nosocomial environment, hospital cleaning, antimicrobial drugs, disinfectants.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：742

Research Article

Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Shiga toxin -producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is recognized wordwide as human pathogen. During the processing of carcasses, fecal contamination or transfer of bacteria from the animals’ hide to carcasses can promote transmission of pathogenic E. coli to food supplies. A survey was performed to determine the sensibility profile to several antimicrobial drugs of STEC in carcasses obtained from an abattoir in Brazil between March 2008 and August at 2009. A total of 120 STEC were isolated. All isolates were confirmed as being E. coli by their biochemical analysis and submitted to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for detection of stx, eae and ehly genes. The most frequent resistance was seen against cephalothin (84.0%), streptomycin (45.0%), nalidixic acid (42.0%) and tetracycline (20.0%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) to three or more antimicrobial agents was observed in 46 (38.3%) E. coli isolates. The presence of STEC and MDR strains among the isolates in the beef carcasses emphasizes the importance of proper handling to prevent carcass contamination.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Escherichia coli, multi-drug resistance, shiga toxin-producing E. coli.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：724

Research Article

Screening of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus strains for extracellular protease enzyme production

Oyeleke, S. B.*, Egwim, E. C. and Auta, S. H.

Abstract: The fungal isolates identified as Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus isolated from a local rice husk dumpsite were screened for protease enzyme production. High yields of protease enzyme were obtained by both fungi after 144 h with concentrations of 0.96 µg/ml/min for A. flavus and 0.84 µg/ml/min for A. fumigatus. Optimum temperature for the activity of protease produced by A. flavus and A. fumigatus was at 30°C with protease activities of 0.46 and 0.43 µg/ml/min, respectively. Optimum pH for the activity of protease produced by A. flavus and A. fumigatus were pH 8 and 5, respectively. The result showed that both isolates were good producers of extracellular protease enzymes which can be useful in industries.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Protease, rice husk, optimization, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：785

Research Article

Production and characterization of amylase produced by Bacillus megaterium isolated from a local yam peel dumpsite in Minna, Niger State

S. B. Oyeleke*, S. H. Auta and E. C. Egwim

Abstract: Ten grams (10 g) of soil obtained from a local yam peel dumpsite in Minna, Niger State was analyzed. The bacterial isolates identified were Bacillus megaterium and Staphylococcus aureus. Bacillus megaterium was used in the present study for the production of amylase enzyme as it recorded the largest zone of activity. Amylase activity was determined using DNS method. Highest yield of amylase by B. megaterium was obtained after 48 h of incubation. The optimum temperature for the activity of amylase produced was obtained at 60°C with a concentration of 0.55 mg/ml. Optimum pH was obtained at pH 7.0 with a concentration of 0.67 mg/ml. The results showed that B. megaterium is a good producer of extracellular amylase at high temperatures which could be an indication that amylase produced would be thermostable.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacillus megaterium, yam peel dump site, amylase, optimum activity.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：755

Research Article

Novel pyrazolyl pyridazine derivatives likely to possess anti- inflammatory activity

F. A. Yassin

Abstract: Reaction of 4-acetyl-5,6-diphenylpyridazin-3(2H)-one (1) with diethyl oxalate in refluxing sodium ethoxide/ethanol mixture afforded ethyl 2,4-dioxo -4-(3-oxo- 5,6-diphenyl-2,3-dihydropyridazin4-yl)butanoate (2) which with hydrazine hydrate (1:1 mol) in refluxing ethanol afforded ethyl5- (3-oxo-5,6-diphenyl-2,3-dihydropyridazin 4- yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate (3) while reaction of 2 with hydrazine hydrate (1:2 moles) in refluxing ethanol gave the corresponding acid hydrazide (4) . Reaction of acid chloride (6) with primary amines namely, aniline, p-toluidine and anisidine in the presence of DMF containing K2CO3 afforded the corresponding amide derivatives (7a – c). Hydrazones (9a – c) were prepared via the reaction of the acid hydrazide (4) with appropriate aldehydes namely, benzaldehyde, p-chlorobenzaldehyde and p-nitrobenzaldehyde in refluxing ethanol/acetic acid mixture. Reaction of carboxylic acid hydrazide (4) with each of ethyl acetoacetate, acetylacetone and ethyl cyanoacetate gave the corresponding pyrazolone and pyrazole derivatives 11, 12 and 13 respectively.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Benzilmonohydrazone, pyridazine, pyrazole, ethyl acetoacetate, diethyl oxalate, acetylacetone, ethyl cyanoacetate, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：760

Research Article

Choices of drugs for self-treatment of malaria among adult women in a Nigerian city: Implications for the success of the ongoing â€˜roll backâ€™ malaria programme

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Correct knowledge of current antimalarial drugs available for malaria treatment by Nigerians has a significant impact on the overall success of the ongoing national malaria control programme. This is as a result of a large segment of the communities, who more often than not, rely on self medications or as care givers influence the choice drugs for malaria treatment for their wards. The study was therefore set up to ascertain the types of drugs used for self medication of malaria among adult women in Makurdi city. The study was cross-sectional in nature involving adult women who were selected from households using systematic sampling methods. Quantitative information such as age, educational level, marital status, occupation and knowledge of malaria were obtained using structured and semi structured questionnaires, while qualitative information was obtained using focussed and in-depth group discussions to complement quantitative data. Those aware of existence of malaria were 97% (2,013/2075) with no significant age difference (P > 0.05) while 3.0% (62/2,075) with no knowledge of malaria all had no education (P < 0.001). There was a strong correlation between low economic status, low educational level and unemployment, and self medications for malaria (RR = 1.4 - 1.55). Several drugs with no antimalarial properties were mentioned by the respondents with the factors earlier stated still playing significant roles; and little or no mention was made of the artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) by the same group (P < 0.05). There should be a renewed sensitization and public awareness about the current trend in the control of malaria with special emphasis on the use of ACT; also introduction of home managers of malaria for commencement of intermittent preventive treatment should be considered a priority.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Drugs, self-medication, malaria, adult women.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：747

Research Article

Biological control of olive leaf spot (peacock spot disease) caused by Cycloconium oleaginum (Spilocea oleaginea)

Mahmoud Al-Khatib*, Khalaf Alhussaen, Nasser El-Banna and Morouj Zyadeh

Abstract: We report the antifungal activity of eight different bacterial isolates (Bacillus megaterium NB-3, Bacillus cereus NB-4, B. cereus NB -5, Bacillus subtilis NB-6, Corynebacterium xerosis NB- 2, Burkholderia mallei NB-8, B. subtilis (HNEB-1) and B. cereus NEB II voru) against the olive leaf spot fungus (Cycloconium oleaginum). B. subtilis NB-6 (6.88 cm2), B. megaterium NB-3 (7.13 cm2), B. subtilis HNEB-1 (7.63 cm2) and B. cereus NB-4(7.88 cm 2) were found to control significantly the growth of C. oleaginum, where the strains of C. xerosis NB-2 (12.75 cm2), B. mallei NB-8 (15.63 cm2) and B. cereus NB-5 (16.25 cm2) controlled the fungal growth under the experimental conditions. B. cereus NEBII voru is the only tested bacterial strain that enhanced the fungal growth of C. oleaginum under our experimental conditions (46.25 cm2).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacillus, antifungal, biological control, olive Leaf spot, Burkholderia, Corynebacterium, Cycloconium oleaginum.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：742

Research Article

Presence of antibiotic resistant coliforms in sachet water sold in some parts of South Eastern Nigeria

Afiukwa, Ngozi Felicitas, Iroha Ifeanyichukwu Romanus*, Afiukwa Celestine Azubuike, Ayogu Thomas Eze, Onwa Ndubuisi Collins and Nwuzo Agabus Chidiebube

Abstract: Three hundred sachet water samples produced in Enugu and Onitsha namely: Aqua Rapha, Bejoy, Teck Tack, SO and Rock Tama were collected from six different batches. They were screened for the presence of faecal coliforms using standard microbiology techniques. Sachet- water samples contaminated with faecal coliforms were selected and tested for their susceptibility to fourteen different antibiotics by disc diffusion method. 80 (26.6%) were contaminated with faecal coliforms as follows: Aqua Rapha 25 (41.6%) specifically (ESCHERICHA COLI, ENTEROBACTER and KLEBSIELLA spp.), Rock Tama 1 (1.6%) (E. COLI,), Bejoy 20 (33.3%) (E. COLI, ENTEROBACTER and KLEBSIELLA spp.) , Teck Tack 9 (15%) (E. COLI, ENTEROBACTER and KLEBSIELLA spp.), and SO 33 (55%) (E. COLI, ENTEROBACTER and KLEBSIELLA spp). Susceptibility studies showed that E. COLI was highly resistance to trimethroprim, sulphamethoxazole/trimethroprim, ampicillin, aztrenoman, ceftazidime, and cefpirome but susceptible to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, cefoxitin and cefotaxime. ENTEROBACTER and KLEBSIELLA spp. were totally resistance to all the antibiotics tested. We report the presence of multi-drug resistance fecal coliform in the form of E. COLI, ENTEROBACTER and KLEBSIELLA spp. from sachet- water.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Sachet water, feacal coliform, antibiotics, multi-drug resistance.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：749

Short Communication

Investigation of symbiosis between VAM fungi and root of Patchouli (Pogostemum cablin Bent.)

A. Misra* and M. L. Gupta

Abstract: Patchouli (Pogostemum cablin Bent.) is a highly valued aromatic plant. Vesicular-arbascular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi were obtained from the roots of Pogostemon cablin. The presence of VAM improved seedling growth by facilitating the nutrient uptake of P and Zn in the P and Zn depleted soils of the controlled region of Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants farm. VAM fungi were identified as Glomus fasciculatum. Application of G. fasiculatum can be successfully used for plantation of Pogostemon cablin, and its sustainability on an entisol degraded soils.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Patchouli, VAM, Zn, Ca, and micronutrients.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：729

Research Article

Comparative analysis of antibacterial activities of Xenorhabdus species on related and non-related bacteria in vivo

András Fodor, *, Andrea M. Fodor, Steven Forst, Joseph S. Hogan, Michael G. Klein, Katalin Lengyel, Gyula Sáringer, Erko Stackebrandt, R. A. J. Taylor and Éva Lehoczky

Abstract: Insect-nematode-bacterium mutualistic associations provide attractive systems for discovery of inter kingdom signal compounds and antibiotics. A better understanding of the biological meaning of the inter-specific diversity of compounds with antimicrobial activity of the Steinernema-symbiont Xenorhabdus bacteria may provide options for simultaneous applications in pathogen control. Anti-bacterial activities of representative strains of Xenorhabdus budapestensis, Xenorhabdus szentirmaii, Xenorhabdus innexi, Xenorhabdus ehlersii, Xenorhabdus nematophila, Xenorhabdus bovienii and Xenorhabdus cabanillassii were tested on non-related (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria and on each other by previously published bioassays. All active compounds were adsorbed by AmberliteR XAD1180. Chemical and thermal stability of antibacterial factors were determined. Antibiotic factors produced by different Xenorhabdus species against each other differ from those used against other competing bacterial genera. Anti-Xenorhabdus activity of the cell-free medium and sensitivity of the cells of other Xenorhabdus strains negatively correlated in X. innexi and X. bovienii. Some activity remained unchanged during high pressure and 121°C for 10 min. The first comparative analysis of the intraspecific antibacterial activities of Xenorhabdus species demonstrated that some Xenorhabdus species with strong antibacterial activity could be co-cultured and they might be used simultaneously for pathogen control.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Xenorhabdus, autoclaveable antimicrobials, intra-generic, cross-tolerance.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：744

Research Article

In vitro activity of aminoglycosides, lactam- lactamases inhibitor combinations and tetracyclines against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, isolated from a tertiary care hospital

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a significant nosocomial pathogen, particularly in intensive care units. Isolates of A. baumannii resistant to major groups of antibiotics have been identified. These multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms are limiting the treatment options. The study was performed to determine the in vitro activity of aminoglycosides, lactam- lactamase inhibitor combinations and tetracyclines against MDR A. baumannii, isolated from a tertiary care hospital. The study was carried out from January, 2009 - August, 2009, at the Department of Microbiology, Army Medical College/National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan looking after an 1100 bedded tertiary care hospital. Routine clinical specimens were received from various wards. A. baumannii was identified by using standard microbiological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility test (gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin, ampicillin-sulbactam, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefoperazone-sulbactam, tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, tigecycline,) was performed according to CLSI guidelines using Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Resistance to carbapenems, fluoroquinolones and the beta-lactams were observed in significant proportion of fifty isolates. Among the aminoglycosides, the isolates were more susceptible to tobramycin than gentamicin and amikacin. Cefoperazone-sulbactam was superior to piperacillin-tazobactam and ampicillin -sulbactam in activity against MDR A. baumannii. Both tigecycline and minocycline were the active agents against most isolates. Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter infections are posing an increasing threat to our population. Minocycline, tobramycin and cefoperazone-sulbactam provide an effective option against infections caused by resistant A. baumannii.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aminoglycosides, -lactam/ -lactamase inhibitor combinations, multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter, tetracyclines.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：766

Research Article

Antiviral activity and mode of action of Dianthus caryophyllus L. and Lupinus termes L. seed extracts against in vitro herpes simplex and hepatitis A viruses infection

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Crude extracts of sixteen seeds belonging to different plant species were tested for their antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and hepatitis A virus-27 (HAV-27). Non-toxic concentration (20 µg/ml) of Dianthus caryophyllus and Lupinus termes seed extracts to both Vero and HepG2 cells showed potent antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HAV-27 using plaque infectivity count assay. The mechanism of action D. caryophyllus revealed its virucidal activity against HSV-1 and HAV-27 as 92.3 and 92.6%, respectively, while, the virucidal activity of L. termes was observed only against HAV-27 giving 93.7% of inhibition. No effect was detected for both extracts on adsorption or on the stages of virus replication. A comparison has been done between the antiviral activity of two therapeutic drugs (Acyclovir and Amentadine used as controls for HSV-1 and HAV-MBB, respectively) and the two tested seed extracts. The results revealed that these seed extracts were more efficient in their inhibitory activity than synthetic chemical drugs against the same viruses. This may open the way to give more attention to use the natural botanical origin in treatmenting viral infection with or without therapeutic agents to obtain better recovery with least side effects.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antiviral seed extract, herpes virus infection, hepatitis virus infection, amantadine, acyclovir.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：750

Research Article

HIV/vaginal candida coinfection: Risk factors in women

E. U. Umeh* and B. I. Umeakanne

Abstract: To assess the association between candida and HIV infections in women from different socio-economic backgrounds, vaginal swabs were collected from 510 women (aged 9 - 83 years) attending secondary healthcare units in southern part of Benue State, Nigeria. CANDIDA ALBICANS was identified by microscopy. Candida infection rate was higher among HIV-infected women (88.8%, n = 116) than among HIV negative subjects (58.6%, n = 394) (Χ2 = 36.077, p < 0.05; odds ratio = 5.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.03 - 10.297). Candida (yeast) infection was significantly associated with HIV infection in pregnant subjects (r = 0.504, p < 0.05), married (r = .290, p < 0.05), and unmarried women (r = 0.259, p < 0.05); in married women (and also unmarried women) vaginal yeast infection was significantly correlated/associated with HIV infection (p < 0.05). In other words, the higher the number of married women who were HIV+, the higher the number with candidal yeast infection; in women ≤ 39 years old (r =0.399, p < 0.05), civil servants (r = 0.328, p < 0.05), self/unemployed (r = 0.281, p < 0.05), and among university and secondary school students (r = 0.263, p < 0.05). All diabetic women (100%, n=106) had yeast infection, although only 3.8% of them were HIV-infected. Intervention programmes against yeast infections in HIV-infected women should be targeted at the vulnerable groups of women.[...] Read More.

Keywords: HIV, candida infection, HIV/Candida co-infection, pregnancy, diabetes, Idoma women.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：708

Research Article

Clinical and geographical profiles of rpoB gene mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Hyderabad and Koraput in India

Mercy Aparna L. Lingala, Aparna Srikantam*, Suman Jain, K. V. S. M. Rao and P. V. Ranganadha Rao

Abstract: Present study aims to study the geographical profile of rpoB mutations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates and their correlation with the therapeutic outcome. All the isolates were tested for drug susceptibility testing on Lowenstein-Jensen medium and PCR and DNA sequencing for rpoB gene mutations. Fifty two out of 101(52%) isolates were pan susceptible of which 79% were associated with cure. Thirty five isolates (35%) showed a combined resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin, out of which 63% were associated with treatment failure. Majority (94%) of the isolates from cured patients showed wild type of rpoB sequence; where as 77% of patients who failed the treatment were associated with mutations. Twenty eight out of 38(74%), rifampicin resistant isolates showed commonly occurring mutations such as 531, 526 and 516. Multiple silent mutations between the codons 145 - 184 (out side the hot spot region) are being reported for the first time in this study. Information on the geographical profile of rpoB mutations in M. tuberculosis may therefore facilitate for an improved diagnosis of rifampicin resistance, by increasing the efficacy of the gene sequencing based tests.[...] Read More.

Keywords: DNA sequencing, LJ culture, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rpoB mutations.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：725

Research Article

In vitro antibacterial activity of fronds (leaves) of some important pteridophytes

Pradeep Parihar*, Leena Parihar and Achaleshwar Bohra

Abstract: The main objective of this research work is to screen various unexploited plants for their antimicrobial activity as these unexploited or pteridophytic plants are being used ethanomedicinally but, very little work has been done on antimicrobial aspects. So, to explore the efficacy of these plants, the following research has been carried out. Bacterial strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Escherichia coli, Salmonella arizonae, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus were procured from the Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh and the aqueous and alcoholic leaves extract of twelve important pteridophytic plants were prepared and tested for their antimicrobial activity against the bacteria selected by Disc diffusion method as suggested by Bauer et al. (1966). It has been observed that, nearly all the leaves extracts have shown inhibitory effect against the bacterial strains selected and some of the extracts were more competent than the selected antibiotic. Our findings provide the novel insights with regards to antimicrobial agents and these could be further enhanced through in vivo studies and isolation and characterization of active constituents for human health. In the present scenario, the use of herbs and herbal medicine is at its peak and majority of researchers are screening higher plants for the same but, very few researchers are considering the lower plants for their antimicrobial potential. Since, these pteridophytic plants are considered to be the disease free plants and are being used ethanobotanically by various tribal communities. These plants are further screened for their in vivo potential as well as for their drug properties.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, pteridophytic plants, leaves extracts, bacteria.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：754

Research Article

Snails as meat source: Epidemiological and nutritional perspectives

Anthony, A. Adegoke *, Adebayo-Tayo, C. Bukola , Inyang, U. Comfort, Aiyegoro, A. Olayinka and Komolafe, O. Amos

Abstract: The microbiological (epidemiological), proximate and mineral element composition of the different species of snails (Achatina fulica, Limcolaria sp. and Helix pomatia) obtained from three different market in Uyo, Akwa Ibom state were investigated. Total bacterial count ranged from 1.00 - 1.50 x 108 cfu/g, Coliform count ranged from 1.68 - 2.20 x 107 cfu/g, Salmonella/Shigella count ranged from 5.2-8.2 x107 cfu/g, lactic acid bacteria count ranged from 1.03 - 1.30 x 108 cfu/g and fungi count ranged from 7.3 x 107 to 1.00 x 108 cfu/g. The organisms isolated were Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus spp., Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus cereus while the fungal isolates were Aspergillus terrus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Absidia sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Eurotium sp. and Aspergillus flavus. The results showed that Helix pomata have the highest microbial load of 2.20 x 108 cfu/g. The proximate analysis showed that African giant snail (Achatina fulica) was nutritionally richer than the other snails. Mineral determination also showed that African giant snail had the highest amount of minerals. It was generally observed that snails though nutritionally rich are reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms which are of public health importance.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Microbiological, proximate, mineral composition, coliform, Helix pomata

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：804

Research Article

Characterization of surface and ground water with reference to microbiological study in Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State

Ajayi Adedayo Olajide

Abstract: Water samples were collected from wells, bore holes and some streams at various locations within Akungba-Akoko, Ondo state. Pour plate technique was used for the estimation of Total bacterial count and Coliforms count of the water sources. Mean heterotrophic bacterial counts (cfu.ml) ranged from 1.0 x 104 in A.A.U.A storage tank to 122 x 104 in Oroke well. Total coliforms counts (cfu/ml) ranged from 0.01 x 104 in A.A.U.A storage tank to 36 x 104 and 38 x 104 in Oroke well and stream, respectively. Microorganisms isolated from the different water sources include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Bacillus spp, Bacillus cereus, Proteus spp, Streptococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp., Flavobacterium spp., Streptococcus feacalis, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. This study thus revealed that some indicator and pathogenic group of organisms like E. coli, S. feacalis and B. cereus constituting 13.34% each of the total number of microorganism isolated were largely encountered in the water sources from this area, hence, there is need for proper monitoring of the water sources to avert outbreak of epidemic disease. The pH of water sources ranged from pH 5.52 and 5.87 in Ilale borehole 2 and Ilale well respectively to pH 7.67 in Igbelu well. The temperature recorded range from 23 - 28°C for the sample sources. The wide variation in Physico-chemical parameters like pH from the neutral point signifies presence of contaminants that may favour the spread of some aetiologic agents of diseases that could be controlled through proper health delivery systems.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Akungba- Akoko, microbiological, Ondo state, ground water, surface water.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：798

Research Article

A study on isolation and detection of drug resistance gram negative bacilli with special importance to post operative wound infection

K. R. Sanjay*, M. N. Nagendra Prasad and G. S. Vijaykumar

Abstract: Isolation and identification of the drug resistant gram negative bacilli bacteria were carried out from post operative wound infections. Out of 214 samples collected, 167 showed bacterial growth and gram negative bacilli (GNB) growth was observed in 121 samples. In the present study E. coli was found to be the predominant agent isolated from wound infections (37.3%), followed by Pseudomonas (20.9%), Klebsiella (17.2%), Acinetobacter (14.2%) and other agents were less common. It was found that out of 121 gram negative bacilli isolates, 28 were found to be extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producers and 16 were mettallo beta lactamase (MBL) producers. Out of 52 isolates tested for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 7 isolates showed MIC of 8 µg/ml, 42 isolates showed MIC of 0.5 µg/ml and other isolates showed intermediate concentration. All the ESBL and MBL positive isolates showed phantom zone in E-test.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, post operative wound infection, beta lactamase, minimum inhibitory concentration.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：781

Research Article

Influence of culture media on mycelial growth and sporulation of some soil dermatophytes compared to their clinical isolates

Mukesh Sharma* and Meenakshi Sharma

Abstract: Culture media significantly affected the growth, sporulation and conidial discharge of any microorganisms. The present investigation was conducted to examine the effect of broth and agar media on the mycelial growth and fungal sporulation of six species belonging to five genera of fungi. Soil fungal dermatophytes (Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum fulvum) were isolated from soil using hair-baiting technique and clinical isolates (Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton schoenleinii and Scopulariopsis sp.) were procured from superficial skin of dermatomycoses patients under the supervision of dermatologists. Variation in mycelial growth and fungal sporulation was observed with media tested. Colony radial growth and sporulation of soil fungi were optimal on Sabouraud’s dextrose medium (SDM) followed by Potato dextrose medium (PDM) and Richard medium (RM). For clinical isolates, the suitable broth media were Potato dextrose medium (PDM) and Yeast extract medium (YEM). Among agar media studied, Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) and Potato dextrose agar (PDA) media were found most favored for both soil and clinical isolates.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Clinical isolates, culture media, mycelial growth, soil dermatophytes, sporulation.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：773

Research Article

Community acquired skin infections in children in Abidjan: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and exfoliative toxin production

Kacou-N’douba, A., *, Kazali, A., Koffi, K.S., Ekaza, E., Kouablan, A., Kangah, T., Okpo, S., Elogne-Kouamé, C. and Dosso, M.,

Abstract: The worldwide spread of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) skin infections is becoming an emerging problem. These bacteria can produce virulence factors. The objectives of this study were to determine the rate of MRSA and frequency of mecA gene by PCR and detect genes eta and etb encoding exfoliatin A and B. This is a prospective study focused on school children of 5 to 15 years with a cutaneous infection from October 2007 to June 2008. The skin samples taken were allowed to isolate strains of S. aureus by standard bacteriological methods. Susceptibility testing was performed to detect strains of MRSA with cefoxitin disk. Detection of mecA, eta and etb genes was performed using PCR. The rate of MRSA was 14.8%. The mecA gene was present in 2 strains of S. aureus (3.7%). The genes encoding the exfoliatin were detected in 5.6%.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Community-acquired skin infection, MRSA, exfoliatin A and B.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：773

Research Article

Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and Candida species in crude milk

Ludmilla Santana de Soares e Barros*, Silvio Luiz de Oliveira Sóglia, Marília de Jesus Ferreira, Margarete de Jesus Rodrigues and Marialice Pereira Castelo Branco

Abstract: Since milk is a high nutrition food, it is extremely liable to microbiological contamination. Maximum hygiene in mechanical milking and in health practices management throughout the production process is necessary so that the quality of crude milk is guaranteed. Current research comprises the collection of milk in milk-producing farms during April, May and June 2009 so that the microbiological safety of milk produced in the municipality of Amargosa BA Brazil may be verified. Results show that crude milk samples are unsatisfactory due to the presence of 9.68 and 35.48% of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis, respectively; 12.74% of Staphylococcus aureus, 18.26% of entero-bacteria, 12.5% of Candida albicans, 7.5% of Candida krusei, 10% of Candida tropicalis and 42.5% of other types of Candida. It is mandatory that sanitary education should be provided to milk-producing farmers so that the microbiological quality of milk could be improved.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Crude milk, microbiology, entero-bacteria, fungi.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：774

Research Article

Biochemical role of nitric oxide precursor and antibiotic against typhoid

S. S. Haque

Abstract: Typhoid fever remains an underestimated important health problem in many developing countries. It continues to be a global problem with an annual estimate of 1.6 million cases and 600,000 deaths. Salmonella, gram negative bacilli can survive during certain stages of host parasites interaction. There are number of drugs being used for the treatment of typhoid, but increasing occurrence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strain of Salmonella typhi has complicated its management, that thus, it has necessitated the search of formulated drugs for its treatments. Nitric oxide (NO) is a versatile molecule produced in a biological system. Previous studies have suggested that exogenous administration of L-arginine results in increased NO production, indicating that endogenous substrate is insufficient for maximal NO production. Taking these facts in to consideration, it was thought pertinent to see the effect of oral administration of NO precursor that is, L-arginine. Formulation of nitric oxide precursor and antibiotics shows decreases in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) by 54.24% and 53.91% in 1/2 LArg+1/2 Cip group as compared to bacterial treated groups.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Salmonella typhi, L-arginine, ciprofloxacin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST).

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：773

Research Article

Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of methanol extract of Heliotropium indicum leaf

Osungunna, M. O.* and Adedeji, K. A.

Abstract: Methanol extract of the leaf of Heliotropium indicum was evaluated for its antimicrobial activity against five bacterial isolates comprising of four Gram-negative namely: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp. and Proteus mirabilis; and one Gram positive, Staphylococcus aureus at 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/ml including phytochemical analysis. While both S. aureus and Klebsiella spp. were inhibited at 50, 100 and 200 mg/ml with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3 mg/ml; P. aeruginosa and P. mirabilis with MIC of 10 mg/ml were inhibited at 100 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml. E. coli with MIC of 20 mg/ml was inhibited only at 200 mg/ml concentration of the extract. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of plant metabolites as alkaloids, saponin and tannins. While activity-directed assay is advocated, the plant promises to be of tremendous assistance in the treatment of infections with which bacterial isolates used for the study are associated.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Phytochemical, antimicrobial, Heliotropium indicum alkaloids, saponin, tannin.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：795

Research Article

Isolation and molecular characterization of UTI associated Serratia marcescens TW1 from urine specimens

Tariq A. L.* and John Prabakaran J.

Abstract: Among the 100 isolates, a bacterial strain TW1 was isolated from the urine tract specimens of infected women admitted at Government hospital, Namakkal District in Tamil Nadu, India, using caprylate thallious agar medium. The organism was characterized by all biochemical tests and showed similarity with Serratia marcescens. The genomic level confirmation done with 16s rDNA primer by submitting the genomic sequence to Gene Bank under ACC.No-GU046545 after comparing, showed 98% sequence similarity with S. marcescens and thus, the strain was named Serrtia marcescens TW1.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Urinary tract specimens, Serratia marcescens TW1, 16s rDNA genomic analysis.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：783

Research Article

Leishmania: Probable genetic hybrids between species in Sudanese isolates

Hamad S. H., Ahmed M. Musa, Eltahir A. G. Khalil, Tamrat Abebe , Brima M. Younis, Mona E. E. Elthair, Ahmed M. EL-Hassan, Asrat Hailu and Aldert Bart*

Abstract: The horn of Africa bears the prunt of Leishmaniasis in the world where both Phlebotomus orientalis, the vector of Leishmania donovani and Phlebotomus papatasi, the vector of Leishmania major, exist. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by L. donovani is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in east Africa. The populations of east Africa are very dynamic in continuous movements between endemic areas of different leishmaniasis clinical forms. Molecular epidemiological studies have provided indirect evidence for genetic exchange between different strains of one Leishmania species. Only recently, genetic exchange between different Leishmania strains of one species was definitively demonstrated in vitro. Genetic exchange between different Leishmania species is probably an even rarer event. In this study, one hundred and seven L. donovani isolates were collected from lymph nodes/bone marrow aspirates, from patients from Sudan and Ethiopia. DNA was isolated from leishmania parasites using the High Pure PCR Template Preparation Kit. PCR products were sequenced using BigDye Terminator chemistry and analyzed using the ABI 3100 or 3730 Genetic Analyzers. Sequences were analyzed using CodonCode program (CodonCode Corporation) and MEGA. Sequences were submitted to Genbank and are accessible under accession numbers HM117696-HM117699. Our data showed hybridization between two divergent Leishmania species, L. donovani and L. major, possibly due to migration. Such hybridization may have clinical implications with respect to parasite fitness, vector adaptation and response to treatment.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Leishmania donovani, Leishmania major, Leishmania infantum, Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), leishmaniasis, Phlebotomus orientalis, Phlebotomus papatasi.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：750

Research Article

Investigation on the safety and probiotic potentials of yoghurts sold in Owerri metropolis in Imo State Nigeria

Oranusi S.*, Madu S. A., Braide W. and Oguoma O. I.

Abstract: Investigation on the microbial safety and probiotic potentials of different yoghurt brands sold in Owerri, Imo State Nigeria, was carried out using standard microbiological procedures. Ten each, of five different brands of commercially available yoghurt packaged in plastic containers were purchased from the street vendors and shopping malls in Owerri metropolis. The mean total count of samples on Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) and De Mann Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) agar media ranged from 2.0×107 to 6.0×108 and 1.0×108 to 5.4 × 108 cfu/ml respectively. The yoghurt isolates were identified as Streptococcus and Lactobacillus species; these isolates were resistant to commonly used antibiotics and inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from clinical samples. No viable growth of isolates was observed in simulated gastric fluid of pH 1.5 to 2.5. Slight decrease in viable count of Lactobacillus spp. from 4.0×107 to 3.0×107 cfu/ml and Streptococcus spp. from 3.0×108 to 2.0×108 cfu/ml was observed in bile of pH 8.28 to 8.30. The isolates were recovered from faecal samples two weeks after ingestion with mean count ranging from no growth (zero) to 5.8×108 cfu/ml on MRS agar media. The isolates were found to exhibit some probiotic potentials and no pathogen was isolated from samples. It is recommended that strains of microorganisms that can deliver full probiotic potentials to consumers be used in commercial yoghurt production.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Yoghurt, microbial safety, probiotic potential, simulated gastric fluid, bile.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：768

Research Article

Urinary tract infections at a Nigerian university hospital: Causes, patterns and antimicrobial susceptibility profile

Jombo GTA*, Emanghe UE, Amefule EN and Damen JG

Abstract: Treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) is becoming difficult due to the increasing trend of antibiotics resistance and this may necessitate an up to date knowledge of resistance pattern. This study was therefore set up to ascertain bacterial resistance patterns from UTIs at a University hospital. The study was retrospective in nature. Data generated from urine cultures of patients at the University of Calabar Teaching hospital for a period of five years (2004 to 2009) were compiled. Relevant information obtained were age and gender of patients, organisms recovered and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. The incidence of UTI was found to be 7.7% (565/7,348) comprising of 264 (46.7%) males and 53.3% (301) females (P>0.05); 391 (69.2%) were of community acquired (CA) while 174 (30.8%) were nosocomial (NC) in origin. Infections were significantly lower among those aged below 20 years (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibiotics, infections, susceptibility, urinary tract.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：774

Short Communication

Recurrent psoas abscess due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A case report

Zohoun A.*, Ngoh Akwa E., Oragwu N., El Ghazouani M., Zrara A., Akhaddar A., Sair K. and El Ouennass M.

Abstract: Recurrent secondary psoas abscess due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a relatively rare disease. Diagnosis is often easy through appropriate investigations but the treatment may be difficult, especially in patients with severe underlying conditions. We report a case of recurrent psoas abscess due to P. aeruginosa in same focus after osteosynthesis for kyphoscoliosis. A 65 years old man suffered in post-operative course of recurrent psoas abscess due to P. aeruginosa with relapse intervals of 6 and 2 years. As patient’s condition was a contraindication to the ablation of the osteosynthesis material, we set up a regimen combining percutaneous computed tomography (CT) drainage with antibiotic therapy by ceftazidime after the second relapse. The successful therapeutic regimen established to overcome the patient’s problem is underlined. The treatment of psoas abscess involves the use of appropriate antibiotics in association with percutaneous or surgical drainage. In case of recurrence associated to surgical contraindication, ceftazidime in prolonged administration as performed in our case could be useful.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Psoas abscess, recurrence, antibiotherapy, ceftazidime.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：719

Research Article

Prevalence of Î²-lactamase-producing and non-producing methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in clinical samples in Bangladesh

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus has been reported to be a major cause of community and hospital acquired infections. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics resulted in the development of multi-drug resistant S. aureus throughout the world. Development of multi-drug resistant strains of S. aureus is increasingly alarming in Bangladesh. We attempted to study the current prevalence of β-lactamase-producing and non-producing methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in clinical samples and to find out the correlation of antimicrobial resistance pattern with their plasmid profiles. Twenty three clinical isolates of S. aureus were evaluated during the study period (2009). The isolates were identified by conventional methods. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was performed by disk diffusion method. Plasmid profiles were observed by agarose gel electrophoresis. In the present investigation, 43·48% isolates were ensured methicillin resistant while the remaining 56·52% isolates were found to be methicillin sensitive by disk diffusion method. β-lactamase test which was performed by acid formation method showed that 50% of the MRSA isolates produced β-lactamase. Our studies of resistance pattern to commonly prescribed antimicrobials showed that MRSA isolates were highly sensitive to vancomycin (100%), fusidic acid (90%), chloramphenicol (80%), neomycin (80%), rifampin (80%), gentamycin (70%), ceftriaxone (60%), cephalexin (60%), ciprofloxacin (60%), and cloxacillin (60%). Plasmid profiling of the selected resistant isolates of Staphylococcus revealed clear and distinct bands of plasmid DNA. These isolates showed severe resistance to amoxicillin (70%), co-trimoxazole (90%) and erythromycin (80%).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), resistance, β-lactamase, Bangladesh.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：752

Research Article

Purification of a bacteriocin produced by ENTEROCOCCUS FAECIUM and its effectiveness for preservation of fresh-cut lettuce

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The bacteriocins produced by ENTEROCOCCUS species (enterocins) show considerable activity against diverse pathogens. One of these antimicrobial peptides was isolated from ENTEROCOCCUS FAECIUM E86 cultured in MRS broth for 24 h at 37°C. The antimicrobial peptide was purified by precipitation in 75% ammonium sulfate, followed by chloroform precipitation and chromatography in Dowex-50, resulting in a specific activity of 52.46 AU/ mg in a final yield of 80% and a 6-fold recovery. The enterocin was purified to homogeneity and had an apparent molecular mass of 3.5 kDa as evaluated by 18% SDS-PAGE. The purified and the partial-purified enterocin were able to inhibit the proliferation of natural microbiota of fresh-cut lettuce as well as that artificially contaminated with LISTERIA spp. After 30 min in the presence of 0.5% acetic acid, the natural microbiota proliferation was reduced by 3 log cycles, while the enterocin in its purified or partially purified form showed an inhibition of the microbiota proliferation by 1 or 2 log cycles, respectively. These results indicate that enterocin could be used as a natural antimicrobial to reduce chemical treatment in minimally processed leafy vegetables.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacterial enzymes, antimicrobial peptide, purification and characterization of enzymes, food safety.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：760

Research Article

Evaluation of antimicrobial effect of â€œAmmi visnagaâ€ against oral streptococci

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Some species of “streptococci” have great role in dental caries. So control of their activities can promote prevention of dental caries. Use of herbal agents is a notable issue in recent researches. The aim of this study was evaluation of antimicrobial activity of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extract of seed and stem of Ammi visnaga against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus sanguis. First step or screening was designed by determination of antimicrobial activity for each extracts using Disk diffusion method. For those extract which presented it; “no growth hallo” was evident around related paper disks. Next step was determination of MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) corresponding to “modified macrodilution” method for those extracts revealed antimicrobial activity. “No growth hallo” was obvious around S. sanguis and it was absent around S. salivarius; For S. mutans, only aqueous seed extract produced the hallo. MIC and MBC of aqueous and hydroalcoholic stem extract against S. sanguis, were 5 and 7%, stem extract against S. sanguis as well as hydroalcoholic seed extract against S. sanguis, 5 and 5%, aqueous seed extract against S. sanguis, 15 and >30% and aqueous seed extract against S. mutans, 20 and >30%, respectively. A. visnaga revealed antimicrobial activity against some species of oral Streptococci including S. mutans. So, we can use it for prevention of dental caries but further investigation is recommended.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ammi visnaga, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, antimicrobial activity.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：703

Research Article

Antibacterial properties of the leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Corchorous olitorius and Manihot palmate

Ogundare A. O.

Abstract: The antibacterial potency of ethanol, acetone and chloroform leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Corchorous olitorius and Manihot palmata were screened against ten bacterial isolates using the agar-well diffusion method. The leaf extracts were screened for antibacterial activities at 25 mg/ml concentration. Antibacterial efficacy of extracts against the bacterial isolates was indicated by the appearance of clear zones of inhibition around the wells. The extracts (except that of Corchorous olitirious), showed inhibitory activities against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae and Escherichia coil with zones of inhibition ranging between 2 and 20mm. Result of the antagonistic activity of the extracts compared favourably with the activity of standard antibiotics. The rate of killing by the extracts was carried out, using 50 mg/ml. It was observed that the number of bacterial cells was decreasing as the time of interaction between the extract and the bacteria increased until all cells were killed. Phytochemcial screening of the extracts revealed the presence of some bioactive components like alkaloids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones, steroids, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. These properties determine the antimicrobial potential of the leaf extracts.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibacterial activity, phytochemical components, extracts, zone of inhibition.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：785

Research Article

Nalidixic acid resistant Shigella sonnei infection among dysenteric children in Port Blair

Asit Ranjan Ghosh*, K. Thanasekaran and Subarna Roy

Abstract: Shigellosis is very common in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Two major species and serotypes, Shigella flexneriae 2a and Shigella dysenteriae type 1 were the cause of shigellosis in the Island till 2001. During 2002 to 2003, the scenario of shigellosis shifted and Shigella sonnei emerged as the prime and sole pathogen. On examination of 106 diarrhoeic stool samples, a total of seven S. sonnei was isolated. All the isolates were nalidixic resistant. The shift of predominant nalidixic acid-resistant trait of S. dysenteriae type 1 to S. sonnei had been observed in this study and was reported elsewhere (Ghosh et al., 2003). The present study aimed to study genotypic characterization of the nalidixic acid resistant S. sonnei. The molecular typing of isolated strains was carried out by plasmid profiling, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The results revealed the clonality of the nalidixic acid-resistant S. sonnei. The study explores a note of caution to the public health for an epidemic due to nalidixic acid resistant S. sonnei in near future.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nalidixic acid resistance, Shigella sonnei, dysenteric children.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：758

Research Article

Survey of the antibacterial activity of Saudi and some international honeys

Eman Halawani* and Mohamed Shohayeb

Abstract: The antibacterial activities of 52 samples of 24 types of honey, either locally produced or imported were evaluated for their antibacterial activity. Manuka honey was included in the study for the sake of comparison. The antibacterial activity (estimated as phenol %) of 91.7% of the tested honeys ranged between 5.5 and 7.9%. There was no relationship between the potency of antibacterial activity and the color of honey. Locally produced Shaoka and Taify Sidr and the imported honeys, Yemeni Sidr, Black Seed, Clover and Orange Blossom, were more potent than Manuka honey. On the other hand, both Kashmiri and German acacia honeys were as potent as Manuka honey. Taking into consideration, the peroxide activity found in these honeys, which ranged between 4.8 and 15.6%, Taify, Shaoka, Black Seed, Yemeni Sidr, Orange blossom and Clover honeys had comparative antibacterial activities to Manuka honey. It was concluded that several honeys available in the Saudi market especially the locally produced Shaoka, and Taify Sidr, in addition to imported Yemeni Sidr, black seed, Clover and Orange blossom are as potent as Manuka honey. Therefore we recommend these honeys for use in the treatment of bacterial infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Saudi honeys, Shaoka honey, antibacterial activity of honey, Manuka honey.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：763

Research Article

Resistance pattern of coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates from Asir region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Mohamed E. Hamid

Abstract: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of methicillin resistant coagulase positive Staphlococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in two major hospitals in Asir region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and to compare it with the community-acquired infections. Two hundreds and ten coagulase positive S. aureus recovered from 9831 specimens from various infections at Asir Central Hospital and Abha General Hospital, KSA (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia), were tested against 44 commonly used antibacterial agents. One hundred of the isolates were from hospital-acquired infections, 100 from community-acquired infections and 10 isolates were collected from the hospital environment. All isolates were found resistant to aztreonam, colistin, mecillinam, metronidazole, polymyxin B and nalidixic acid but were sensitive to vancomycin, nitrofurantoin and novobiocin. Various levels of resistant were recorded for the remaining antibiotics. High resistance to antimicrobial agents was detected among hospital acquired infections compared to community acquired infections (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Staphlococcus aureus, coagulase positive, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：734

Research Article

Biochemical, enterotoxigenicity and antibiogram profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from intestines of snails

Efuntoye, M. O.*, Mabekoje, O. O. and Adekoya, F. A.

Abstract: To evaluate the prevalence of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in intestines of land snails and to determine the antibiogram of the isolates, samples for culture were obtained from ninety-nine different land snail species. Isolates of S. aureus were tested for enterotoxin production using the SET-RPLA and their antibiotic susceptibilities were determined by disc diffusion methods according to NCCLS standards. A total of 42 S. aureus isolates were recovered. Of these, 28 were enterotoxigenic. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that all of the S. aureus isolates had 100% resistance to augmentin, cloxacillin, cefuroxime and amoxycillin-clavulanic acid and showed varying resistance to other antibiotics tested. The results showed that enterotoxigenic S. aureus could be found in snails and could show resistance to commonly used antibiotics. The presence of enterotoxigenic S. aureus underscores the need for thorough cooking of snails before consumption in order to prevent staphylococcal food poisoning.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Snails, Staphylococcus aureus, enterotoxin, antibiotic sensitivity.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：771

Research Article

Utilisation and biodegradation of atrazine and primextra

A. Sebiomo*, V. W. Ogundero and S. A. Bankole

Abstract: The abilities of twelve bacterial isolates to utilise atrazine and primextra and the degradation dynamics of the two herbicides in soil was determined in this study. Soil treatments were carried out in triplicates using the completely randomized blocked design. Utilisation of atrazine and primextra were determined by monitoring growth rates of the bacteria, actinomyces and streptomyces via viable counts, optical density and pH changes. Chromatographic analysis of soil samples were also done to determine residual concentration of herbicides. The viable count and the optical density values increased significantly (P< 0.001) from the 0 h to the 20th day and latter dropped on the 25th to the 30th day. The pH values dropped significantly (P< 0.001) from the 0 h to the 30th day. Bacillus subtilis recorded the highest viable count values of 8.98 and 9.25 on the 20th day and optical density values of 0.934 and 1.631 respectively on atrazine and primextra on the 20th day during growth on atrazine and primextra thus significantly (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Optical density, viable count, biodegradation, herbicide.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：766

Research Article

Antibacterial potential of pot marigold

S. Bissa* and A. Bohra

Abstract: Plants continue to be an important therapeutic aid for alleviating the ailments of humankind. In the present research work different parts (root, leaf and flowers) of Calendula officinalis were screened for potential antibacterial activity against some important bacterial strains, namely Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The antibacterial activity was determined in aqueous, alcohol, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts using agar disc diffusion method. Although all the plant parts showed significant anti microbial activity but the highest antibacterial activity was observed in petroleum ether extract of dried leaves against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Phytochemical analysis was also done.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Calendula officinalis, petroleum ether extract, Klebsiella pneumoniae.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：797

Research Article

Utilisation of crude oil and gasoline by ten bacterial and five fungal isolates

A. Sebiomo*, A. O. Awosanya and A. D. Awofodu

Abstract: This study investigated the abilities of ten bacterial and five fungal isolates indigenous to polluted mechanic soils to utilise and degrade crude oil and gasoline. Of all the bacterial and fungal isolates obtained in this study Pseudomonas sp. Bacillus sp. and Aspergillus sp. were found to be more predominant in the polluted mechanic soils. The growth profiles were determined by monitoring the optical density, total viable counts, dry weights and pH of the culture utilizing crude oil and gasoline as carbon and energy source. Total viable counts increased significantly with optical density and dry weights of fungi as the days of incubation progressed until the 14th day (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacteria, fungi, crude oil, gasoline, biodegradation.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：797

Research Article

Study of Chamomileâ€™s yield and its components under drought stress and organic and inorganic fertilizers using and their residue

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Management of organic and inorganic fertilizer application and residual of them are very important in their effect on environment and plant yield in order to determine the effect of drought stress and different amendments on flower, essential oil and chamazulene yield and yield components of CHAMOMILLA RECUTITA (L.). Rauschert, this study was conducted in split plot design with three replications during 2007 to 2009 at University of Zabol. Treatment included W1 (non stress), W2 (75% FC) and W3 (50% FC) as main plot and three kind of residual’s fertilizers: F1 (non fertilizer), F2 (chemical fertilizer), F3 (manure fertilizer) and F4 (compost) as sub plot that is used in the first year. Results showed that water stress at W3 treatment reduced dry and fresh flower yield at both years. Low drought stress increased essential oil and chamazulene yield however high drought stress decreased these variable. Chemical fertilizer caused to make the highest yield and essential oil in the first year, but in the second year that had no difference with control treatment (without fertilizer). The residue of animal manure and compost enhanced flower, oil and chamazulene yield at the second year. In addition, animal manure and compost under drought stress in the first year and under all water conditions in the second year reach the best quantitative and qualitative yield and application of them was recommendable.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Chamomilla recutita, essential oil, chamazulene, animal manure.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：747

Research Article

Microbial load in ready-to-eat rice sold in Benin City

Wogu, M. D., Omoruyi, M. I.*, Odeh, H. O. and Guobadia, J. N.

Abstract: The microbial load of ready-to-eat rice from both local fast food centers (local restaurants) and Standard fast food centers (high class restaurants) within Benin City was investigated. The total colony count ranged from 2.0 x 104 to 1.2 x 106 for bacteria and 8.0 x 104 to 2.0 x 105 for fungi. Four bacteria were isolated: Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. B. cereus, which is mainly associated with food poisoning because of its ability to produce toxins, was present in 37.5% of samples alongside E. coli. Two fungi were isolated: Saccharomyces cerevisae, occurring in 50% of samples, and Aspergillus niger. Ready-to-eat rice from standard fast food centers was found to have more microbial load and more microorganisms compared to ready-to-eat rice from local fast food centers. The results of our study indicated that most of the ready-to-eat rice samples examined did not meet bacteriological quality standards. Hence, it is recommended that a more close supervision of ready-to-eat food should be carried out by relevant authorities. Keywords: Microbial load, ready-to-eat rice, standard fast food centers and local fast food centers.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Microbial load, ready-to-eat rice, standard fast food centers and local fast food centers.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：739

Research Article

Characterization of Bacillus sp. strains isolated from rhizosphere of soybean plants for their use as potential plant growth for promoting Rhizobacteria

Aris Tri Wahyudi*, Rina Puji Astuti, Asri Widyawati, Anja Meryandini, and Abdjad Asih Nawangsih

Abstract: Rhizobacteria of Bacillus species were isolated from the rhizosphere of soybean plant of Cirebon, Indonesia, and further examined for plant growth promoting activities. A total of 118 isolates identified as Bacillus sp., 90 isolates (76.3%) among them positively produced phytohormone indole acetic acid (IAA). The 12 isolates (13.3%) were selected, initially on the basis of germinating seed bioassay in which the root length, shoot length or number of lateral root of the seedling was enhanced significantly. All those 12 isolates produced siderophore and 11 isolates (91.7%) were able to solubilize phosphate. Furthermore, 3 isolates (25%) among them were able to inhibit the growth of Fusarium oxysporum, 9 isolates (75%) inhibited the growth of Rhizoctonia solani, and 1 isolate (8.3%) of Bacillus sp. inhibited the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii. DNA sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes of those 12 isolates revealed that, all of them similar with Bacillus sp. cluster and was separately divided into four groups. This study has pointed out 12 isolates of Bacillus sp. that may be applicable as inoculants according to each supporting characters as growth promoter rhizobacteria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Rhizobacteria, Bacillus sp., growth promoter, IAA, antifungal compounds, phosphate solubilization, siderophore, 16S rRNA.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：812

Research Article

Preliminary screening of antimycobacterial effect of psychrophillic Actinomycetes isolated from Manali ice point: Himachal predesh

A. Raja* and P. Prabakaran

Abstract: Totally, 128 psychrophilic actinomycetes were isolated and 14 were found to be facultative psychrophilic which were selected to determine the antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The results showed that, four strains were active against the test organism M. tuberculosis. The active isolates screened in the present study were found to be highly effective and comes under Streptomycetes species (RH7 and RH8), Micromonospora species (RH9) and Micropolyspora species (RH12). All the isolates capable of producing metabolites and their presence were confirmed by TLC. The ‘active culture filtrate’ showed ‘only one band’ and its functional Group Is low molecular weight neutral compounds and amines were determined based on their solubility and pH.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Psychrophilic actinomycetes, glaciers, drug resistance, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primary amines.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：794

Research Article

Antimicrobial agents from the leaf of Struchium sparganophora (Linn) Ktze, Asteraceae

L.S. Kasim*, V.A. Ferro, O.A. Odukoya, Allan Drummond, G.E. Ukpo, Veronique Seidel, A. I. Gray and Roger Waigh.

Abstract: Three Antimicrobial agents from the leaf of Struchium sparganophora were isolated by chromatographic methods and characterized. The microbial inhibitory activity of these compounds was investigated against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The antimicrobial activity of some of these compounds was similar in some of the micro-organisms used for the tests except Klebsiella. aerogenes and the fungus Candida albicans where all the compounds showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 50 and 6.25 µg/ml. Luteolin and 3 methyl 2, 6, hexacosedienol significantly inhibited the growth of the two fungi (P[...] Read More.

Keywords:

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：717

Research Article

Phytochemical extraction and antimicrobial properties of different medicinal plants: Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Eugenia caryophyllata (Clove), Achyranthes bidentata (Datiwan) and Azadirachta indica (Neem

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Aqueous ethanolic extract of four medicinal plants were subjected to in vitro antibacterial assay against human pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa employing cup diffusion method. Among four plants tested Eugenia caryophyllata (Clove) was found to be the most effective against S. typhi. All the plants were ineffective against E. coli and K. pneumonia. Achyranthes bidentata was found to be ineffective against all the tested organisms. The largest zone of inhibition (22 mm) was obtained with E. caryophyllata against S. typhi and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) value of 5 mg/l was obtained with Azadirachta indica against S. typhi. K. pneumoniae and E. coli were found to be resistant with all the plant extracts. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed for the detection of alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and reducing sugars. Thin layer chromatography was also performed using solvent system chloroform, methanol and water (10:10:3) for the analysis of lipid present in plant extract. The present study will be successful in identifying candidate plant with different antimicrobial activity which could be further exploited for isolation and characterization of the novel phytochemicals in the treatment of infectious disease especially in light of the emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms and the need to produce more effective antimicrobial agents.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibacterial property, drug resistance, medicinal plant, zone of inhibition.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：750

Research Article

Potentials of Gladiolus corms as an antimicrobial agent in food processing and traditional medicine

Sunday J. Ameh*, Obiageri O. Obodozie, Patrick O. Olorunfemi, Innocent E. Okoliko and Nelson A. Ochekpe

Abstract: The genus Gladiolus (Family: Iridaceae) has 260 species of a perennial herb. In West Africa the corms of Gladiolus species are used in food and Traditional Medicine, often in combination with other plant materials. This study aimed at verifying the basis for the use of these corms in both instances. Aqueous extracts of the corms obtained in Benue State, Nigeria, were tested for antimicrobial effects; and screened for key phytochemicals. Antimicrobial effects were evaluated by measuring the diameters of inhibition zones on agar plates, using clinical isolates of the bacteria: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes; and the fungi: Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Trichophyton mentagrophyte. The results showed that the extracts, at concentrations of 75 – 400 mg of the plant material per mL of water, were active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus niger, but relatively inactive against the others. The extracts contained alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and carbohydrates, but attempts at TLC separation were only marginally successful. The somewhat selective antimicrobial effects of the extracts do however; suggest the basis for the use of these corms. But the presence of cardiac glycosides - a cardiotoxin, calls for caution in their use.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Gladiolus, corm, iridaceae, antimicrobial, food processing, traditional medicine, phytochemicals, Benue State.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：764

Research Article

Comparative studies of antibacterial effect of some antibiotics and ginger (Zingiber officinale) on two pathogenic bacteria

A. Sebiomo*, A. D. Awofodu, A. O. Awosanya, F. E. Awotona and A. J. Ajayi

Abstract: This study investigated the comparative effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and some antibiotics on two pathogenic bacteria. The plant extracts were prepared by weighing the plant leaves and root (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 g) into 100 mls of water and ethanol (at g/100 ml) and grounded to determine the extract concentrations. Serial dilutions of the antibiotics used were prepared to determine the various antibiotic concentrations. The results obtained showed that ginger extract of both the plant and root showed the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes while the three antibiotics used (chloramphenicol, ampicillin and tetracycline) were also active but at less extent compared to ginger extract. The concentration of the plant extract had significant effect on the zone of inhibition on both organisms. The concentration of the three antibiotics had significant effect on the zone of inhibition for both organisms. This result showed that ethanol extracts of ginger both leaf and root can be used alongside conventional antibiotics to fight agents of infections that are so prevalent in the hospitals.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ginger, zone of inhibition, extract, antibacterial.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：700

Research Article

Conjugational transfer and survival of plasmid encoding silver and antibiotic resistance genes of Acinetobacter baumannii

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: In this investigation we tried to transfer plasmid encoded silver and antibiotic resistance genes from Acinetobacter baumannii BL54 to E. coli k12 J53.2 and Pseudomonas (a soil microflora) by conjugation and transformation in different soil microcosms and study the survival of the isolated bacterium in each soil. Clay loam, fine clay, sandy and clay soils were collected from different area of mahrashtra in India. Microcosm was developed for each type of soil in the glass tube (150 x 25 mm) with 2 g soil moistened with 1 ml 0.5% sterile saline. The conjugation frequency was lowest in sterile clay soil with frequency of 0.2 x 10-6, while, it was maximum in clay loam soil with frequency of 0.6 x 10-6. Similarly, in non- sterile soil microcosms, the rate of conjugation was highest in clay loam soil with frequency of 0.09 x 10-6 while was lowest in sandy soil (0.03 x 10-6). Rapid death of the organisms was observed within 9 days of incubation in presence of selection in sandy soil, while in fine clay, survival of the organisms was extended beyond 11 days. The Pseudomonas transformant survived for more than 40 days in presence of selection. From above results it can be concluded that plasmid mediated silver and antibiotic resistant genes were transferred in different soil by conjugation process. However, the rate of conjugation was affected by soil type. Soil transformant considerably survived in fine clay containing high amount of organic carbon and neutral pH as compared to sandy soil.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Conjugation, soil type, survival, plasmid, Acinetobacter baumannii.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：763

Research Article

Isolation of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp. from raw fish sold in fish market in Khartoum state

Sanaa O. Yagoub

Abstract: Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from gills, skin, muscles and the intestine of 83 out of 150 (55%) randomly collected fishes, the most dominants isolates were E. coli, Citrobacter spp, Enteriobacter spp and Klebsiella spp. This together with the highly pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae including Salmonella spp and Shigella spp. Proteus spp, and Alklegens spp. Potential pathogenic organisms were also among the isolates. On the other hand Pseudomonas spp was isolated from 62% of randomly collected fishes. The number and percentages of the isolated bacteria were compared according to seasons. The total bacterial count, coliform count and E. coli count were estimated from all parts of collected samples. The negative impacts of the presence of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp in fishes were discussed based on their potential pathogenic effect toward public health and their role to enhance rapid spoilage of fishes.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Enterobacteriaceae, fisheries, public health, Pseudomonas.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：702

Research Article

Evaluation of in-vitro inhibitory effect of honey on some microbial isolate

Raied Taha Al- Naama

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of honey sample from Basrah region against certain microbial isolate. Different concentrations (25.0, 50.0, 75.0 and 100.0%) of honey sample where checked for their antimicrobial activities, using some medically important micro-organisms including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the honey sample were determined on the selected micro-organisms by using broth dilution technique. The sample of honey show inhibitory effect in vitro at 50, 75 and 100% concentration on the various investigated micro-organism except at 50% concentration where no inhibition zone on S. aureus. However, no effect was observed at 25% concentration. The MIC for E. coli, Pseudomonas spp. and S. aureus were 6.25, 1.5 and 12.5 mg/ml respectively. The study shows that honey, like antibiotics, has certain organisms sensitive to it, and provides alternative therapy against certain bacteria and is also shown to have antimicrobial action against a broad spectrum of bacteria (both gram- positive and -negative bacteria).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, honey, antibiotics, sensitivity, antimicrobial.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：802

Research Article

Structural organization of co-regulated genes in Escherichia coli

Ali Azam Talukder-, *, Saidul Alam, Md Ershaduzzaman, Sam Khairul Bashar and Mamoru Yamada

Abstract: A promoter-protein fusion library was constructed and analyzed previously which covered about 8% promoter-proximal genes from Escherichia coli in respect to their reading frames, protein productivity as well as expressional regulations under normal and various environmental stress conditions (Talukder et al., 1994, Bioscience Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 58: 117-120). In this study, we further analyzed 13 significantly responsive genes. -galactosidase expression levels were varied among the examined clones, indicating that the library having different ranges of promoters from stronger to weaker. DNA database analysis revealed that out of 13 genes studied here, 11 and 2 genes were found to known and unknown or new genes, respectively. Moreover, new findings in case of three genes having interesting structural organizations were recorded this time. The present study supports all previous data to conclude that about 5 - 10% E. coli genes are co-regulated under the control of complex regulatory circuits.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Gene expression, RNA-polymerase, gene organization.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：744

Research Article

Comparison of Norwegian poultry, waterborne and clinical isolates of Campylobacter jejuni by ribotyping

Olav Rosef*, Algimantas Paulauskas, Nils Grude, Camilla Haslekås and Andrew Jenkins

Abstract: Campylobacteriosis is the most frequently occurring food and waterborne gastroenteritis in Norway and 90% of cases are caused by Campylobacter jejuni. Campylobacteriosis is epidemiologically associated with use of non-disinfected water and consumption of contaminated poultry. In order to provide molecular epidemiological support for this association isolates from local poultry and water were compared with human isolates from domestic and import infections using ribotyping. Automatic riboprints were performed with the PstI restriction enzyme and RiboPrinter® and compared with a library of recognised patterns (DUP-IDs). Patterns were further compared with each other using GelCompar software. The isolates from human clinical cases showed high heterogeneity. DUP-IDs found among human isolates were also found in 2 isolates from poultry, DUP-PSTI-1146 and DUP-PSTI-2061. Two human isolates were like isolates from water, DUP-PSTI-2073 and DUP-PSTI-1122, but these were from patients infected abroad. This study provides limited support for the importance of poultry as a source of infection and illustrates the need for studies of much larger scope to encompass the huge diversity of strains and sources of C. jejuni.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Campylobacter, similarity, clustering, genotyping, riboprint.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：733

Research Article

Simple method to study the mechanism of thermal and non thermal bactericidal action of microwave radiations on different bacterial species

Arifa Tahir*, Bushra Mateen, Salih Univerdi, Ozer KaraGoban and Mehmet Zengin

Abstract: The present study was based on the investigations to determine whether the bactericidal effect of microwave radiations on bacteria was either thermal or due to microwaves. It was also investigated which bacterial sp is more sensitive to microwave. Five bacterial species, Proteus vulgaris PP25D, Staphylococcus aureus bgh010, Bacillu subtilis ase98, Escherchia coli TRE04 and Corynebacterium spN33 were exposed to microwave radiation. These cultures were selected as test organisms due to their importance in food industry as human pathogens. Bacterial suspensions were exposed to microwave radiations (2450 MHz and 800W) for 60, 120 and 180 s to study the effect of heat generated by microwaves. The second experiment was designed to study the effect of microwaves only by maintaining temperature below 40°C. The degree of inactivation at uncontrolled and controlled temperature was compared quantitavely. The viable counts of all cell suspensions were found to reduce greatly with an increase in microwave heating time and temperature. B. subtilis ase98 showed highest reduction at uncontrolled temperature. No significant reduction of cell density was observed in either cell suspension. The effect of microwave radiations was also studied in terms of morphological changes. No detectable change was observed in cell shape and morphology of colonies except S. aureus bgh010. Results indicated that the effect of microwave radiations on bacteria was purely thermal and no detectable change occurred in non-thermal treatment. B. subtilis ase98 were the most sensitive species for microwave radiations. B. subtilis ase98 can be used as an indicator bacterium to assess microwaves for sterilization.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Microwave radiation, thermal and non thermal effect, sensitive bacterial sp.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：750

Research Article

A microbiological technique for the separation of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. fibers

Pilanee Vaithanomsat*, Poom Phusanakom, Waraporn Apiwatanapiwat and Molnapat Songpim

Abstract: This study is related to a process for the separation of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. fibers using living microorganisms. The selected fungal strains, Datronia sp. and Oligoporous sp., were isolated from natural sources in Thailand and were previously shown to be capable of degrading lignin in pulp and paper industrial wastewater. The process described here is comprising the fungal-treated fibrous of H. sabdariffa L. barks in certain conditions. The fungal inoculum size, retting time and retting temperature were important in the experiments and the retting efficiency was based on the visual characteristics of resulting fibers. In addition, the pectinolytic enzymes released from the fungi in retting conditions were shown to correspond to the separation of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. fibers.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Hibiscus sabdariffa L., fibers, separation, microbiological process.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：749

Research Article

Amidase from plant growth promoting rhizobacterium

Sonia Chacko, Pramod W. Ramteke* and Suchit A. John

Abstract: Ninety three cultures of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolated from rhizosphere of Pisum sativum, among them one isolate identified as Pseudomonas putida was found to be potential amidase producer. The organism exhibited a battery of PGPR traits including enhanced production of plant growth hormone indoleacetic acid (IAA) and siderophore. P. putida MTCC 6809 exhibited both intracellular and extra- cellular amidase activity. The organism produced maximum extracellular amidase enzyme at 30°C and pH 7.5 in shaking state. The organism hydrolyzed a wide range of aliphatic amides that included acetamide, propionamide, acrylamide and butyramide. Acrylamide is a known carcinogen, teratogen and neurotoxicant and utilization of acrylamide by P. putida MTCC 6809 assume great importance. The organism is also tolerant to number of heavy metals at higher levels. These characteristics make P. putida MTCC 6809 an excellent candidate for field application in contaminated soil.[...] Read More.

Keywords: PGPR, amidase, aliphatic amides, acrylamide, heavy metal tolerance.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：683

Research Article

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC): Prevalence among in and ambulatory patients and susceptibility to antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents

O. J. Akinjogunla*, N. O. Eghafona, and O. H. Ekoi

Abstract: The prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli both in an ambulatory patients passing out loose stools with or without blood and/or mucus in Anua General Hospital, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital and University of Uyo Health Centre from June to September, 2008 were determined using standard microbiological techniques. Susceptibility to seven different conventional and commonly available chemotherapeutic drugs/antibiotics: ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, tetracycline, cephalothin and ofloxacin were assessed using a disc diffusion technique (DDT). The macroscopic analysis of the stool samples showed that 31 of the 100 cases (31%) were diarrhea bloody and 33% mucoid. Sixty-nine diarrheagenic E. coli were isolated from 100 stool samples collected and were more prevalent in females (69.4%) than in males (30.6%). The observed percentage prevalence of diarrheagenic E. coli among the age groups (in years) 1 -15, 16 - 30, 31 - 45, 46 - 60 and 61 and above were 95, 80, 55, 70 and 45%, respectively. The results of antibiotic susceptibility showed that the E. coli were highly resistant to ampicillin (73.9%), tetracycline (75.4%) and gentamycin (68.1%), and moderately resistant to chloramphenicol (46.4 %) and cephalothin (43.5%), but highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin (71.0%) and ofloxacin (66.7%). The findings of this study showed ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin to be drugs of choice for the treatment of diarrheagenic E. coli, while ampicillin, tetracycline and gentamycin should not be used without first performing culture and sensitivity tests.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Diarrheagenic, Escherichia coli, prevalence, chemotherapy, susceptibility.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：752

Research Article

Comparative efficacy of Rose Bengal plate test, standard tube agglutination test and Dot ELISA in immunological detection of antibodies to Brucella abortus in sera

Deepti Chachra, Hari Mohan Saxena*, Gurpreet Kaur and Mudit Chandra

Abstract: Comparative efficacy of 3 serodiagnostic tests (RBPT, STAT and Dot ELISA) in detecting anti - Brucella antibodies in sera was evaluated on a total of 28 serum samples which included 18 samples from brucellosis suspected and 10 from normal healthy (brucellosis unaffected) cattle. Out of 18 sera from suspected cases, only 1 (5.55%) sample was found positive by STAT and 9 (50%) samples were positive by RBPT, whereas Dot ELISA could detect antibodies in all the 18 (100%) samples. Interestingly, RBPT could detect antibodies in 10 out of 17 (58.82%) samples found negative by STAT. The entire 9 samples positive by RBPT (100%) showed positive results with Dot ELISA also. Of the 9 RBPT negative samples, 11.25% showed positive and 88.88% showed negative results by STAT while all the 9 samples (100%) showed positive results with Dot ELISA. All the 10 sera from normal healthy animals were negative by RBPT, STAT and ELISA. Thus, Dot ELISA was found to be the most sensitive of the 3 tests used. It is, however, suggested that in order to get a fool proof diagnosis of Brucella infection, a combination of RBPT and Dot ELISA should be used, especially in case of samples found negative by either RBPT or STAT used alone or in combination.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Brucellosis, RBPT, STAT, Dot ELISA, Brucella.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：740

Research Article

Skin diseases among preschool children

Allma Koçinaj*, Dardan Koçinaj and Merita Berisha

Abstract: In developing countries skin diseases can affect more than 60% of the general population and usually are not well managed. Skin diseases are common in children. Epidemiologic studies of the general population, however, are still limited and missing for the region of Kosova. The aim of this study was to investigate disease prevalence in children under 6 years old of out- and in-patients at the department of Dermatological clinic - a tertiary health care center, a cross-sectional study was carried out during a period of one year. A total of 1,998 children 0 - 6 years old were examined. In the out-patients scabies presented in 18% of overall dermatoses, atopic dermatitis 7.9%, urticaria 7.9%, pyodermia 7.8%, tinea superificialis 5.9%, staphylodermia 5.5%, dermatitis amoniacalis 4.7%, eczema infantum 4%, impetigo contagiosa 3.5% and exanthema toxo-allergica 2.7%. While in the in-patients, acute urticaria presented in 26.1% of the overall dermatoses, scabies 20.7% and atopic dermatitis 10.8%, epidemiologic data are necessary for the monitoring of skin changes in school children and provides the basis of training programs for medical professionals in primary health care with the aim to reduce long-term morbidity and socioeconomic impact.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Skin disease, prevalence, children.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：755

Research Article

Calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P significantly influence coronary flow rate in gene knockout mice

Hongbao Ma, *, Jenny Young and Shen Cherng

Abstract: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) which is potent vasodilator neuropeptides play a counter-regulatory role in several models of experimental hypertension. Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts (n = 328) were used to compare coronary flow rates among wild type (WT), a-CGRP gene knockout (KO) and NK1-KO mice under various pressure loading conditions (20, 30, 40 and 50 mmHg). The aorta of each heart was cannulated and all hearts were perfused with PBS at 37°C. Coronary flow rate was measured by pressure difference of both sides of a capillary. Perfusion was stopped 15 min for ischemia. Deletion of a-CGRP gene resulted in a significant reduction in coronary flow rate for both genders at all pressures. Deletion of NK1 gene resulted in a significant reduction in coronary flow rate for male mice at all pressures, but not for female mice. Coronary flow rate for both WT and a-CGRP-KO mice was consistently lower in female than in male mice, but not for NK1- KO mice. Coronary flow rate in a-CGRP mice was 19.2 and 15.4% lower than that of female and male WT mice, respectively. This effect seems to be gender related with less coronary flow noted in female WT and a-CGRP-KO mice, but not in NK1-KO mice.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Calcitonin gene-related peptide, flow rate, gene knockout, heart, mouse, neurokinin 1, substance P.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：735

Research Article

Prevalence and seasonality of fowl typhoid disease in Zaria-Kaduna State, Nigeria

I. J. Mbuko, M. A. Raji*, J. Ameh, L. Saidu, W. I. Musa and P. A. Abdul

Abstract: A five years retrospective study (2003 - 2007) of the prevalence of fowl typhoid (FT) and other poultry diseases diagnosed at the avian unit of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Kaduna State, Nigeria was conducted. A prevalence rate of 18.4% (129 cases) was recorded for FT out of 700 cases of poultry disease. The highest number of outbreaks of FT was recorded during the rainy season (July - September). 48 cases (29.1%) of FT were recorded in birds 15 weeks and above, 124 cases (18.4%) in layers and only two cases (16.7%) in turkeys. Outbreaks of FT were closely associated with age, type and poultry species of birds (P < 0.05). The outbreaks of FT were also observed to be 3.1 times more likely to occur in December, 2.4 and 1.3 times more likely to occur in birds of 15 weeks and above and 1 - 5 weeks of age respectively. It was concluded from the study that FT is more commonly reported in the chicken than other poultry species and adult birds (>15 weeks) are more susceptible to the disease in Zaria, Nigeria. This study recommends that poultry farmers should be encouraged to practice prompt and regular vaccination of layers against fowl typhoid disease.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Salmonella enterica serovars Gallinarium, chicken, Nigeria.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：717

Review

Global review of meningococcal disease. A shifting etiology

J. Leimkugel, V. Racloz*, L. Jacintho da Silva and G. Pluschke

Abstract: Despite expansive studies over the past century, the epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) has remained elusive in some of its aspects. The following review attempts to summarize the past and current trends in the etiology of IMD. Data was collected through the analysis of peer-reviewed studies and surveillance data on national, sub-national and regional levels performed using various search engines such as pubmed (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/), regional WHO homepages (www.who. int) and department of health websites. Despite the establishment of improved surveillance, the reasons for the differences in IMD epidemiology between endemic and epidemic settings are not fully under-stood. Factors influence the timing and distribution of epidemics including climatic, socio-economic and cultural factors involving changes in human lifestyle, natural growth of the human population, crowding and increased mobility. These have also strongly affected the global population structure of Neisseria meningitides and are still currently responsible for changing patterns in IMD epidemiology. In recent years, much interest has arisen on the subject due to both the development of conjugate vaccines and to the continuing occurrence of outbreaks, many of them in industrialized countries. With antimicrobial resistance on the rise, effective and affordable vaccines along with continued surveillance are needed to help combat this complex disease.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Meningococcal meningitis, epidemiology, vaccines, antimicrobial resistance, surveillance.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：746

Research Article

Comparison of in vitro activity of imipenem productions on bacterial isolates from Hashemi Nezhad Tehran hospitalized patients

Amirmorteza Ebrahimzadeh Namvar, Babak Asghari, Shoshtari Zadeh and Abdolaziz Rastegar Lari,*

Abstract: Carbapenams are one of the ß-lactamase antibiotic resistances to penicillin that were introduced in 1980 to the medical world. Imipenem- a semi-synthetic derivative of thienamycin- is one of the most important broad spectrum ß-lactamase in carbapenems. The irregular usage of drugs, especially in these types of gram-negative bacteria will lead to a serious problem in the treatment of pathogenic bacteria. Comparison of in vitro activity of imipenem productions is the aim of this study. 135 strains of various gram positive and gram negative bacteria collected from Hashemi Nejad Hospital in Tehran were studied. Initially strains were identified by phenotypic methods; then Disk Diffusion and MIC methods based on instructions of Forum France Microbiology were used. From 135 samples, urine samples (36%) were the most and trachea (4%) was the lowest. Among gram-negative bacteria isolated, both E. coli and Pseudomonas (37%) had most common and Enterobacter (1%) was the lowest. By disk diffusion method, Supranem, Taynam and Mast pharmaceutical products, showed similar result, but the results related to internal company disks were different. 20% of the total bacteria studied had MIC over 8 mg (resistant). Due to results of this study using standard dicks and antibiotic powder (Imipenem/Cilastatin sodium) (Supranem) or (Tienam) is recommended. [...] Read More.

Keywords: ß-lactamase, antibiogram, imipenem.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：744

Research Article

Microbiology and semen indices of sexually- active males in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

S. O. Onemu, A. O. Ogbimi and E. A. Ophori*

Abstract: This study was designed to examine the microbiological quality and semen indices of seminal fluids of sexually active males in Benin City, Nigeria, and to determine the relationship between the presence of pathogenic micro -organisms and semen parameters. Semen was collected from 229 volunteer sexually-active men, aged 19 - 33 years (mean 24.73 ± 3.4) in Benin City, Nigeria. Volunteers were advised to abstain from sex for 3 days before semen collection and also from alcohol (including other factors that may affect semen quality). A ten-fold serial dilution of well mixed semen in physiological saline (NaCl 0.15 M) was inoculated onto blood agar, heated blood agar, MacConkey agar, Sabouraud dextrose agar slants and mycoplasmal agar enriched with 30% serum and supplemented with 100 µg/ml ceftazidine for the isolation of Mycoplasma species. All inoculated culture media were incubated at 37°C for 24 - 48 h. Isolates were characterized and identified by standard microbiological methods and antimicrobial sensitivity test was carried out by the disc diffusion method. The determination of spermatozoa concentration, motility characteristics and other accompanying cells was carried out adopting standard procedures. Micro-organisms ( 3 × 106 cfu/ml) were isolated from 80/229 (34.9%) of participants’ semen. The isolates were Staphylococcus aureus 47/80 ( 58.8%). Escherichia coli 10/80 (12.5%) Klebsiella spp. 6/80 (7.5%), Candida albicans 5/80 (6.3%) and Mycoplasma species 12/80 (15.0%). Sensitivity to antimicrobial agents was highest among isolates to ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin. No activity was demonstrated with amoxicillin and tetracycline. Spermatozoa concentration was zero in 10.4% of the study population, 28.4% had concentrations below World Health Organization threshold for spontaneous male fertility. Semen with pathogenic micro-organisms had significantly lower (p < 0.001) spermatozoa concentrations and motility parameters. Therefore, the study suggests that the presence of pathogenic micro-organisms in semen is a marker of deterioration in semen parameters and development of male infertility.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Microbiology, pathogenic microorganisms, semen, sexually active males, antimicrobial, Nigeria.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：767

Research Article

Antibiotics susceptibility of bacterial pathogens associated with otitis media

Ihsan E. Alsaimary*, Ahmed M. Alabbasi and Jassim M. Najim

Abstract: One hundred twenty patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) in Basrah, 65(54.2%) males and 55(45.8%) Females, with male: females ratio (1.2:1) and 60 individual without ontological problems as control group were included in this study, which was done during the period of March, 2009 to January, 2010. This Include collection of aural swab samples, culturing of samples, identification of causative agents species and antibiotic sensitivity. Gram's negative bacteria were the commonest microorganisms; it comprises (60%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was common causative agent (19.04%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (16.7%) and Klebsiella spp. (14.3%). Mixed infection was found in high percent (74%), in which P. aeruginosa and other microorganisms were more common. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed that P. aeruginosa was sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin +clavulanic acid and gentamicin, while other is appeared resistant, S. aureus was sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, erthomycin, cephalexine and it is resistant to pencillin and ampicillin, klebsiella species were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin +clavulanic acid ,gentamicin,while resistant to tetracycline.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibiotics, bacteria, otitis media.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：744

Research Article

Factors influencing multi-drug resistant and plasmid DNA harbouring Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from Lake Manzala, Egypt

Mahmoud M. M. Zaky*, Fathy A. Mansour and Kenneth M.Persson

Abstract: Lake Manzala is considered one of the most important coastal Lakes in Egypt. This study revealed the highly polluted condition of water and fish samples taken from three of the more important sites (Kapoty, Bashtier and Mataryia areas), representative to human activity and different ecosystems in the Lake water environment. Total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia and nitrates, of the samples taken showed figures exceeding the national and international standards. The samples from the study yielded high levels of bacterial content, which were found through plate counts and by using different growth media such as agar and endo agar. Total viable bacteria (TVB) reached more than 104 cfu/ml in water samples and 105 cfu/g in fish samples, particularly in Kapoty and Mataryia areas. Faecal coliform counts reached 102 cfu/ml in water samples and 103 cfu/g in fish samples. Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between Aeromonas spp. counts and some minerals, such as chlorides, calcium and magnesium (r = 0.9, 0.8, and 0.6 respectively; p 0.001), which revealed the interactions and adaptability of such organisms to environmental factors. A total of 88 isolates from Aeromonas differential agar were identified using the API 20E system; 17% of these isolates were Aeromnas hydrophila, and most of these strains were resistant to three or more antibiotics including pencillinG, ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Isolation of plasmid DNA from these strains of A. hydrophila, showed that most harboured plasmids ranging from less than 2.2 - 4 KbP. Such findings could explain the adaptability and multi-drug resistance of such bacterial pathogens, which may have an impact on the course of infection and active causal agents of diarrhoeal diseases in this important coastal area of Egypt on the Mediterranean Sea.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aeromonas hydrophila, multi-drug resistance, plasmid DNA, Lake Manzala.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：749

Research Article

Extended spectrum beta lactamases among multi drug resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species causing urinary tract infections in Khartoum

Akram Hassan Mekki, Abdullahi Nur Hassan* and Dya Eldin M Elsayed

Abstract: This is a descriptive laboratory based case study carried out in Khartoum state hospitals during the period of June, 2007 to April, 2008. The study aimed to evaluate emergence of ESBL among multi drug resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species causing nosocomial UTI. Hundred strains of multi drug resistant (MDR) E. coli and Klebsiella species causing nosocomial urinary tract infections (UTIs) from two main hospitals from Khartoum (Omdurman teaching hospital and Fedail Hospital) were included in this study. Susceptibility testing was performed against antibiotics commonly used in treatment of urinary tract infections. E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca (49, 38 and 13% respectively) were among the studied isolates. β-Lactamase was produced by all isolates; high resistance level for 3rd generation cephalosporin was noticed. ESBLs were detected in high prevalence among all multi drug resistant E. coli and Klebsiella species isolates 53%. All isolates were found sensitive to Imipenem and Meropenem. In this study it’s recommended that developing guidelines for the early phenotypic detection of ESBL in microbiology laboratories and seeking knowledge of antibiotic susceptibility pattern for empirical antibiotic therapy. Further studies about ESBL occurrence among UTIs are also recommended.[...] Read More.

Keywords: ESBL in Sudan, multi-drug resistant, MDR Escherichia coli, MDR Klebsiella spp, urinary tract infection, beta lactamase.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：743

Research Article

Isolation and molecular characterization of Flavobacterium columnare strains from fish in Brazil

F. A. Sebastião, F. Pilarski* and M. V. F. Lemos

Abstract: Flavobacterium columnare, the etiologic agent of columnaris disease, has a broad geographical distribution and accounts for a large number of mortalities in fish species. This study aimed to generate a faster method for diagnosis of columnaris through isolation and characterization of the F. columnare 16S rDNA gene from bacteria isolated from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus). The bacteria were characterized biochemically and by PCR-RFLP. For isolation, rasping with “swab” was performed directly on the characteristic lesions and the cephalic kidney of the fish then transferred to culture medium suitable for Flavobacterium. DNA was extracted for PCR and digestion with restriction enzymes. Altogether, 37 isolates were obtained. Biochemical assays included testing of absorption of Congo red, production of flexirrubin, production of H2S, nitrate reduction and motility. The results indicated that the isolates can be classified as F. columnare. The phylogram generated by the PCR-RFLP technique showed three main branches among of the F. columnare isolates. Therefore, the use of PCR-RFLP for identification of the bacteria was shown to be a more efficient and rapid tool than current biochemical techniques, which are time consuming and often inconclusive.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fish, Flavobacterium columnare, PCR-RFLP, 16S rDNA.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：813

Research Article

Intestinal helminth infection and anaemia during regnancy: A community based study in Ghana

S. E. Baidoo, S. C. K. Tay, K. Obiri-Danso and H. H. Abruquah*

Abstract: Intestinal helminths are among the most common and widespread of human infections, contributing to poor nutritional status, anaemia and impaired growth. Anaemia and iron deficiency in pregnancy is a major public health problem in developing countries, but their causes are not always known. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and severity of anaemia and iron deficiency and their association with helminths, among pregnant women in the Ashanti region of Ghana. A cohort study was carried out in the Sekyere, East district of the Ashanti region of Ghana. One hundred and eight (108) pregnant women were followed until 5-10 weeks postpartum, during the period of (December 2005 - November 2006). Haemoglobin and total serum iron concentrations were evaluated in venous blood samples, and helminths infections evaluated in stool samples in each trimester using standard methods. Most of the 108 pregnant women, 54.9% were found to be anaemic. The highest prevalence of anaemia and low iron stores (57.4 and 32.4%, respectively) were found in the second trimester. Only 17.6% had evidence of helminths infection, with NECATOR AMERICANUS (hookworm) being the commonest (13.9%). There was a significant association between hookworm infection and low iron stores. The study concluded that hookworm infection is a strong predictor of iron status. These findings reinforce the need to provide anthelminthic therapy to infected women before conception as a public health strategy in reducing the prevalence of hookworm infection, and in addition to providing nutritional and iron supplements to effectively control anaemia in pregnancy.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：814

Research Article

Asymptomatic bacteriuria in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus

E. A. Ophori*, P. Imade and E. J. Johnny

Abstract: This study was to investigate the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in patients clinically diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates. One hundred and thirty type 2 diabetics comprising 56 males and 74 females (aged between 30- 59 years) attending the Central Hospital, Benin- City, Nigeria were studied. Mid-stream urines were collected from patients who gave informed consent aseptically into sterile McCartney bottles and examined microscopically, culturally using standard techniques and tested for glucose, post-prandial glucose, protein and ketone using a dipstick. Samples were cultured on blood agar, McConkey agar and cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) media and incubated at 37°C aerobically for 24 h. Isolates were tested against antibiotics which included tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and cotrimoxazole by the disc diffusion method. White blood cells (WBC) and red blood cells (RBC) were detected in 87 and 6% of samples while ketones and proteins were 6% and 96% respectively present in the samples. Significant bacteriuria (≥105 cfu /ml) was observed in some samples. Bacteria isolated included Escherichia coli with a prevalence of 56.9%, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (8.5%) and Proteus sp. (6.3%). E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus and Proteus sp. were most sensitive to cotrimazaxole, amoxicillin, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin but a large number of bacteria were resistant to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and ampicillin. The misuse of some antibiotics is a major factor responsible for bacterial resistance. Therefore, treatment of ASB in diabetics must be by drugs prescribed by physicians after proper laboratory analysis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacteriuria, type 2 diabetes mellitus, antibiotics, Nigeria, white blood cell, red blood cell.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：836

Research Article

Some new results on affinity hemodialysis and T cell recovery

R. O. Ayeni*, A. O. Popoola and J. K. Ogunmoyela

Abstract: We provide criteria under which affinity hemodialysis could provide a stable infected equilibrium.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Affinity hemodialysis, HIV/AIDS envelope protein, stability criteria.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：769

Research Article

Utility of IS1245 -IS1311 based PCR typing system for Mycobacterium avium isolates obtained from clinical and environmental sources

G. P. S. Jadaun, Prashant Upadhyay, Zafar Ahmed, Ram Das, Deepti Parashar, D. S. Chauhan, V. D. Sharma and V. M. Katoch*

Abstract: In the present study, twenty four Mycobacterium avium isolates obtained from clinical (sputum) and environmental (water and soil) samples were analyzed by a PCR typing method. Gel electrophoresis patterns showed that a single PCR reaction generated 21 profiles. Based on the relatedness of the PCR band patterns six isolates could be grouped in three clusters. Results have the implication that the PCR based system could be used as a simple and rapid method for molecular typing of M. avium isolates with high discriminatory index.[...] Read More.

Keywords: IS1245, IS1311, Mycobacterium avium, PCR typing.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：813

Research Article

A potential new isolate for the production of a thermostable extracellular Î±- amylase

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Two hundred and seventy Bacillus species were isolated from soil samplse in Khartoum State and tested for α- amylase production. 20 potential isolates of α- amylase producer were obtained during primary screening. Secondary screening of these isolates yielded a high thermostable alkaline α-amylase producing isolate. Of all the species tested, Bacillus licheniformis gave maximum α-amylase activity of 0.7947 U/mg/ml at pH of 8 in iodine method, and (0.024 U/mg/ml) in 3.5.dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. Characterization of the extra-cellular crude α- amylase was further evaluated for its biochemical properties as an enzyme for industrial use. The production of α- amylase following growth of the microorganism was found to be at optimum temperature and pH of 70°C and 9.0, respectively.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Thermostable α- amylase, alkaline α- amylase, Bacillus licheniformis.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：761

Research Article

Identification of single chain Fv antibody fragment against Helicobacter pylori

Cesar Pedroza-Roldan, *, Oscar Zavala-Tapia, Leny J. Alvarez-Araujo, Claudia Charles-Niño, Angel G. Diaz-Sanchez and Raymundo Rivas-Caceres

Abstract: Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common causes of infectious diseases around the world. Although combined antibiotic treatment for the infection exist, the development of therapies such as immunotherapy or an effective vaccine can be helpful for containment and prevention of the infection. Phage display technologies offer a simple way for selecting specific antibody fragments against a specific target. In this work, we report the construction of a phage display antibody library against H. pylori strain N2. The library is constituted of 2.4 × 104 transformants. A total of 94 clones were randomly selected and screened against the N2 strain, where 22% of them recognized whole-cell extracts of H. pylori. Moreover, other 94 clones were screened against the J99 strain, where 12% of the clones recognized this strain. The scFv-E1N2 was selected and it showed high reactivity in ELISA experiments. Furthermore, it reacted with an antigen of 27 kDa in both strains of H. pylori tested in our study. In conclusion, this scFv library may be used for the selection of antibodies for the development of an immunodiagnostic test. Also, it may provide insights in the identification of antigens for the development of a new vaccine or immunotherapy.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Phage display libraries, scFv antibodies, Helicobacter pylori.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：732

Research Article

Prevalence of bacteremia in patients with diabetes mellitus in Karbala, Iraq

Mohammed A. K. Al-Saadi, Alaa H. Al-Charrakh* and Salim H. H. Al-Greti

Abstract: The present study is designed to study bacteremia and to measure some immunological parameters of diabetic patients in Kerbala City, Iraq during the period from November 2006 until May 2007. This study included a total of 125 patients with diabetes mellitus (30 type I and 95 type II), and 55 healthy persons as Control subjects. Blood samples were collected from both patients and Controls, blood culture was done for bacterial isolation and identification, virulence factors as well as antibiotic susceptibility tests were assessed for each isolate. This study also included the estimation of T-cells count, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) concentration, interleukin-4 concentration, IgG, and IgM concentration. The obtained results showed that bacteremia was observed in 24% of the diabetic patients. Gram-positive bacterial isolates were more predominant; 21:30 (70%); than Gram-negative isolates; 9:30 (30%). Cefotaxime, tetracycline and trimethoprime-sulphamethazole antibiotics were the most effective drugs on both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Immunological tests showed decrease in T-cells count significantly (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacteremia, diabetes mellitus, antibiotics, IL-4, IFN-γ, Iraq.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：722

Research Article

Biochemical and molecular characterization of Haemophilus influenza isolated from Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Afaf I. Shehata*, Amal Abdulaziz Al-Hazani, Hesham Al-Aglaan and Hanan O. Al Shammari

Abstract: The objective of this study focused on the prevalence of Haemophilus influenza to confirm the colonies of H. influenza on the basis of their growth requirements and serotype distribution. This study prepared 80 isolates of H. influenze isolated from five different sources (eye, ear, sputum (SP), lower genital tract (TA), and nasopharyngeal (NPA)) with different ages for infants and elderly persons. The phenotypic characteristics, which included the biotype, serotype, antibiogram and β-lactamase production, were applied by using APINH and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Also, the study focused on the identification of selected serotype using PFGE analysis. The discussion of this study differentiates the age groups occurrence in the isolates, alongside with non-typeable strain versus the typeable ones and their percentages in the sample of isolates. This clustering of most strains in one PFGE pattern might be explained with the colonel population structure of the encapsulated H. influenza.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Haemophilus influenza, biotype, serotype, antibiogram, β-lactamase.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：739

Research Article

IN VITRO susceptibility of some uropathogens and a comparative assessment of antibacterial activities of local and imported multodiscs

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The IN VITRO antimicrobial susceptibility of recently isolated uropathogens was investigated using two locally produced brands of antibiotics and one imported brand, in a comparative study to determine their degree of effectiveness and the susceptibility profiles of these uropathogens. Seventy eight (78) bacterial strains containing 12 different species of both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria were isolated and investigated. ESCHERICHIA COLI was identified as the leading cause of urinary tract infections being the most isolated uropathogen. The activity of FD was comparable with that of AB (imported) which had the most effective antibacterial activities while those contained in JD were the least effective. Of the 18 different antibiotics employed, fluoroquinolones were the most effective antibiotics against all the bacterial isolates, followed by gentamicin > augmentin > nalidixic acid > nitrofurantoin > chloramphenicol while other antibiotics exhibited varying degree of activities on the bacterial isolates. It was therefore concluded that some locally manufactured antibiotics are as effective as imported brands while fluoroquinolones, augumentin, nitrofurantoin, gentamicin and nalidixic acid could be considered for first-line therapy in UTIs.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Uropathogens, UTIs, susceptibility, antibiotics, multodiscs.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：765

Research Article

Impact of Bacillus thuringiensis Î² â€“ exotoxin to some biochemical aspects of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The present investigation aimed to evaluate the efficiency of Bacillus thuringiensis β – exotoxin as a biological agent to control Musca domestica and to study its impact on some biochemical parameters of 2nd larval instar. Laboratory studies are carried by applying topically the bacterium B. thuringiensis β– exotoxin at LC30 under laboratory conditions (27 ± 2°C and 60±5% RH). The total protein contents of the total body, the total lipids, total carbohydrate, enzymatic activities of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes, alkaline and acid phosphatases and non-specific esterases were estimated. Our data revealed that, the total soluble protein contents in supernatant of the homogenated larvae post-treatment was generally decreased, as affected by the tested material at different time intervals as compared to control. As well as a significant reduction in the total lipid content was observed, this may be due to production of enzymes that utilize lipids to remove the invading agent. The total carbohydrate contents was significantly reduced and the reduction was (-14.989, -43.33, 63.93 and -51.69%) with respect to control at the four different time intervals. While the activities of α – and β – esterases were decreased in larvae treated with LC30 of B. thuringiensis israelensis and the reduction of enzymatic activity was highly significant. Alkaline and acid phosphatase showed a significant reduction in its activities. Bacterial treatments induced inhibition in the enzyme activity of invertase where the values of inhibition were (-27.85 , -5.92 , -19.46 and -39.96% ) at different time intervals. Also, a similar reduction of trehalase enzyme activity of treated larvae was observed at different time intervals (-32.81 , 12. 95 , -18.20 and - 5.16%). It may be possible in this instance to control flies by the use of this bacterium which incorporate spores and crystals of the appropriate strain of B. thuringiensis israelensis, by affecting the biochemical systems of the target insect. So, it is quite clear from our results that B. thuringiensis israelensis at concentration of LC30 significantly decreased the activities of all biochemical parameters, we investigated. The general disturbance in metabolism could originate primarily from inhibition of chitin synthesis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Housefly, bacteria, biocides, sublethal effects, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：768

Research Article

Antibacterial activity: A comparison of ripe and unripe fruit extracts of Cissus multistriata (Vitaceae) plant

Enemuor, Simeon Chukwuemeka, Omale, James* and Joseph, Ekpa Matthew

Abstract: The antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of the ripe and unripe fruit of Cissus multistriata against Escherichia coli (Swine) ISB492, E. coli (Swine) ISB440, Serratia marcescens FD5/64, S. marcescens FD1/62, Staphylococcus aureus FD1/62 and Bacillus cereus ISB517 were determined using agar ditch diffusion and tube dilution methods. The crude methanol extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against some of the tested bacterial isolates. Both ripe and unripe fruit extracts were inhibitory to S. marcescens (FD5/64). The unripe fruit extract also was inhibitory to S. marcescens FD1/62 and S. aureus FD1/62. The unripe fruit extract exhibited more antibacterial activity than the ripe fruit extract with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 mg/ml. The present findings have added to the fact that C. multistriata has some medicinal values which the traditional medical practitioners have been tapping in their treatment of ailments in their localities. Further studies are required to identify the phytochemicals involved and to know the component that is lost during ripening that contributed to loss of some antibacterial activity of the ripe fruit extract of the plant. When these facts are harnessed, it will surely be useful in the development of some new drugs with broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cissus multistriata, antibacterial activity, ripe and unripe fruit, bacterial isolates, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Kogi State, Nigeria.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：745

Research Article

Monitoring of enteric fever and diarrhea causing bacteria in a rural setting in Nigeria

Paulinus Osarodion Uyigue* and Kingsley Anukam

Abstract: Blood and stool samples of patients attending the General Hospital Abudu, Edo State, Nigeria were analyzed to know the prevalence of enteric fever and diarrhea causing bacteria in the area in 2006, 2007 and 2008. Blood sample was collected in Robertson cooked medium and glucose broth; then subcultured on blood agar, macConkey agar,salmonella/shigella agar and nutrient agar. Widal agglutination test was also carried out on the blood samples. Stool sample was inoculated into thiosulfate bile sucrose medium, seleniteF medium and later subcultured on macConkey agar and salmonella/shigella agar. Of the patients screened, the percentage incidence of Salmonella typhi was between 17.5 and 56.5% in 2007; Salmonella paratyphi C was between 2.0 and 26.7%; Salmonella paratyphi A was between 0 and 9.4% and Salmonella paratyphi B was between 0 and 0.7%; enteropathogenic Escherichia coli was between 0 and 0.6%; neither shigella nor Vibrio cholera was isolated. In 2008 of the salmonella organisms, the incidence of S. typhi was highest with frequency of 19.7 to 54.5%, followed by S. paratyphi C: 1.0 to 12.6%; S. paratyphi A: 0 to 3.9%, and enteropathogenic E. coli was 0 to 0.8%, and in 2009, the incidence or Salmonella typhi was highest with a frequency of 2.7 to 68.3%. There was no significant difference (p>o.05) between S. typhi incidence throughout the study period. However, there was a significant difference (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Enteric fever, incidence, prevalence, subcultured, typhoid fever.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：747

Research Article

Colonization and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among farm animals in Saudi Arabia

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major human pathogen that causes severe morbidity and mortality worldwide. Additionally MRSA is widely spread in different animals. There are a growing number of MRSA cases have been reported in dogs, cats, horses, sheep, and other animals indicating the animal health treat too. To assess the frequency of MRSA among animals in Qassim region, a total of 400 samples were collected from camels, sheep, cows, and goats from 334 Staphylococci recovered, 158 (47.3%) were coagulase positive Staphylococcus, among them 90 (57%) were MRSA and 68 (43%) were methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). The reaming strains 176 (52.7%) were coagulase negative Staphylococcus, including 32 (18.2%) were methicillin-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus and 144 (81.8%) were methicillin-sensitive coagulase negative Staphylococcus. High rate of MRSA and MRCoNS were isolated from camel and sheep while lower rates were observed in goat and cow. Multi drug resistance (MDR) rate among MRSA and MRCoNS isolates was high. MRSA strains are highly prevalent among animals in Qassim region and they may play a potential role of disseminating pathogens between animal and human as well as to the community. Detection of MRSA will be essential for early prevention and control of community acquired infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Prevalence, methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus, multidrug resistance, antibiotic susceptibility.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：773

Research Article

Genetic variability and correlation analysis for quantitative traits in chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.)

Qurban Ali*, Muhammad Hammad Nadeem Tahir , Hafeez Ahmad Sadaqat, Saeed Arshad, Jahenzeb Farooq, Muhammad Ahsan, Muhammad Waseem and Amjad Iqbal

Abstract: The present studies were conducted to the estimation of correlation for quantitative traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in the field of the department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, during the crop season 2009 to 2010. Correlation studies showed that biomass per plant, number of pods per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, number of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight were positive and significant at genotypic level but positive and highly significant at phenotypic level. Whereas number of days taken to flowering, number of days taken to maturity, primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant were positively correlated with the grain yield per plant at genotypic and phenotypic levels. Plant height was negative and non-significantly correlated with grain yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cicer arietinum, correlation, genotypic, phenotypic, chickpea, Pakistan.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：732

Research Article

Bacterial contamination: A comparison between rural and urban areas of Panipat District in Haryana (India)

Tyagi Shruti, Tyagi Pankaj K.*, Panday Chandra Shekhar and Kumar Ruchica

Abstract: A randomized sampling from open air of the kitchens in rural vs urban households to determine bacterial contamination of Haryana (India) were carried out by taking 80 samples between July to September 2009. 40 samples of each in rural and urban area were collected in culture plates. The inoculation procedures were varied from direct inoculation of the kitchen air into the nutrient agar medium. Identification by bacterial taxonomy key, different morphological and biochemical tests in rural households, numbers of bacteria revealed Salmonella spp., Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Paenibacillus spp. with 9 different strains and in urban households, numbers of bacteria revealed Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Micrococcus spp., Paenibacillus spp. and Acinetobacter spp. with 27 strains. Among the isolates, Salmonella spp. (80%) followed by Acinetobacter (63%), Pseudomonas putida (38%) and Paenibacillus polymyxa (30%) were observed in rural areas. In urban areas Bacillus spp. (88%), Pseudomonas spp. (75%), Micrococcus spp. (70%), Paenibacillus spp. (38%) and Acinetobacter spp. (30%) were observed. The bacteriological quality of air of kitchens in rural households was found to be more pathogenic and virulent as compared to that of kitchen in urban households. These opportunistic pathogens may be harmful, especially in immunocompromised host. In this setting, there is a constant risk of contamination and transfer to willing host. Hence, better quality of air can be achieved by manipulating sanitation and hygiene within houses, kitchens and surrounding areas.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Air of kitchens, households, bacteriological quality, sanitation and hygiene.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：777

Research Article

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Salmonella enterica serovars in shrimps in 4 h

K. Thirumalai Raj, G. Jeyasekaran*, R. Jeya Shakila, A. Jemila Thangarani and D. Sukumar

Abstract: A rapid and sensitive multiplex polymerase chain reaction (MPCR) based assay was developed for the detection of Salmonella enterica serovars such as Typhi (ATCC 122235), Paratyphi A (MTCC 735), Typhimurium (MTCC 98), Enteritidis (ATCC 13065), Weltevreden (MTCC 1169) Bovismorbificians (MTCC 1162), Brunei (MTCC 1168), Arizonae (MTCC 660) and Infantis (MTCC 1167) in shrimps within 4 h of pre-enrichment. The Salmonella genus specific gene of himA gene was selected and 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer region was used as an internal amplification control (IAC). The genomic DNA was extracted by using boiling and centrifugation method. Sensitivity of the assay was tested by artificially inoculating the shrimp homogenate with viable cells of Salmonella. The MPCR assay could detect up to 5 cells within 4 h of pre-enrichment. Amplification of DNA extracted from other bacterial pathogens viz. Vibrio cholerae (NICED 16582), Escherichia coli (ATCC 9637) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 12598) yielded negative results. This MPCR assay provides specific, rapid and reliable results and allows for the cost effective detection of serovars of S. enterica in one reaction tube in mixed bacterial communities that are prevalent in shrimp products.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (MPCR), Salmonella enteric, himA, 16S-23S spacer region, 4 h assay.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：747

Research Article

Correlation of plasmid with drug resistance of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli

Mohammad Shahriar* and Nishat Zareen Khair

Abstract: According to the latest data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the six ESKAPE bacteria are responsible for two thirds of all health care-associated infections (HAIs) including Escherichia coli. Klebsiella species and their gram-negative cousin E. coli together accounted for 18 percent of all HAIs in 2006 to 2007, and a growing proportion of these two bad bugs carry resistance to a remarkable spectrum of antibiotics. Of the very few drugs in late-stage development, none works by a novel mechanism. The aim of our study is to correlate the plasmids with drug resistance of clinical isolates of E. coli. Twenty two clinical isolates of E. coli were collected from different diagnostic centers of Dhaka and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was tested. Seven multidrug resistant isolates of E. coli were selected and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern was tested before and after curing. Our study revealed that 100% of the isolates (22 isolates) were resistant to cephalexin, cephradine, oxacillin, penicillin and vancomycin. 95.45% of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, cloxacillin and imipenem. 90.91% isolates (21 isolates) were resistant to erythromycin. 81% of the isolates (18 isolates) were resistant to amoxicillin. 72.72% (16 isolates) were resistant to co-trimoxazole, 63.64% (14 isolates) were resistant to tetracycline. 31.81% (7 isolates) were resistant to ceftriaxone and neomycin. 22.73% (5 isolates) were resistant to gentamicin and only 13.64% of the isolates (3 isolates) were resistant to chloramphenicol. There was no significant difference in the antibiotic susceptibility pattern before and after curing indicating no correlation between plasmid and drug resistance in the 7 isolates of E. coli. However, isolate number 5 which was resistant to gentamicin, neomycin and imipenem became sensitive after curing. Similarly sample number 1 became sensitive to rifampicin and imipenem and sample number 7 became sensitive to imipenem after curing.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Multi-drug resistant, Escherichia coli, antimicrobial susceptibility, plasmid, curing.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：757

Research Article

Induction of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase in bacterial spot disease resistance of tomato

S. Umesha* and R. Kavitha

Abstract: Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is known to be involved in the defense related responses in many host-pathogen systems. Induction of CAD enzyme in bacterial spot disease resistance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) was investigated in the present studies. Twenty different tomato cultivars were screened for resistance against bacterial spot disease incited by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria under field conditions. Field screening was performed by artificially inoculating X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria suspension to four-week-old tomato seedlings and observed for the typical symptoms of bacterial spot disease. They were categorized into highly resistant, resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible cultivars on the basis of disease incidence under field conditions. Tomato cultivars were subjected for estimating CAD - a defense-related enzyme. Temporal pattern of the enzyme was estimated using four cultivars representing each category of tomato cultivars by inoculating with six isolates of X. a. vesicatoria. Native PAGE analysis of CAD was carried out for the time course of enzyme activity and also by selecting three different tomato cultivars, after infecting with the pathogen. Based on the inducible amounts of the enzyme upon pathogen infection, the tomato cultivars were correlated with that of disease incidence under field conditions. A significant (P≤0.05) correlation was observed between the degree of host resistance and the enzyme level. In highly resistant tomato cultivar the enzymatic level was increased in comparison with highly susceptible tomato cultivars. Isoform analysis of CAD enzyme indicated a clear difference between the number of isoforms and also the intensity of each isoform after pathogen infection with the resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars. A possible regulation of CAD in imparting host resistance is discussed here.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, bacterial spot, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, resistance, susceptibility.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：725

Research Article

The protective effect of beta glucan against Escherichia Coli infected mice via intraperitonial administration

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Mice infected with ESCHERICHIA COLI were protected against lethal peritonitis by the intra peritoneal administration 0.2 ml of 10 mg of poly-1,3,1,6-glucotriosyl-1,3,1,3-glucopyranose (PGG) glucan per gram body weight of animal 24 h prior to bacterial infection. This procedure employed in this study, is similar to that employ in a previous studies where rat model were protected with β-glucan against intra-abdominal sepsis, where the intramuscular doses of 10 ml to 10 g per animal 24 h and 4 h prior to surgical implantation of the bacterial inoculums reduced the early mortality associated with the peritonitis phase of this experimental disease process. In this study mice were protected with β-glucan against peritonist 24 h prior to intraperitoneal administration of bacteria inoculums. Quantitative cultures of the liver obtained from mice infected with E.COLI showed significantly the liver of PGG glucan-treated infected animal has a reduced microbial load as compare to those infected and were not treated. The transient increase in survival rate of mice infected with E.COLI that have been treated with PGG glucan- as compare with that of those not treated shows the significant effect of β glucan on E.COLI infection.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Beta-glucan, Escherichia coli, poly-131-6-glucotriosyl-j31-3-glucopyranose (PGG) glucan, peritonitis, inoculums, intra-peritoneal, intramuscular

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：721

Research Article

Correlation between moderate Plasmodium falciparum malarial parasitaemia and antioxidant vitamins in serum of infected children in South Eastern Nigeria

I. Onyesom*, R. C. Ekeanyanwu and N. Achuka

Abstract: The levels of antioxidant vitamins were estimated in Plasmodium falciparum malarial infected children aged 0 to 12 years. 113 children with P. falciparum infection were selected based on laboratory evidence and clinical symptoms. 87 apparently healthy children with no malarial parasitaemia were included as the control subjects. P. falciparum parasitaemia and serum levels of antioxidant vitamins (A, C and E) were determined using standard procedures. The results obtained showed that the mean malarial parasitaemia was 6203.01 ± 1216.79/µl and the mean serum antioxidant vitamin concentrations were 23.23±8.40 µl/dl for vitamin A, 0.49±0.18 mg/dL for vitamin C and 0.78±0.32mg/dL for vitamin E for the P. falciparum malarial infected children. The control children had higher concentrations of vitamins A (51.80±12.41 mg/dL, X2 = 60.713, P0.05) and E (0.96±0.21 mg/dl, X2 =0.039, P>0.05). The degree of malarial parasitaemia and serum concentration of vitamin E were positively correlated (r=0.42) but vitamins A (r= -0.05) and C (-0.06) were negatively correlated. Children within 0-5 years of age had higher malarial parasitaemia (7379.82± 918.99/µl), and these children had lower concentrations of vitamins A (21.27±8.68 µg/dL) and C (0.45±0.19 mg/dL) when compared with children between 6 to 12 years (vitamin A= 25.19±8.12 µg/dl and vitamin C = 0.53±0.16 mg/dL). Results suggest that the degree of malarial parasitaemia in especially children between 0 to 5 years could compromise immunity (as judged by the correlation with and reduction in vitamin E). Malarial infection among children (0 to 12 years) decreased the serum antioxidant vitamin levels, and this could lower free radical defense and contribute to the morbidity and mortality of malaria among children in this region. Health care providers should recognize these effects in planning malarial treatment and control programmes. Changes in serum antioxidant levels during post-treatment period should be investigated and documented.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Plasmodium falciparum, malaria, antioxidant vitamins, Owerri, fever.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：743

Research Article

The use of cholinergic biomarker, cholinesterase activity of blue mussel Mytilus edulis to detect the effects of organophosphorous pesticides

K. Yaqin* and P. D. Hansen

Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of organophosphorous pesticide on the cholinesterase activity of different organs of Mytilus edulis. The mussels were exposed to serial dilutions of the pesticides (0, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 µg/l) for 96 h. A significant inhibition of the cholinesterase activity from gill occurred at the lowest concentration, which indicated that gill was the most sensitive organ. The moderate sensitive organs were foot and mantle, which were inhibited by trichlorfon at 200 µg/l. The least sensitive organs were hemolymph, posterior adductor muscle and digestive gland were inhibited at 1000 µg/l. After incubation of the trichlorfon-exposed mussels for seven days in clean media, the cholinesterase activities from different organs of mussels were not cured completely. The cholinesterase activities from hemolymph, gill, posterior adductor muscle and digestive gland recovered, while the persistent inhibition of cholinesterase activity from foot and mantle were observed.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Biomarker, cholinesterase, mussel, trichlorfon.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：802

Research Article

Biochemical profile of sodium selenite on chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis in male Sprague-Dawley rats

Nasar Yousuf Alwahaibi*, Siti Belkis Budin and Jamaludin Mohamed

Abstract: Despite the success of experimental, clinical and epidemiological studies on selenium as an anti-cancer agent, basic studies on the effects of selenium are still scanty. This study was designed to investigate the biochemical effects of sodium selenite using preventive and therapeutic approaches on chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Rats were divided randomly into 6 groups: negative control, positive control [Diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) + 2-Acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF)], preventive group, preventive control group (respective control for preventive group), therapeutic group and therapeutic control group (respective control for therapeutic group). The activities of plasma alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma- glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase ALP and concentrations of total protein, albumin and globulin were determined by an auto-analyzer. GGT and ALT activities were significantly higher in the positive control, preventive and therapeutic groups when compared with the negative control. Globulin concentration was significantly lower in the positive and therapeutic group controls and higher in the therapeutic group and its respective control when compared with the negative and positive controls, respectively. Plasma GGT enzyme marker could be used as an early marker for liver neoplasm in rats. The effect of selenium on globulin, as an indicator of immunity status, needs to be clarified.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Alanine transaminase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, liver neoplasm, selenium.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：777

Research Article

Betaine reduction of hyperhomocysteinemia and enhancement of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in ethanol-induced hyperhomocysteinemia in rabbits

Masoud Alirezaei*, Mehdi Saeb, Katayoun Javidnia, Saeed Nazifi, Najmeh Khalighyan, and Saeedeh Saeb

Abstract: Hyperhomocysteinemia is a hypothesis for the association of homocysteine with cerebrovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and depression of mood. Thus, we examined whether oral betaine can act as a preventive agent in ethanol-induced hyperhomocysteinemia on the monoaminergic system. A total of 32 New Zealand White rabbits were divided into four groups (n=8) among which is the control group (C) . The ethanol group (E) was administered ethanol at a dosage of 4 g/kg daily. The betaine group (B) received betaine at a dosage 1.5% (w/w) of the diet daily, and the betaine and ethanol group (B and E) was administered with the betaine group diet; after one hour the rabbits received ethanol at a dosage of 4 g/kg daily. Blood samples were taken in the morning of the day before beginning treatment (0.0 day) and on the 30th, 60th and 90th day of the treatment. Serum folate and vitamin B12 levels were determined using a radioimmunoassay, total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) level was determined by homocysteine EIA kit, and 5- hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) of plasma was measured with HPLC-ECD. There was a significant negative correlation between 5-HIAA and tHcy in the E group (r=-0.473, P=0.02), and compared to the E group the concentrations of 5-HIAA in the B and E group increased considerably (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Betaine, hyperhomocysteinemia, 5-HIAA, ethanol, vitamin B12, folate.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：821

Research Article

Biochemical markers in semen and their correlation with fertility hormones and semen quality among Sudanese infertile patients

Abdelmula M. Abdella*, Al-Fadhil E. Omer and Badruldeen H. Al-Aabed

Abstract: Several biochemicals in semen are secreted by the accessory glands in the reproductive tract. These biochemicals can be used as diagnostic predictors for the disorders in the male reproductive system. To assess the level of biochemical markers in semen, their relation to fertility hormones and spermogram among Sudanese infertile patients were studied. The biochemical markers studied were fructose, citric acid, zinc and neutral -glucosidase. Their levels in semen were estimated using analytical photometry, spectrophotometry and atomic absorption spectrometry. Estimation covered 500 infertile males (150 azoospermic, 150 oligospermic, 100 asthenozoospermic and 100 with abnormal sperm morphology), as well as 100 normospermic control males. Fertility hormones were assayed in patients and controls by ELISA. Seminal neutral -glucosidase and citric acid levels were found significantly reduced in azoospermic and oligospermic patients, while zinc levels was reduced in all infertile patients (p < 0.05). Semen fructose level was found within the normal range. Significant negative correlation was noticed between neutral -glucosidase and both follicle stimulating and luteinising hormones (in azoospermic patients), and prolactin hormone in oligospermic patients (r < 0.05). 2.7% of azoospermic patients had Sertoli cell syndrome only. 13% of the infertile patients had varicocele, and this was associated with a significant increase in FSH and LH and a decrease in seminal neutral -glucosidase, citric acid and zinc (p < 0.05). 9.6% of the patients studied had dysfunctional sexual problems and was associated with a significant increase in prolactin. On the other hand, 7.2% of these patients were smokers and this was associated with a significant reduction in semen volume and levels of neutral - glucosidase and zinc (p < 0.05). There was conflicting association between biochemical markers in semen with both reproductive hormones level and semen quality in the infertile patients, but neutral -glucosidase level was the only biochemical markers in semen that correlated well with both gonadotropins hormones (negatively/inversely) and the semen quality.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Biochemical markers, reproductive hormones, male infertility, seminal plasma, -glucosidase.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：751

Research Article

Effects of vitamin E and folic acid on some antioxidant enzymes activities of female Wistar rats administered combined oral contraceptives

Akinsanya, Mushafau A., Adeniyi, Taiwo T.*, Ajayi, Gabriel O and Oyedele, Musbau A.

Abstract: In this study, the effects of vitamin E and folic acid on the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) production and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities in female Wistar rats treated with combined oral contraceptives (COC) containing ethinyl estradiol in combination with levonorgestrel were determined. Twenty female rats were divided into four groups: Group A (control) received distilled water; Group B received combined oral contraceptives (COC) for 15 days with a dosage of 0.667 mg/kg body weight/day; Group C received combined oral contraceptive and vitamin E (0.667 mg/kg body weight COC + 15 mg/kg body weight of vitamin E/day) for 15 days and Group D received combined oral contraceptives and folic acid (0.667 mg/kg body weight of COC + 1 mg/kg body weight/day) for 15 days. Administration of vitamin E and folic acid caused significant decrease (P < 0.05) in superoxide dismutase levels by 90 and 69% respectively. In catalase, administration of vitamin E significantly decrease (p < 0.05) catalase level by 47% while administration of folic acid has no significant difference (p > 0.05) in catalase level. In addition, administration of vitamin E and folic acid caused significant decrease (P < 0.05) in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration by 21 and 11% respectively. Administration of vitamin E and folic acid caused significant decrease (P < 0.05) in glutathione-S-transferase by 39 and 23%, respectively.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Combined oral contraceptives, vitamin E, folic acid, antioxidant enzymes.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：772

Research Article

Alpha-amylase inhibitor of amadumbe (Colocasia esculenta): Isolation, purification and selectivity toward - amylases from various sources

R. McEwan*, R. P. Madivha, T. Djarova, O. A. Oyedeji and A. R. Opoku

Abstract: Two proteins (A-1 and B-2) with a-amylase inhibitor activity were extracted and partially purified from Colocasia esculenta tubers through 80% ammonium sulphate fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE -Sephacel and gel-chromatography on Sephadex G-100. The molecular weight of A-1 and B-2 were estimated to be about 17000 and 19000 daltons, respectively. The inhibitors inactivated a-amylases of animal origin, but had no effect on fungal amylase. Inhibitor A-1 also exhibited activity towards plant amylases, while inhibitor B-2 has no activity on plant amylases. Inhibitor A-1 was the most active against human salivary amylase at pH 6. Inhibitor A-1 was completely destroyed at temperatures above 50°C; while inhibitor B-2 was stable up to 70°C.[...] Read More.

Keywords: a-amylase inhibitor, amadumbe, Colocasia esculenta, diabetes, obesity.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：766

Research Article

Influence of sub-chronic oral exposure to high monosodium glutamate on some serum markers of the renal functions in male Wistar rats

Egbuonu Anthony C. Cemaluk*, Ejikeme P. Madus and Obasi L. Nnamdi

Abstract: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavor enhancing food additive that may be present in packaged food without appearing on the label. This could increase the possibility of its inadvertent consumption in high concentration. The study investigated the effects of MSG on some serum markers of renal functions in adult male Wistar rats by daily oral exposure to 3 ml kg-1 dose distilled water (DW) and 15 mg kg-1 MSG for 4 weeks. In the serum, MSG treatment significantly (p < 0.05) decreased urea and creatinine concentrations, whereas it markedly increased the computed urea to creatinine (Urea: Creatinine) ratio. The results appear to suggest that exposure to MSG (15 mg kg-1) significantly altered the renal functions in rats by way of compromised urea and creatinine metabolism. The nutritional and health implications of the results may be significant in animals and therefore warrant further and better controlled investigation in humans.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Monosodium glutamate, Wistar rats, renal functions, urea, creatinine.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：753

Research Article

Adsorption, metabolism and degradation of erythromycin in giant freshwater prawn and tilapia aquaculture in Mekong River Delta

N. P. Minh*, T. B. Lam and T. T. D. Trang

Abstract: Adsorption, metabolism and degradation of erythromycin in freshwater prawn and tilapia aquaculture in Mekong River Delta were monitored and evaluated. They were fed practical diets medicated with erythromycin (50 and 100 mg. kg-1 body weight for 7 days). Erythromycin residues in their muscle were determined by the liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry/ mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Our study provided preliminary data for a more prudent use of erythromycin in giant freshwater prawn and tilapia, suggesting a possible withdrawal time after treatment as well as clearing away the awareness of forming and accumulating a harmful over-threshold level of derived products from parental drug during veterinary usage in aqua culture.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Giant freshwater prawn, tilapia, erythromycin, metabolism, degradation, LC-MS/MS.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：730

Research Article

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of free radical scavenging potential of ethanolic extract of Podophyllum hexandrum

Showkat Ahmad Ganie, Mohmmad Afzal Zargar, Akbar Masood and Ehtishamul Haq*

Abstract: The study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of rhizome of Podophyllum hexandrum under in vitro and in vivo situations. The extract was found to contain a large amount of polyphenols and also exhibit an immense reducing ability. At a concentration of 250 µg/ml, 48% of H2O2 radicals could be scavenged by the extract. The extract also inhibited hydroxyl radical ( OH) induced oxidation of protein (BSA). The ethanolic rhizome extract of P. hexandrum also exhibited a significant antioxidant activity in acute oxidative tissue injury animal model constituted by CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. Oral administration of the extract at a dose of 20 and 50 mg/kg bw significantly protected from CCl4 induced elevation in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the serum, depletion of hepatic protein and GSH content, decrease in the activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes: glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Podophyllum hexandrum, CCl4, antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging.

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：764

Research Article

Expression of chitosanase gene from Aspergillus fumigatus JXSD-97 in Pichia pastoris

Yang Li, Yang Ping and Wang Manying*

Abstract: In this study, the plasmid pPIC9K-CSN was transformed into Pichia pastoris strain GS115 by electroporation and the high expression transformants with G418 resistance were obtained. The expression conditions for CSN in P. pastoris, such as the expression time, pH value and methanol concentration in the BMMY were optimized. The maximum activity of CSN is about 100 mg/L under optimized condition (96 h of 0.5% methanol induction). The Chitosanase exhibited a molecular mass of approximately 25 kDa on 12% SDS–PAGE. The results showed that the coding sequence of CSN was successfully obtained and inserted into P. pastoris GS115 vector. This study would provide a new opportunity for large-scale expression and purification of CSN, which might facilitate studies on the biological activity of CSN.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

2018, 17(1), 1-6;

Full text

Download：759

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research