MOSP - Macao Scientific Publishers

Research Article

Screening of antibiotic sensitivity, antibacterial and enzymatic activities of microbes isolated from ex-tin mining lake

Ong K. S., Chin H. S. and Teo K. C.*

Abstract: Water sample from ex-tin mining lake was collected and cultured on nutrient agar (NA). Morphology characteristics revealed that isolates WL1 and WL4 were Gram-negative cocci and WL3 was Gram-positive cocci. Meanwhile, WL2 and WL5 were Gram-positive bacilli and spore formers. These isolates were screened for their antibiotic sensitivity against 17 types of antibiotics using Kirby-Bauer method. Antibacterial activity against 11 types of indicator bacteria were also tested using agar well diffusion method. The antibiotic susceptibility test demonstrated that all five isolates had high degree of inhibition to five types antibiotics namely amikacin, kanamicin, gentamicin, norfloxacin and tetracycline. Gram-negative cocci WL4 is a multiple resistant isolate that resistant to 10 types of antibiotics. The Gram-positive bacilli WL2 had antibacterial activity against Gram-negative ESCHERICHIA COLI. Enzymatic assay showed that all isolates were proteolytic, lipolytic and phosphatase enzyme producers. Amylolytic activity was absent in all isolates. Protease, leucine arylamidase, alkaline and acid phosphatases, phospholipase esterase and esterase lipase were found in all isolates. The preliminary survey demonstrated that the water environment in the vicinity of Campus Lake is a reservoir of microbial populations. The present work concerns a screening of a few selected isolates with some significance importance in the application of medical and industry fields. In conclusion, the multi resistance isolates were not suitable for industry application due to some facts that it might produce toxic compounds and cause infection. The antimicrobial substance and enzymes produced by the potential isolates could be further screened for clinical application and mass production in industry. However, they must be evaluated for their safety and toxicity to human, animals and the environment.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nutrient agar (NA), Kirby-Bauer, antibacterial assay, antibiotic susceptibility test, enzymatic assay.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Characterization of thermostable 2-deoxy-D-ribose-5-phosphate aldolase with broad temperature adaptability from Thermococcus onnurineus NA1

Xiao-pu Yin, Qiu-yan Wang, Shu-juan Zhao, Peng-fei Du, Kai-lin Xie, Lihua Yang, Peng Jin, Jin-hua Liu and Tian Xie*

Abstract: The 2-deoxy-D-ribose-5-phosphate aldolase gene from Thermococcus onnurineus NA1 was sub cloned, over expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to apparent homogeneity. Analysis of the sequence of gene revealed an n of 681 base pairs encoding 227 amino acids predicted to yield a protein having molecular mass 25.3 kDa. The enzyme activity was optimal at 60°C and showed broad temperature adaptability, retaining more than 30% of its maximum activity when assayed at 10 to 75°C. The recombinant protein was heat stable; no activity loss was observed even after incubation at 80°C for 10 min. In addition, the thermophilic enzyme showed a remarkable resistance to acetaldehyde; it retained more than 45% activity after exposure for 20 h to 250 mM acetaldehyde at 25°C.[...] Read More.

Keywords: 2-Deoxy-D-ribose-5-phosphate aldolase, thermostable enzyme, broad temperature adaptability.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Aspects of bacterial colonization in newborn babies

Fariba Heshmati*, Seyeed Amir Yazdanparast , Seyeed Akbar Moosavi , Hussein Dargahi, and Farnaz Tabibzadeh

Abstract: The study of colonization of microbial flora in neonate is very important and finding the causative agent may lead to explore these infections in neonate. In this research the colonization in neonate was measured at the beginning and a few hours after birth. Sampling was performed in operating room, rooming in and nursery section. Some of the neonates deliver by rapture of membrane in normal way and the other deliver by caesarean section. All the samples which are collected were from these sites: 1 Forehead 2) Oral cavity 3) External ear 4) Auxiliary region 5) Umbilical region 6) Perennial region. Also we had some sampling from health care personnel who are worked in operating room or nursery section. At the time of sampling we used sterile gloves, mask and always sterile sets. Sampling was done by use of sterile swabs which were weltering by sterile phosphate buffer or sterile normal saline.Then this sterile swab scrubbed on the special surface of the body of neonate and directly transferred to BA plate, Mac agar plate, EMB agar plate and Sc agar plate and then streaked on these plates. The regions which were sampled ,numbered by 1 to 6 then in other hours once more the sampling were took place from the same site, therefore we began from number 7 to 12 and according to this method for example sampling from neonate A was showed by A1 to A12. The prevalent microorganisms in oral cavity were as follow: 63.5% GPC, 18.5% GPB and 11% GNC. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the major microorganism found in neonate forehead. No bacteria growth was found in 50% of samples through caesarean section. Staphylococcus and Diphtheroied constitute the highest colonization of neonate skin's microorganisms and their growth rates were low at the onset of the birth, but increased after 12 hours. Colonization of gram-negative bacteria in infant hours after birth considered to be an important issue that was studied in this research. Hence hand washing of health-care personnel’s can reduce such bacteria in infant. There was a significant decrease in (GNB) number due to hand washing, hence application of disinfectant solution in hand washing play an important role in controlling microorganisms in care unites.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Colonization, GPC (Gram- positive cocci), GPB (Gram-positive bacilli), GNC (Gram- negative cocci), GNB (Gram- negative bacilli), Microorganism.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Molecular study for detection of Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) in Iranian cats

Farzad Shahrani, Abbas Doosti,* and Asghar Arshi

Abstract: Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus that infects cats. This infectious disease is a form of cancer of blood cells called lymphocytes. FeLV occurs in nature not as a single genomic species but as a family of closely related viruses. The aim of present study was to detect FeLV in Iranian domestic cats Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Fifty six blood samples were tested for FeLV using molecular techniques and out of 56 samples overall frequency of FeLV infection was 2.2%. The results showed that FeLV is a specific infection and the other common feline infectious pathogens and FeLV seem to be endemic in Iranian cats Vaccination and testing programs have proven to be effective in decreasing FeLV infection in Iran and may potentially totally eliminate it at least in other countries.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Feline leukemia virus, PCR, Iranian domestic cats.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Rapid detection of Salmonella species using an improved gel-based DNA microarray method

Xuhong Ye, Yiming Wang, and Xiangui Lin,*

Abstract: Salmonella, widely distributed in nature, is a great human and animal health hazard of a class of pathogens. Culture-based methods may require many days to detect Salmonella. Traditional microbiology could advantageously be replaced by DNA microarray technology. We described an improved 3-D polyacrylamide gel-based DNA microarray assay based on gyrB gene (DNA gyrase B subunit gene) sequences that can be used for the identification of Salmonella species. Primers specific for a gyrB gene region common to all 13 samples were synthesized and used for PCR amplification of purified DNA. An oligonucleotide probe for specific gyrB gene regions was developed for the identification of 7 Salmonella species. Acrylamide-modified oligonucleotides solutions containing acrylamide monomer, glycerol, APS and probe were prepared at the desired concentration. The solutions were spotted on the modified glass slide by ink jet using a microarrayer and then the slide was transferred to a vacuum chamber with TEMED, after that the slide was used for hybridization with fluorescently labeled ssDNA derived from amplified sample DNA to yield a pattern of positive spots. This microarray produced unique hybridization patterns for species of Salmonella and could differentiate closely related bacterial species. The sample preparation and microarray method used in this study increased sensitivity and reduces time-to-result for detection of Salmonella. The described method allowed microarray monitoring for Salmonella contamination of food and manure for aquaculture.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Salmonella, gyrB gene, PCR, DNA microarray, TEMED.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Enduro hand sanitizer is a new disinfecting agent that has recently been introduced as an effective antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral agent. Considering the importance of infection control in dentistry, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of the foam and its ability to disinfect dental surfaces and instruments. An experimental study was designed to evaluate the microbial load of 50 samples which were obtained randomly from dental surfaces and instruments before and after application of the disinfecting foam. All samples were cultured in blood agar and nutrient agar culture media and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Colony count was subsequently performed after an additional 24 h. Furthermore, to evaluate the efficacy of the foam on different bacterial species, a blank disc was coated with foam and approximated with the bacteria. The clear zone around each disc was measured and reported (mm) after 48 h. The significance of differences between the data retrieved before and after applying the foam was determined using the non parametric Chi-square test. None of the species were colonized after the application of the foam. It was also shown to significantly reduce the colonization of resistant bacterial strains and the standard microbial species (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibacterial, disinfecting agent, dental instrument.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation and characterization of a psychrophilic bacterium producing cold active lactose hydrolyzing enzyme from soil of Mt. Himalaya in Nepal

E. S. Nam, Y. H. Kim, K. H. Shon, and J. K. Ahn*

Abstract: Psychrophilic bacteria, which grew on lactose as a carbon source, were isolated from soil of Island Peak area at Mt. Himalaya in Nepal, and identified. 148 bacterial isolates were isolated via X-gal hydrolysis on plate. Among these, three isolates, referred to as KNOUC 401, 402 and 403, displayed good cold-adapted growth and activity for hydrolysis of o-nitrophenyl- -D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) and lactose in cell free extracts. Strain KNOUC403 showing negative activity in -hemolysis was selected and identified. The strain was gram-positive bacilli, non-motile, catalase-positive and aerobic. Optimum growth was done at 20°C and pH 6.5~6.8. Anteiso-C15:0 (68.14%) was predominant in the fatty acid composition of cell. The physiological and biochemical properties, cellular fatty acid composition and sequence of 16S rDNA, suggest that strain KNOUC403 indicate a taxonomic affiliation to Arthrobacter psychrolactophilus. The optimal conditions for ONPG hydrolysis of cell free extracts from the strain were 15°C and pH 6.0, and the enzyme was stable at 4°C for 42 h. Zymogram assay of cell free extract from the strain in nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel showed a distinct band of X-gal hydrolysis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Psychrophilic bacteria, Arthrobacter psychrolactophilus, cold-active lactose hydrolyzing enzyme, Mt. Himalaya.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Influence of growth conditions and nutritional requirements on the production of hydrogen peroxide by lactic acid bacteria

Abimbola Enitan*, Josiah Adeyemo and S. T. Ogunbanwo

Abstract: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from raw and fermented milk samples. They were evaluated for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. Sixty–three strains of LAB belonging to the genera Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Lactococcus and Streptococcus were isolated and all the isolates produce H2O2 with Lactococcus lactis having the highest yield of 0.4279 mg/L in de Mann Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth. Among the high–level H2O2-producing strains are Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, L. lactis and Streptococcus thermophiles. They were subsequently selected and their culture supernatants were evaluated at different temperatures, pH values and using different carbon and nitrogen sources. The highest quantity of H2O2 (0.6517 mg/L) was produced at 37°C by S. thermophilus, while L. casei produced the lowest quantity of 0.1132 mg/L at 40°C . S. thermophilus produced the highest quantity of 0.5912 mg/L at pH 5.5, while the lowest quantity of 0.1042 mg/L was produced at pH 7. L. bulgaricus produced the highest concentration of0.6512 mg/L when galactose was used as carbon source and lowest quantity of 0.0210 mg/L was produced by L. lactis in basal medium containing sorbitol as carbon source. L. casei produced both the highest and lowest quantities of 0.1895 and 0.0207 mg/L of H2O2 in medium supplemented with yeast extract and ammonium sulphate as nitrogen sources respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the culture supernatants against Escherichia coli K12, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans using agar well diffusion assay was evaluated. Cell-free supernatant by L. bulgaricus had the highest inhibitory activity against E. coli K12 with 21 mm zone of inhibition and against S. aureus with 15 mm zone of inhibition but showed no antagonistic activity against C. albicans. The study revealed that lactic acid bacteria isolated from raw and fermented milk in South-West Nigeria are capable of producing hydrogen peroxide which has antagonistic effect on pathogenic organisms, thus, may be promising sources of preservative that may in future be applied to food.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Hydrogen peroxide, growth conditions, nutrient utilization, antagonistic activity, lactic acid bacteria (LAB).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Characterization of biofilm formation by Salmonella enterica Serovar Pullorum strains

Yan Lu, Hongyan Dong, Sujuan Chen, Yiping Chen, Daxin Peng* and Xiufan Liu

Abstract: Salmonella enterica Serovar Pullorum causes acute or persistent infection in chickens, resulting in significant economic losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biofilm-forming ability of S. enterica Serovar Pullorum strains and association with the pathogenicity. A total of 62 S. enterica Serovar Pullorum isolates were measured for biofilm formation by crystal violet staining. Thirty-nine out of 62 strains were found to produce biofilm which were further confirmed by observation under light microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy. Analysis of the major components for biofilm formation showed that bacterial colonies were smooth phenotype and the architecture of biofilm was composed of exopolysaccharides and curli other than cellulose. In addition, animal experiments were performed to determine the 50% lethal doses (LD50) of four S. enterica Serovar Pullorum isolates with or without biofilm-producing ability. Although the virulence of S. enterica Serovar Pullorum strains was independent of the ability of biofilm formation, prior growth as a biofilm for a biofilm producer of S. enterica Serovar Pullorum lead to enhanced virulence in chickens. The results suggested that biofilm may be one of the important virulence factors for S. enterica Serovar Pullorum infection.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Salmonella enterica Serovar Pullorum, biofilm, curli, virulence.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Determination of insecticidal toxicity of three species of entomopathogenic spore -forming bacterial isolates against Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

N. Du Rand and M. D. Laing

Abstract: Bioassays were conducted using larvae of mealworms, Tenebrio molitor, to determine lethal concentration for five entomopathogenic strains of spore-forming bacteria. Lethal concentration was determined by feeding T. molitor larvae cabbage discs dipped in whole cell cultures of these five strains of bacteria. The strains of bacteria were isolates of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Brevibacillus laterosporus. An isolate of B. cereus required the highest concentration of viable spores (8.531 x 107 spores ml-1) to achieve its LC50, whereas an isolate of B. laterosporus required the lowest concentration of viable spores (3.388 x 106 spores ml-1) to achieve LC50.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mealworms, spore-forming bacteria, bioassays.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Screening of the PGPR strains compatible with Cajanus cajan and used as biofertilizer

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial bacteria that colonize plant roots and enhance plant growth by a wide variety of mechanisms. The use of PGPR is steadily increasing in agriculture and offers an attractive way to replace chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Here, we have isolated and characterized PGPR traits from the rhizosphere soil of pigeon pea and tested for the growth enhancement of pigeon pea. Rhizosphere soils were collected from different areas of Samalkot, Pithapuram, Peddapuram and Kakinada in India. A total of 65 isolates have been identified and characterized for their morphological, cultural, staining and biochemical characteristics, of which 35 isolates have been selected for further screening of PGPR traits. Sixteen isolates were successfully characterized for the PGPR traits like indole acetic acid (IAA) production, phosphorus solubilization and 1-aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylate (ACC) deaminase. Among the sixteen isolates, seven were found to be high IAA producing. Six were found to be efficient phosphate solubilizers, two were shown to be promising in both IAA production, phosphate solubilization and mineralizing capacity. These isolates showed growth promotion in pigeon pea for seedling emergence, increase of shoot length, root length, dry matter production, nodule number and nodule mass. Furthermore, PGPR isolates remarkably increased seed germination of pigeon pea. The two promising isolates were identified for 16sRNA sequencing and found to be Bacillus cereus and Enterobacter cancerogens.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Indole acetic acid (IAA), plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), phosphorus solubilization, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), seed germination.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Characteristics of the secretory expression of pectate lyase A from Aspergillus nidulans in Escherichia coli

Zhihua Han, Qingxin Zhao,*, Huanli Wang, and Yijun Kang,

Abstract: Pectate lyases from Aspergillus spp. are a major kind of industrial pectinases, can improve the surface properties of natural fibers and have promising applications in medicine, food, textile and other industries. Pectate lyases catalyze the eliminative cleavage of de-esterified pectin, which is a major component of the primary cell walls of many higher plants. The Pectate lyase A (PelA) gene without an N-terminal signal peptide sequence from Aspergillus nidulans was recombinantly expressed using Escherichia coli as the host strain and pET-20b(+) as expression vector with a pelB N -terminal signal pepetide. PelA biosynthesis reached the maximum production field (450 U ml-1 medium) at 0.5 mM IPTG, 37°C, 200 rpm, for 2 h and the expressed PelA primarily appeared in extracellular medium. Calcium ion had a more obvious promotion than glycine and SDS to the extracellular enzyme fields, and the C-terminal sequence of Pel A might have an important effect on the transportation through the outer-membrane of E. coli. The time (2h) of reaching the maximum enzyme at 37°C implied that the PelA expression was very significant to pectate lyase industrial production.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Characteristics, extracellular expression, pectate lyase A, Aspergillus nidulans, Escherichia coli.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of oligosaccharides and isoflavones aglycones in defatted soy meal fermented by Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium longum

T. R. Chen*, Q. K. Wei, and Z. X. Chi

Abstract: The study determined bacterial population, pH value, oligosaccharides and isoflavone in defatted soy meal fermented by Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium longum at 37°C for 48 h. B. longum and L. paracasei fermented in defatted soy meal has significantly increased the maximum bacterial population over 9.6 log CFU/h and reduced pH to 4.9. Furthermore, content of oligosaccharides, including sucrose, raffinose and stachyose, in FDSM were significantly reduced by L. paracasei (97.7, 98.3 and 98.5%) and B. longum (98.0, 97.5 and 86.3%, P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Oligosaccharides, isoflavones, defatted soy meal, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

First report on Enterobacter sakazakii from Sudanese patients

Humodi A. Saeed¹* and Rania M. Musallam²

Abstract: Enterobacter sakazakii (E. sakazakii) has been identified as emerging opportunistic pathogens that can cause enterocolitis, bacteraemia, meningitis, brain abscess, and urinary tract infection. They have been particularly associated with meningitis in neonates where infant milk formulae have been epidemiologically linked to the disease. This study was carried out during the period of November 2008 to March 2009; to determine the occurrence of E. sakazakii in clinical specimens and its resistance to traditionally used antimicrobial agents in the Sudan. A total of 389 (311 urine specimens, 11 wound specimens, and 67 stool specimens) were collected from outpatients of three leading hospitals in Khartoum State. The urine specimens and wound swabs were cultured on blood and MacConkey's agars for primary isolation of pathogen, while stool specimens were cultured on selenite F broth and incubated overnight then subcultured on xylose lysine deoxycholate agar. Identification of the E. sakazakii was done by colonial morphology, Grams stain and biochemical tests using API 20E. Modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was adopted to determine the resistance rate of E. sakazakii to fifteen antimicrobial agents. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial agents was determined by E-test. The result showed that out of 389 specimens examined, 6 (1.5%) E. sakazakii were recovered, 4 (1.03%) from urine, 1(0.3%) from wound and 1(0.3%) from stool. The results more over revealed that the antimicrobial resistance of E. sakazakii was as follows; ceftazidime, amoxicillin, amoxyclav (100% each), co-trimoxazole, ticarcyline (83.3% each), chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ceftriaxone, nitrofuratoin, cephotaxime, tobramycin (66.7% each), ciprofloxacin, amikacin and nalidixic acid (16.7% each). None of the isolates were found to be resistant to gentamicin. In addition to that, the result indicated that the MIC, MIC50 and MIC90 of different antimicrobial agents range from 0.001 to > 240, 0.1 to > 240 and 0.5 to > 240 µg/ml respectively. The results indicated for the first time the presence of E. sakazakii in the examined clinical specimens in Sudan. The occurrence was high and the antimicrobial resistance of the isolated E. sakazakii was also high.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Enterobacter sakazakii, API 20E, E-Test, Khartoum, Sudan.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Survey of Ascaris lumbricoides among pupils of primary school in Jos south local government area of Plateau State, Nigeria

Dangana A.,* Abayomi R. O., Way G. D. and Akobi O. A.

Abstract: Ascaris lumbricoides was surveyed among pupils of primary schools in Jos south local government. Four schools were visited: National Research Institute Staff Primary School, Rita Primary School, Joseph Primary School and St Andrew Primary School. A total of 471 samples were collected from pupils of these schools and processed using formol-ether concentration technique. Only 1 (0.2%) pupil from St Andrew Primary School was positive for A. lumbricoides. The prevalence of the infection among the age group showed that 1 (0.9%) in the age group (5 to 9) years was positive while the sex distribution showed a prevalence of 1(0.4%) among the male and no positive case was recorded among the females. The overall prevalence of other parasitic infections was 8.3% with hookworm having the highest prevalence of (5.3%), followed by Entamoeba histolytica with (0.6%), and Giardia lamblia (0.5%), while Hymenolepis nana and Taenia species had both a prevalence of (0.2%). Key word: Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Taenia, prevalence, primary schools, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Taenia, prevalence, primary schools, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

mRNA expression of iron metabolism relation genes in macrophages by infection with Salmonella typhimurium

Pan Xin

Abstract: A total number of 13 iron metabolism relation genes expression profiles of RAW264.7 murine macrophages infected or uninfected with Salmonella typhimurium were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to evaluate the metabolism of iron in host-pathogen interplay. The living wild-type S. typhimurium induces expression of the transferrin receptor (Tfr1) in host cell macrophages, which results in a sustained increase of the labile iron pool inside the host cell after 1 or 24 h infection. Gene expression analysis showed that wild-type S. typhimurium drives an active iron acquisition program with induction of ferrireductase (Steap3), iron membrane transporter Dmt1, and iron regulatory proteins (Irp1 and Irp2), while not too much iron efflux changing through ferriportin (Fpn1). The spiA-Salmonella mutant strain used in our studies also caused an increase in Tfr1 at 1 or 24 h, but leading to decrease in Fpn1 at 24 h as compared with 1 h. The assessment of the labile iron pool after infection with spiA- Salmonella after 24 h shows an increase. The same of these two phenotypes allowed iron overload in macrophage and became one of the reasons for Salmonella survival inside the macrophage.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Macrophage, Salmonella, iron metabolism.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation of a bacteriophage against Salmonella Dublin and determination of its physical resistance under varied in vitro conditions

Mudit Chandra*, Sunita Thakur, Deepti Narang and H. M. Saxena

Abstract: In the present study a phage against Salmonella Dublin was isolated using agar overlay technique. On physical characterization of the phage (pH, temperature and sun light exposure) it was found that the phage could survive at varied pH conditions with reduction in its numbers. A temperature of above 50°C and direct sunlight beyond 5 days was found to be deleterious for survival of the phage.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Salmonella, bacteriophage, physical parameters, pH, sunlight.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The functional roles of the residue tyrosine at position 26 in staphylococcal enterotoxin C2

Hongbo Wang, Junyi Zhou, Mingkai Xu*, Huiwen Zhang and Chenggang Zhang

Abstract: Bacterial superantigen Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin C2 (SEC2) is a very potent activator of T cells. Previous crystal studies on SEC2 showed that residue Tyr26 which is located near the T cell receptor (TCR) binding sites could potentially participate in T cell activating. In SEC1, a superantigen highly homologous to SEC2, the residue Val26 played a critical role in stimulating certain V expansion. Moreover, residues 20, 22 and 26 in SEC1 determined its serologic cross-reaction. In order to investigate the potential roles of Tyr26 in SEC2, two SEC2 mutants SEC2 (Y26V) and SEC2(Y26A) were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. The activities and toxicities of the two mutants were determined both in vivo and in vitro. Results showed that both SEC2 (Y26V) and SEC2 (Y26A) remained potent immune stimulating activities compared with native SEC2. SEC2 (Y26V) had a decreased pyrogenic effect on rabbit model. Both of the two mutants had significantly decreased binding affinities to anti-SEC2 IgG. Our result indicated that Tyr26 is a critical site for the serological characters of SEC2 rather than for its superantigen activity. This may also provide an insight in constructing a novel mutant to substitute native SEC2 in cancer immunotherapy avoiding being neutralized by anti-SEC2 IgG in vivo.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Staphylococcal enterotoxin C2, Site-directed mutagenesis, superantigen, serological, property.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of glucose supplementation on CANDIDA ALBICANS virulence in immunosuppressed Swiss albino mice (MUS MUSCULUS)

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: We investigated the effect of dietary carbohydrate supplementation on CANDIDA ALBICANS colonization using an animal model and a CANDIDA strain with both high phospholipase and proteinase activity. Normal and immunosuppressed mice were inoculated intraperitonially with C. ALBICANS and were allowed free access to drinking water supplemented or not with glucose. Blood and different organs including liver, spleen, lung and kidney were aseptically collected every 72 h post-infection. The presence and the growth of C. ALBICANS in blood and each organ were investigated. We also performed histopathologic investigations on each organ to assess tissue structure, the presence of C. ALBICANS, and its form (blastospore or hyphae). The results showed that on the third day post-inoculation, the cfu of C. ALBICANS per organ was significantly higher in mice inoculated by C. ALBICANS and receiving the glucose as supplement (433 cfu/liver) comparatively to the group receiving C. ALBICANS only (140 cfu/liver). Histological analysis revealed the presence of CANDIDA cells in blastospore and hyphal form, particularly in the CANDIDA-infected glucose-supplemented mice whose livers displayed oedema and leukocyte infiltration with a high density of polymorphonuclear cells. Overall results indicate that dietary glucose supplementation leads to higher rates of CANDIDA growth and invasion. This suggests that glucose restriction could be a possible way to control C. ALBICANS pathogenesis IN VIVO.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Candida albicans, glucose, immunosuppressed mice, experimental infection.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Response surface methodology for optimizing process parameters for the mass production of BEAUVERIA BASSIANA conidiospores

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: BEAUVERIA BASSIANA is an insect pathogenic fungus and is currently being exploited as an effective commercial mycoinsecticide. Solid state fermentation is the most efficient way to mass produce B. BASSIANA conidiospores on solid substrates. Statistical optimization strategy was adopted to maximize the conidia production through solid state fermentation. Four substrates viz., rice (polished), crushed sorghum, wheat bran and rice bran at variable moisture content and yeast extract concentration were used. A full factorial central composite design was used to design the experiment and response surface method was used to study the optimal parameters required for large scale production. Optimization of the two most important factors like moisture content and yeast extract concentration at varied levels conferred best conidial yield of 28.8 × 109 /gm for the mixed substrate rice + wheat bran at 35% moisture content and 1.5% yeast extract concentration.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Beauveria bassiana, central composite design, conidiospores, response surface methodology, solid state fermentation.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Evaluation of anticarcinogenicity effect of Artemia urmiana by Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 strain

Masumeh Abbasi, Saman Mahdavi* and Sedigheh Mehrabian

Abstract: Free radicals are produced during oxidative metabolism in body and they can attack all components of cells and cause cellular changes and early aging. Antioxidant materials role for balance maintenance in cells has currently attracted more attention. The aim of this study is investing of antimutation effect of Artemia, cyst and decapsulated egg extract by Ames test and Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 strain. These extract prevent reverse mutation caused by carcinogenic materials. In comparison with positive controls (sodium azid, KMno4, cresol) and negative control (distilled water) antimutagenicity properties of Artemia was evaluated and confirmed. In addition, the value of astaxanthin in those extracts was assayed. For quality analysis and separation of astaxanthin, we used thin-layer chromatography (TLC) chromatography and column chromatography, respectively. Then, the presense of astaxanthin in these extracts was confirmed by spectrometer IR test. The results showed that antimutagenicity properties of Artemia urmiana are the same with other salty water Artemia. Antimutagenicity and anticarcinogenicity properties in decapsulated egg, dried Artemia and cyst are 85, 70 and 100%, respectively.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ames test, anticarcinogenicity, antioxidant, Artemia urmiana, Salmonella typhimurium TA 100.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation, identification and characterization of oleaginous fungi from the soil of Qinghai Plateau that utilize D-xylose

Shi Lin Li, Shun Li Feng, Zeng Ting Li, Hui Xu, Ying Peng Yu, Dai Rong Qiao and Yi Cao*

Abstract: We established a new screening method for oleaginous fungus, which was consistent with sudan black B stained but more convenient and faster. 11 strains of oleaginous fungi that utilize D- xylose were isolated from the soil of Qinghai Plateau by this method. These strains belong to 7 species by molecular identifying, they are Tilletiopsis albescens, Backusella ctenidia, lectosphaerella sp., Gibberella fujikuroi, Fusarium sp. Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium decumberns; 4 of which were the first time found to produce lipids, they are Tilletiopsis albescens, Backusella ctenidia, lectosphaerella sp. and Gibberella fujikuroi. In addition, these oleaginous fungi could accumulate certain microbial oil by fermenting D-xylose and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), whose composition is similar to vegetable oil and can be converted to biodiesel. These microorganism species that may use cheap lignocellulose to produce microbial oil, it can pave lane for biodiesel production with low cost.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Oleaginous fungi, D-xylose, carboxymethyl cellulose, biodiesel.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Survey of 3rd generation cephalosporin genes in multi-resistant Salmonella serotypes from septic poultry and an asymptomatic healthy pig from Nigeria

Akinlabi O. Ogunleye* and Steve A. Carlson

Abstract: Occurrence and spread of Salmonella genes encoding AmpC and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) is a major public health problem worldwide. These genes have been identified in Salmonella serotypes all over the world yet there is paucity of reports on these genes in Nigeria, despite the phenotypic evidence of resistance to beta- lactam drugs. The current work used a multiplex PCR to identify beta-lactam resistance genes in five Nigerian-origin Salmonella isolates exhibiting resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. The isolates included four strains isolated from septic poultry (two strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky and two strains of presumptive S. enterica serotype Pullorum) and one S. enterica serotype Give isolated from one of two hundred asymptomatic pigs. The predominant genes found in these Nigeria serotypes include: TEM, SHV, GES, OXA-2, ACCM, FOX, ECBM and DHAM. The presence of these plasmid-borne genes underscores the potential health risk of antibiotic resistance transfer from food animals to human in Nigeria because third-generation cephalosporin drugs are still the drug of choice in treating life-threatening systemic infections in Nigeria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Salmonella, 3rd generation cephalosporin, multi-resistant, Nigeria.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The synthesis and role of hydroxyectoine in halophilic bacterium Halomonas ventosae DL7

Daochen Zhu,*, Chenxiang Wang, Shoko Hosoi-Tanabe, Weimin Zhang and Shinichi Nagata

Abstract: Hydroxyectoine and ectoine were accumulated in the moderately halophilic bacterium Halomonas ventosae DL7 as dominant compatible solutes in response to the external thermo- and osmo-stresses (30-42°C, 1-3 M NaCl). As the byproduct of ectoine, hydroxyectoine was directly converted from ectoine mediated by the ectoine hydroxylase in DL7, and the hydroxylase gene sequence was obtained by PCR. Further, the activity of ectoine hydroxylase of strain DL7 cells in vitro was determined at 30 to 42°C, and the thermo-stress conduce the inhibition of this enzyme activity. In addition, DL7 cells showed similar growth level when grown in presence of same level ectoine or hydroxyectoine (1 mM) in medium with high salinity (2-2.7 M NaCl). However, the presence of hydroxyectoine showed higher growth level than ectoine when DL7 cells were incubated at 42°C. The results showed that the alteration of temperature instead of salinity stress obviously stimulated the expression of ectoine hydroxylase, but inhibited its activity, and hydroxyectoine with ectoine together played an important role as thermo- and osmo-protectants in strain DL7 to cope with high temperature and salinity environment.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Halomonas ventosae DL7, compatible solutes, hydroxyectoine, ectoine hydroxylase, thermo-stress, osmo-stress.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Expanding drug resistance through integron acquisition in Salmonella spp. isolates obtained in Iran

Bahareh Rajaei, Seyed Davar Siadat,*, Mohamad Reza Razavi, Mohammad Reza Aghasadeghi , Nahid Sepehri Rad, Farzad Badmasti, Somieh Khanjani Jafroodi, Taraneh Rajaei, Arfa Moshiri and Saifuddin Javadian

Abstract: A total eighty four epidemiologically unrelated clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovars were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular detection of class 1 and 2 integrons. Eleven isolates (13.1%) which were resistant to at least 4 groups of antimicrobial agents considered as MDR (multidrug resistant) Salmonella serovars. PCR assays detected intI1 and intI2 genes in 50 (59.5%) and 14 (16.7%) of Salmonella clinical isolates respectively. Emergence of MDR Salmonella serovars demonstrates that antimicrobial selection pressure is widespread and increased distribution of integron carrying gene cassettes which confer resistance to different antibiotics confirms that integron-mediated antibiotic resistance is considerable in our clinical settings.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Salmonella spp., integron, multidrug resistance (MDR).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Production of glycolipids with antimicrobial activity by Ustilago maydis FBD12 in submerged culture

Cortes-Sánchez Alejandro, Hernández-Sánchez Humberto and Jaramillo-Flores María*

Abstract: Ustilago maydis FBD12 is a phytopathogenic fungus that grows in submerged environments and produces different metabolites, such as glycolipids (biosurfanctants), cyclic peptides, tryptophan derivatives, and enzymes. Biosurfactants are molecules with a high surface activity, as well as emulsifying properties. They are secondary metabolites whose main physiological role is to support the growth of microorganisms in water-immiscible substrates, through the reduction of the superficial tension of the interface. In the present study, the production of glycolipids by U. maydis FBD12 was investigated during its growth in fish and soy oils. The highest growth was observed at the 7th day of incubation with 16.8 and 7.25 g/L of biomass in fish and soy oils, respectively. An amount of 18.3 mg/100mL of glycolipid extract was obtained for fish oil, with an antioxidant capacity of 350 µMol ET/mL and a reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) towards S. aureus and S. Typhimurium of 25%. MIC decreased in 75% for Staphylococcus aureus when lipase was added to the fish oil culture medium. For soy oil, 9.6 mg/100mL of glycolipids were obtained with an antioxidant capacity of 232.5 µMol ET/mL and a MIC reduction of 25% in soy oil, which decreased 50% with the addition of lipase.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimicrobials, biosurfactants, lipase, reductors sugars, secondary metabolites, Ustilago.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Study on differential display gene expression of Eimeria tenella multiple resistance strain isolated from Tangshan in chicken

Zhang Yanying, Zhang xiangzhai, Jia Qinghui, Li Yunyu, Li Peiguo*, Zhang Wenxiang and Chen Juan

Abstract: Total RNA of Eimeria tenella drug-resistant strain from Tangshan was extracted with Trizol. Differential-display reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR) was established by 3 anchored primers and 20 arbitrary primers. The products of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were analyzed on the denaturing polyacrylamide gels by silver-straining. Ten differential bands were excised from the gels and reampilfied with the same sets of primers. The products were purified and ligated with PMDTM18-T Vector, and then the dot-blot hybridization, sequence analysis and homology comparison. The results showed that through comparison of the nucleotide acid sequence, the similarity was 99% among the sequence S116 from mRNA of Tangshan multiple-resistant strain with the sequence 882 bp lengths in the first chromosome of E.tenella in Genebank and Sanger, which was an unknown protein. This study paved the way for cloning the full-length cDNAs (Complementary Deoxyribonucleic acid) and finding the molecular mechanism about the drug-resistance of E.tenella.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Chicken, Eimeria tenella, mRNA differential display polymerase chain reaction (PCR), denaturing polyacrylamide gel, gene cloning.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Rapid detection of Salmonella enterica in food of animal origins collected from Riyadh, King Saudi Arabia

Moussa I. M., Ashgan M. H., Mahmoud M. H. and Al-Doss A. A.

Abstract: The present study is aimed to investigate Salmonella species in food of animal origin collected from Riyadh, King Saudi Arabia (KSA) using conventional methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), targeting fimA gene specific for members of genus Salmonella. Salmonella isolation revealed 20 Salmonella serovars (8%) out of 250 examined samples. Nine strains (6, 92%) were recovered from 130 examined minced meats and 5 Salmonella strains (8.33%) were recovered from 60 local frozen chickens. Moreover, 6 Salmonella strains (10%) were isolated from 60 examined local chicken cuts. PCR using selective broth culture, Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) was used for the detection of different Salmonella species, targeting the fimA gene. All samples revealed positive results with bacteriological examination were positive by PCR -RV, and amplification of 120 bp fragments specific for fimA gene were observed, in addition, to 4 samples (1.6%) previously identified as negative samples with bacteriological examination were positive with PCR using the two primer pairs. The results revealed that the PCR-RV using primers specific for fimA gene could detect more positive samples of Salmonella species than conventional methods for rapid detection of food borne pathogens.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Salmonella species, fimA gene, polymerase chain reaction- Rappaport-Vassiliadis (PCR-RV), frozen chickens, minced meats.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Laboratory analysis of a fatal meningococcal case due to serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis belonging to ST-4821 complex

Zengguo Wang*, Tiejun Hou, Zhijun Chen, Jinsong Li, Shouzhi Wu, Xiaoguang Wei, Yahui Sun and Quanli Du

Abstract: We describle a suspicious Meningococcal death case, confirmating by the laboratory PCR methods. The infection developed rapidly within only 24 h until the patient died. Analyzing the close contact strain and the DNA template extracted from the serum of this patient, we characterized a serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis as the pathogen of this case, which, in terms of sequence typing, belonged to ST-4821 complex which first characterized in serogroup C Neisseria meningitidis as a new unique hypervirulent meningococcal lineages.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Neisseria meningitidis, multilocus sequence typing, serogroup.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Enhanced saccharification of steam explosion pretreated corn stover by the supplementation of thermoacidophilic Î²-glucosidase from a newly isolated strain, Tolypocladium cylindrosporum syzx4

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Newly isolated fungi, strain Tolypocladium cylindrosporum syzx4 from rotten corn stover, can effectively produced extracellular thermoacidophilic β-glucosidase (syzx4) using agro-industrial residues. After purification and characterization, the β-glucosidase was applied to saccharify steam explosion pretreated corn stover (SCS) with commercial celluclast from Trichoderma reesei when compared with the β-glucosidase (Novo-188) from Aspergillus niger supplementation. Based on the results of the single factor tests, further studied with the response surface methodology (RSM), amid a five level four-factor central composite design (CCD), was designed for the optimal hydrolysis parameters, such as the substrate concentration, pH, temperature and the ratio of celluclast to syzx4, in order to achieve the highest saccharification yield. The substrate concentration and the ratio of celluclast to syzx4 were identified as the limiting factor for the saccharification yield. A maximum saccharification yield of 88.4% was obtained at an optimal hydrolysis condition as follows: substrate concentration (3.05%), pH (3.73), temperature (43.4°C) and the ratio of syzx4 to celluclast [0.91 (18.2 BGU/g substrate): 1 (20 FPU/g substrate)]. The results of a confirmation experiment under the optimum conditions were in agreement with model predictions and they obtained the maximum value of 88.4% saccharification yield. The results suggested that the β-glucosidase (syzx4) from T. cylindrosporum is a good supplementation for the production of reducing sugars from cellulosic biomass.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Saccharification, steam explosion pretreated corn stover (SCS), β-glucosidase, Tolypocladium cylindrosporum syzx4, hydrolysis parameters, response surface methodology (RSM).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Oral Candida colonization in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances: The importance of some nutritional and salivary factors

Najla Dar-Odeh*, Asem Shehabi, Zaid Al-Bitar , Iyad Al-Omari, Serene Badran, Mahmoud Al-Omiri, Moayyad Naser, Mohammad Al-Beyari and Osama Abu-Hammad

Abstract: We investigated the relationship between fixed orthodontic appliances and oral Candida colonization. The influence of some important nutritional and salivary factors was also investigated. These factors included: hemoglobin, vitamin B12, ferritin and folate levels, salivary flow rate, salivary pH, tobacco smoking and dietary habits. Patients enrolled in this study were adolescent patients aged 12- 18 years who attended the Orthodontics Department/University of Jordan Hospital for the provision of fixed metallic orthodontic appliances. Salivary samples were collected on the first visit prior to bonding, one month and four months later. All patients were investigated for serum vitamin B12, serum ferritin, red-cell folate, complete blood count, salivary pH, and salivary flow rate. Data were obtained from the patients regarding tobacco smoking and dietary habits. We found that Candida colonization did not increase after bonding of fixed orthodontic appliances. None of the local oral factors investigated was correlated with Candida colonization. Only two systemic factors (serum vitamin B12 and red-cell folate) were significantly (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Oral, Candida, Orthodontic appliances, nutritional deficiency, smoking.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Salt tolerance and mycorrhization of Bacopa monneiri grown under sodium chloride saline conditions

Khaliel A. S.*, Shine K. and Vijayakumar K.,

Abstract: Salinity of soil is a serious problem affecting plant growth and is increasing steadily in many parts of the world, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (A M) is the most wide spread and significant mutualistic fungi having universal in their association including plants of agricultural and medicinal importance. A. mycorrhiza fungi have been shown to promote plant growth and salinity tolerance by various mechanisms. The effects of inoculation with two A. mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices have been investigated on B. monneiri, an important medicinal plant grown with five different levels of salinity (0.40, 80, 120 and 160 mM). Root colonization, leaf chlorophyll content and tolerance of the plants to salinity were determined. The results indicated that the A. mycorrhizal fungi could infect and colonize the roots effectively under high salinity levels and increased chlorophyll content. Dry mass production was significantly enhanced in the inoculated plants and the effect was more evident at the high salinity levels. More over, A. mycorrhizal colonization has increased Na+ and Cl- uptake and reduced rhizosphere NaCl level significantly. A. mycorrhizal association significantly increased tolerance of plants to salinity and was found as an effective measure to enhance establishment of the plant and to decrease soil salinity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices, Bacopa monneiri, salt tolerance, proline.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Biopreservative potential of marine lactobacillus spp

K. Indira*, S. Jayalakshmi, A. Gopalakrishnan and M. Srinivasan

Abstract: Bacteriocins are of special interest due to their potential value as natural preservative. The present study is a trial for production of such bacteriocin from a marine Lactobacillus sp. Lactic acid bacteria (LBA) was isolated from fish gut (Mugil cephalus) and prawn muscle (Peneaus monodon) samples and their density were found to be 5.2 x 107 and 6.4 x 107 CFU/g respectively. Various pathogens were isolated from ready to eat pickle samples (bottled). The LAB strains were tested against 10 different commercial antibiotics. Among them Vancomycin was the only antibiotic that showed a minimum of 40% resistance to the LAB strains tested. LAB strains were optimized at different parameters and maximum bacteriocin production was at pH 6, temperature of 35°C, 3.5% of salt concentration, 24th h of incubation period. Bacteriocin produced by these strains were precipitated from the culture filtrate using methanol and TCA which was further dialyzed, centrifuged and lyophilized. Lactobacillus fermentum was selected as the most potential strain for both bacteriocin production as well as antimicrobial activity. sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis proved that the obtained protein is homologous with a molecular weight of 18 kDa. FT-IR spectrum also confirmed the obtained protein as a bacteriocin. The study revealed that Lactobacillus strains of marine origin are having the potential to be used as biopreservatives especially in seafood industries. The production of bacteriocin from L. fermentum was found to be ideal for industrial scale production and commercial utilization.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Optimization of the production of exopolysaccharides by Bacillus thuringiensis 27 in sand biological soil crusts and its bioflocculant activity

Z. R. Wang., J. P. Sheng, X. L. Tian, T. T. Wu, W. Z. Liu and L. Shen*

Abstract: To improve the yield of exopolysaccharides (EPS) by Bacillus thuringiensis 27 from sand biological soil crusts in Gurban Tonggut Desert, Xinjiang, China and to analyze its bioflocculant activity, orthogonal matrix method was used and this method enabled us to obtain maximum EPS production. By studying the optimal medium condition of beef extract 3 g/l, peptone 10 g/l, maltose 40 g/l, and NaCl 4g/l we observed that the optimal medium condition was pH 6.0, incolum size 8%, liquid volume 40 ml in 200 ml flak and temperature 28°C. The maximum EPS production was 20.19 g/l which is about five times more than that at the basal condition. Furthermore, results obtained indicated that the flocculation activity of the extracellular polymer can be achieved at over 80.4% in kaolin suspension and this occurred at a concentration of 0.4 mg/l. This paper describes the optimum condition of exopolysaccharides production by Bacillus thuringiensis 27 and showed that exopolysaccharides had high bioflocculant activity. This work provides a scientific foundation to explore new exopolysaccharides and bioflocculation in sand biological soil crusts. Maximum production of exopolysacchaides under the optimal medium and condition can be achieved and exopolysaccharides have high bioflocculating activity in kaolin system.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Biological soil crusts, exopolysaccharides, flocculation, optimization, Bacillus.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A study of multiple resistance and role of extended spectrum -lactamases in environmental Pseudomonas isolates

Chikwendu C. I.*, S. N. Ibe and G. C. Okpokwasili

Abstract: The activity of 13 antimicrobials was studied, to determine multiple antimicrobial resistances, against 208 Pseudomonas strains (125 Pseudomonas sp and 83 Pseudomonas aeruginosa) isolated from river and aquaculture samples. Isolates were confirmed with API 20 NE. Isolates from both sources reported high resistance rates for similar antibiotics. These were: Ampicillin (100, 100%), cefuroxime (96.8, 81.9%), streptomycin (93.6, 78.6%), cefotaxime (93.6, 77.1%), for river water and aquaculture samples respectively. While resistances were high for ofloxacin, norfloxacine, mezlocillin, ceftazidime, kanamycin and enrofloxacine (70 to 85.5%) among the river water isolates, they were moderate among the aquaculture isolates (50 to 69.4%). Ninety seven (97.2%) percent of isolates from river water and 78.9% from aquaculture were resistant to at least three or more antimicrobials and were termed multi-resistant. Results of plasmid profiling showed the presence of multiple plasmids ranging in size between 639 and 11845 bp. Preliminary tests for -lactamase detection by double-disk approximation were positive with high resistances to imipenem, aztreonam, cefpodoxime and cefotaxime. PCR of amplified genomic DNA was positive for the detection of blaSHV and blaTEM -lactamase genes. However, up to 50% of all isolates tested were found to be resistant to the -lactamase inhibitor of combination amoxicillin+clavulanic acid. The results infer the presence of multi resistant organisms as well as genes conferring -lactamase resistance in environmental samples.[...] Read More.

Keywords: blaSHV, blaTEM, beta-lactamase, multi-resistant, Pseudomonas sp., environmental sources.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Seroprevalance of Coxiellosis in cows, sheep, goats and humans in Diyarbakir region of Turkey

Neval Berrin Arserim, Simten Ye ilmen, Osman Ya ar TEL, Tuncer Özekinci, Oktay Keskin, Hüseyin Pulat and Aydin Vural

Abstract: This study aims at determining the seroprevalance of Coxiella burnetii in cows, sheep, goats and staff, working in the stock breeding sector in Diyarbakir region. Therefore, C. burnetii antibodies were investigated in sera samples of 612 sheep, 700 goats, 584 cows and 90 staff by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In the study, seropositivity was obtained as 25.4, 38.6, 20.0 and 6.6% in sheep, goats, cows and stockbreeding staff, respectively. Consequently, C. burnetii seropositivity, whether in people or in animals, had a ratio that should not be ignored in Diyarbakir region. Abort cases in ruminant should be assessed from the viewpoint of Coxiellosis. Also, people, especially those who are in risk group, should be made to be conscious of Coxiellosis infection, and measures for preventing this illness should be taken.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cow, Coxiella burnetii, goat, human, seroprevalance, sheep.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Kinetics and thermodynamics of high level Î²-glucosidase production by mutant derivative of Aspergillus niger under submerged growth conditions

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Gamma rays mediated mutagenesis and subsequent selection on 2-deoxy-D-glucose developed a highly catabolite de-repressed and stable β-glucosidase (BGL) hyper-producer mutant of local Aspergillus niger NIBGE, which has high potential for industrial applications. The M6 mutant showed highest constitutive production of BGL (14,900 IU/L) on glucose as compared to control (5,900 IU/L). Wheat bran was the best carbon source and BGL production by parent and mutant strain was 16,200 and 29,500 IU/L, respectively. Effect of inoculum density, pH, temperature and wheat bran concentration on the BGL production was determined in terms of kinetic growth parameters, that is, specific growth rate (m), biomass doubling time (td), product yield coefficient with respect to cell mass (Yp/x) and specific rate of product formation (qp). Optimal conditions for BGL production by parent and mutant strain were same: inoculum level= 0.184 mg cells/mL (10% v/v); optimum temperature= 30°C and pH= 5.0; wheat bran= 3% (w/v). The apparent subunit molecular mass of BGL from both strains was also same (130 kDa). Determination of thermodynamic parameters led to consider that the hyper-production of BGL by the mutant was due to decrease in: activation energy (Ea(p)), change in enthalpy (ΔH*(p)) and Gibbs free energy (ΔG*(p)) for product (BGL) formation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: β-glucosidase, Aspergillus niger, activation energy, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The mRNA quantitative analysis, prokaryotic expression and structure prediction of hepatocarcinogenesis related gene idh3 under AFB1 stress

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: By differential proteomics analysis, it was found that the expression level of IDH3 (Isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 ) in mouse liver was significantly increased under the stress of Aflatoxin B1. To validate the result of differential proteomics analysis, fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the changing trend of idh3 mRNA volume induced by Aflatoxin B1 in mouse liver. The result showed that the expression volume of idh3 mRNA showed an increasing trend with the increase of Aflatoxin B1 concentration, which corresponded with the result of differential proteomics analysis. The protokaryon expression vector for idh3 was constructed in the study with pET28a as a recipient plasmid. The expression vector (pET28a-idh3 ) was used to transform BL21, after which the positive expression strain (Escherichia coli BL21/pET28a-idh3 ) was induced to express with 100 mmol/L IPTG under 28°C for 4 h, and the prokaryotic expression product of IDH3 was successfully detected by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The molecule structure of IDH3 was predicted by bioinformatics analysis, and the results showed that the total number of negatively and positively charged residues were 42 and 39, respectively. Five hydrohpobic domains were predicted in the protein, and its average hydrophobicity was -0.069. There was 43% - helix and 20% -pleated sheet in the molecule, and the tertiary structure of IDH3 was constituted by 12 - helices and 12 -pleated sheets. Based on the results of bioinformatics analysis, the fragments of 1- 17 and 112-123 residues of IDH3 were selected as candidates for further effective polyclonal antibody preparation. The results of this study paved way for further exploration of the role of idh3 in the process of liver carceration induced by Aflatoxin B1.[...] Read More.

Keywords: IDH3 , aflatoxin B1, liver, canceration, bioinformatics analysis.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Cytokine genes expression in mice hepatocytes during malaria infection

Saad Alkahtani*, AL-Farraj S. A., Saud A. Alarifi, AL-Eissa Mohammed saad and Al-Dahmash B.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the inflammation genes (IL-1 , IL-6, TNF - and iNos) responses to Plasmodium chabaudi malaria in the liver of female C57BL/6 hepatocytes via mRNA expression due to infection with P. chabaudi at different time points. Mice were injected intraperitoneally (ip) with 106 P. chabaudi-infected erythrocytes and then scarified at days (0, 1, 4 and 8 respectively). RT-PCR was used to quantify liver inflammation genes. The levels of IL-1 , IL- 6 and TNF were significantly increased at days 1 and 8. The total iNos were significantly increased at all days after infection. In conclusion, present data has shown that infection with P. chabaudi stimulated infalammation genes in the liver. Thus, we suggest the implication of oxidative stress due to outcome of malaria in mice hepatocytes according to its natural function need to be confirmed with a larger number of samples to be used as a reliable inflammation detection method.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Inflammation, malaria, mice, liver.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

An investigation on antibiotic resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from gonorrheal patients in Zahedan, Iran from 2007 to 2010

Mohammad Bokaeian, Mazhar Iqbal Qureshi, Soroush Dabiri and Amir Hossein Mohagheghi Fard*

Abstract: Present study was aimed to determine antibiotic susceptibility and penicillinase production by Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated from gonorrheal patients in Zahedan (south-east Iran). In a descriptive study from 2007 to 2010, 400 suspected patients were studied by history review, medical examination, Gram staining and culture in Thayer-Martin medium. Antibiotic susceptibility test of isolated strains was done by disk diffusion method and penicillinase test in penicillin resistant isolates by aciodometric method. The culture of 77(19.2%) of gonorrheal patients were positive. The resistance rate against applied antibiotics was as follow: penicillin (79.2%), ciprofloxacin (53.2%), ceftriaxone (3.8%), spectinomycin (2.5%), cefixim (12.9%), co-trimoxazole (93.5%), tetracycline (88.3%) and gentamicin (29.8%). In the meantime, 83.1% of penicillin resistant isolates produced penicillinase enzyme. Ceftriaxone, spectinomycin and cefixime are the sole antibiotics that could be considered as selective drugs. Quinolones which were regarded as an effective group of antibiotics until recently, haven lost their efficacy. Resistance against other antibiotics is rapidly growing, thus, conducting experimental tests and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration and clinical trial studies at fixed intervals can contribute to diagnosis of resistance of gonococci and rapid and successful treatment of their infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, gonorrhea, penicillinase (β-lactamase).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Mycobacterium tuberculosis TLR2 agonists LprA, LM and Man-LAM induce notch1 and socs3 transcription

Erika Nahomy Marino-Marmolejo, Citlalli Tornez-Benítez, Vania Elvira Bonifaz-Peña, Mabel Guzmán-Rodríguez, Hugo Enrique López-González, Abel Gutiérrez-Ortega, Leticia Santos* and Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez*

Abstract: Mycobacterium tuberculosis employs a number of strategies to subvert host signaling events, leading to its persistence within macrophages. Upon infection, Mycobacterium bovis BCG induce the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (socs3), in a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-Notch1-dependent manner. Purified phosphatidyl inositol di-mannosides (a TLR2 agonist) act as an inducer for the Notch1-socs3 pathway. This prompted us to analyze other TLR2 agonists seeking for additional molecules that may affect this pathway. We found that lipoprotein LprA, as well as glycolipids lipomannan (LM), and mannose- capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) treatment of murine macrophages resulted in stimulation of notch1 and socs3 transcription.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), notch1, socs3, innate immunity.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Contamination of cattle carcasses by Escherichia coli shiga like toxin with high antimicrobials resistance

Everlon Cid Rigobelo*, Renato Pariz Maluta, Clarissa Araújo Borges, Lívia Gerbasi Beraldo, Manoel Victor Franco, Lemos Sirlei Aparecida Maestá and Fernando Antonio de Ávila

Abstract: During processing of cattle carcasses, contamination may occurs with the transfer of microbiota of animals feaces to carcasses. This contamination many times may be by Escherichia coli carriers of virulence factor as stx and eae genes being classified as Shiga like toxin. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is recognized wordwide as human pathogen. A survey was performed to determine the sensibility profile to several antimicrobial drugs of STEC in carcasses obtained from an abattoir in Brazil between March 2008 and August at 2009. A total of 120 STEC were isolated. All isolates were confirmed as being E. coli by their biochemical analysis and submitted to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of stx, eae and ehly genes. No strains was isolated being carriers of ehly gene. The number of isolates carriers of eae gene were 48/120. The most frequent resistance was seen against cephalothin (84.0%), streptomycin (45.0%), nalidixic acid (42.0%) and tetracycline (20.0%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) to three or more antimicrobial agents was observed in 46 (38.3%) E. coli isolates. The findings of STEC and MRD show that cattle carcasses may be a reservoir of pathogenic bacterial for the consumer public.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Multi-drug resistance, Escherichia coli, shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation and characterization of high caffeine-tolerant bacterium strains from the soil of tea garden

Fang-Yuan Fan, Yan Xu, Yue-Rong Liang, Xin-Qiang Zheng, Devajit Borthakur, and Jian-Liang Lu*

Abstract: Microbial biodegradation is an important and promising decaffeination approach because of its low cost and high security. The efficiency of this approach mainly depends on the characteristics of the strain. Twenty bacterium strains were isolated from soil of tea garden and exhibited high caffeine-tolerance, and these strains could grow on the medium supplemented with 20 g L-1 caffeine as the sole source for nitrogen and carbon. According to the physiological-biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequence blast, two of them (CT25 and CT75) were identified as Pseudomonas putida. The results also showed that caffeine was not the preferential nutrition source for growth of strain CT25, and high level caffeine inhibited the bacterium amplification although caffeine could be metabolized by this strain. The CT25 grew well in agitated liquid medium when the incubation temperature was around 30°C. High initial concentration of strain inoculums would improve the efficiency of caffeine degradation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Caffeine-tolerant bacterium, identification, 16S rRNA gene, caffeine biodegradation, growth condition.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Thermodynamics investigation of Ca2+ effect on Troponin-C (TnC): A QM/MM study

Mahmoud Raouf and Leila Mahdavian*

Abstract: Troponin (Tn) is an essential protein in calcium ion settings of skeletal and heart muscle contractions. It has three subcategories (TnC, TnI, TnT) which are connected to filament actin by tropomyosin. TnC controls the calcium in muscle contraction and is the Ca2+-binding subunit of the troponin complex. ATP facilitates separation of myosin from actin filament, eventually making thick filament to slip off thin filament. This results in short sarcomere. In this study, it is investigated that thermodynamics properties increase concentrations of Ca2+ and temperature present in lactic acid. Quantum mechanical and molecular dynamics methods were used to analyze the structure and stability of TnC-Ca2+ configuration. TnC-Ca2+ mutated active site in lactic acid and water solvent. Calcium ions approaching TnC caused twisting movement of TnC, so TnI-TnT eventually released the head of Myozin to actin. Increased lactic acid can increase calcium ion connection around TnC and decrease Ca to SR; increased temperature can increase metabolism and fatigue of skeletal muscles, emptying glycolysis and reducing muscle activity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Troponin C (TnC), calcium ion (Ca2+), lactic acid, fatigue of skeletal muscles, QM/MM.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions using orthogonal matrix design to enhance the antimicrobial activity of extracts from Cichorium intybus root

Quanzhen Wang*, Haitao Liu, Jinhong Du, Jian Cui, Guo Chen and Yuyan Liu

Abstract: Plant-derived compounds used as alternatives to chemical preservatives have been extensively researched for use as natural medical ingredients or food preservatives. Conditions for the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of chicory (Cichorium intybus) root (including type of solvent, impregnation time, number of sonication steps and ultrasonic power) were optimized to determine the best extract antibacterial activity by using orthogonal matrix design [L16 (45)]. The combination of 70% ethanol v/v, a 36 h impregnation time, three sonication rounds and 300 W ultrasonic power input provided the best antimicrobial activity results. Our results demonstrate that solvent composition has the largest effect on antimicrobial activity. Several extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Salmonella typhi, and all extracts exhibited weak activity against Bacillus subtilis. To our knowledge, these results represent the first example of ultrasound-assisted chicory extracts aimed at increasing its potential for use in food industry.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cichorium intybus, antibacterial, ultrasound-assistant extract, optimal conditions, orthogonal matrix design.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Anti-fungal activity of Ardisia crispa (Thunb.) A.DC. against several fungi responsible for athleteâ€™s foot

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The body normally hosts a variety of saprotrophic micro-organisms that may cause infection. Athlete©s foot causes scaling, flaking and itching of the affected skin. Blisters and cracked skin may also occur, leading to exposed raw tissue, pain, swelling and inflammation. Secondary bacterial infection can accompany the fungal infection. This work examined the anti-fungal activity of Ardisia crispa (AC) against common fungi that cause Athlete’s foot and several other pathogenic fungi. The antimicrobial activity of water, ethanol and chloroform extracts of AC was tested against fungal strains using the disc diffusion method. This antimicrobial activity was compared to standard antifungal drugs (griseofulvin, fluconazole and itraconazole). Results revealed that chloroform extract of AC had potent anti-fungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum ATCC 40051 and Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 40004 which are the two most commonly cause of Athlete’s foot. Moderate activity was observed against Candida albicans ATCC 14053, Candida tropicalis ATCC 14056, Microsporum canis (clinical isolates and identified at the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia) and Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 14109. The ethanol extract only had mild activity against the Candidia spp and the water extract was devoid of any activity. The anti-fungal activity of chloroform extract was statistically more potent than griseofulvin but less potent than fluconazole and itraconazole. Findings from current study support the use of AC in traditional medicine for the treatment of various fungal infections and may potentially be used in the treatment of athlete’s foot.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ardisia crispa, anti-fungal, athlete’s foot.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Assessment of the knowledge of prevention of HIV transmission from mother-to-child in an African community

O. O. Oguntibeju*, M. Kayinda and M. Mokgatle-Nthabu

Abstract: Women living with HIV are faced with lack of adequate information about HIV prevention. This study assessed the level of knowledge of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) in Serowe, Botswana. The objectives of this study were to assess the level of knowledge of the PMTCT programme and vertical transmission among HIV-positive women in Serowe, Botswana and as well as describe the practices of family planning among the participants. The study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey using qualitative method. Twenty six (26) participants attending PMTCT clinics at Serowe clinic, Nutrition clinic, and Kadimo clinic participated in the study between October and December 2008 after consenting to participate. In-depth interviews were conducted to collect socio-demographic data of the participants. Qualitative methods were used to collect data about the women’s level of understanding of the PMTCT programme and family planning practices. The interviews were conducted in the local language (Setswana) and translated into English by bilingual experts and participants’ responses were audio taped. Although all 26 participants had good knowledge and understanding of the family planning practices, but only 18 (69.2%) had used the family planning methods. The findings in this study revealed good social support from the family members and the disclosure of HIV status was not a big issue to the participants. Majority of respondents (66.6%) had good knowledge and understanding of the PMTCT programme. One-third of the participants were single, 96% of participants were unemployed and about one-third of them live on less than 50 U$ dollars per month. The use of family planning by participants was poor despite their good knowledge about prevention of mother-to-child transmission.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Knowledge, family planning, prevention, mother-to-child transmission, HIV.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Highly virulent Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida isolated from Taiwan paradise fish, Macropodus opercularis (L.), in Taiwan

Pan-Chen Liu, Ching-Fu Cheng, Chen-Hsuan Chang, Shiun-Long Lin, Way-Shyan Wang*, Shao-Wen Hung, Ming-Hui Chen, Cheng-Chung Lin, Ching-Yu Tu, and Yu-Hsing Lin

Abstract: In Taiwan, a fish conservation farm had about 6,250 Taiwan paradise fishes, Macropodus opercularis (L.), which were separately cultivated in an outdoor tank containing 3,250 fishes, and an indoor tank containing the rest. The water supplying both tanks was the same running water source from the adjacent hills. Following a change in the fish feed (the commercial aquaculture feed became eel’s feed) to all fishes in May 2010, rotten body surfaces were only found in diseased and dead fishes in the outdoor tank. Interestingly, no sick fishes were found in the indoor tank. The clinical findings of the diseased fishes were bleeding at basal fins, peripheral site of genital pore, and bilateral surface of the abdomen. Additionally, we discovered whitish-mucus gills, edema of the intestines, and multi-focal white tubercles in infected fishes during gross examination. The results of the histopathology study showed that there were numerous multi-focal granulomas in the spleen, posterior kidney, and liver. Furthermore, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida was isolated from lesions of the ailing fishes. We conducted an experimental animal virulence test, and our data revealed that P. damselae subsp. piscicida was a highly virulent pathogen. Fortunately, P. damselae subsp. piscicida appeared to be susceptible to most commonly used antimicrobial agents, according to the results of the antibiotic sensitivity study. We recommended a treatment with oxolinic acid (20 mg/kg/day) in the feed for 7 days for all Taiwan paradise fishes. The fishes’ condition significantly improved and the disease appeared to be controlled.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Conservation, photobacteriosis, Taiwan paradise fish, virulence.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

In search of enteroviruses in water media in Marrakech

Amina Hssaine, Jawhar Gharbi, Rafik Harrath, Rajae Harrak, Abderrahman Chait, Mahjoub Aouni and Jamal Hafid*

Abstract: Enteroviruses are among the most common viruses infecting the human intestine; they are very widespread in nature and resistant to external agents. They are eliminated in the faeces and contaminate water and food. These viruses cause various clinical syndromes and constitute a big public health problem. The aim of our study was to search for enteroviruses in the water samples. For this, a total of 225 L of tap water coming from the national network office for drinking water (ONEP) and 18 samples of waste water originating from Marrakech city were studied. These samples were concentrated, treated with polyethylene glycol 6000 and then analyzed by RT-PCR. Only two samples were found to be positive for enteroviruses by RT- PCR among the 18 waste water samples analyzed, which gave a rate of 11.11%. On the other hand, no positive samples were found in the tap water. This study made it possible on the one hand to apply for the first time RT-PCR for the detection of enteroviruses in water samples originating from Marrakech city, and on the other hand to show that tap water of this city does not present any risk of contamination by this type of germ.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Drinking water, waste water, enterovirus, RT-PCR, Marrakech.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Evaluation of real-time PCR for Mycobacterium ulcerans in endemic region in CÃ´te dâ€™Ivoire

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Buruli ulcer (BU) is caused by a mycobacterium called Mycobacterium ulcerans . The events of BU are the skin lesions. The lack of early diagnosis and treatment cause severe disability. Today the emergence to BU in Africa and particularly in Côte d’Ivoire needs faster diagnosis to control and to prevent the infection by M. ulcerans. The surveillance of BU is difficult, because the transmission of M. ulcerans occurs in rural regions where the transport of fresh collected sample is long, and the detection with culture technique needs several months. This study has allowed the application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in real time with two targets for molecular diagnosis of BU in Côte d©Ivoire. 63 samples (clinical, environmental, local strains and reference strains) were analyzed in real-time PCR by comparing the target of the Insertion Sequence (IS) 2404 and the sequence Ketoreductase-B (KR-B), located respectively on the chromosome and on the virulence plasmid. 49 samples (76%) were positive in real-time for both targets. The sensitivity of the PCR shows a detection limit of 0.25 genome copy for both targets. The capacity, speed and sensitivity of real-time PCR assays improve the diagnosis and contribute to strengthening the eradication of BU in Côte d’Ivoire.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Buruli ulcer, Mycobacterium ulcerans, real-time, insertion sequence, ketoreductase, Côte d’Ivoire.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of Eremurus persicus (Jaub and Spach) Boiss

Mojdeh Hakemi Vala, Jinous Asgarpanah*, Mohammad Hossein Hedayati, Jeilan Shirali and Fatemeh Bagheri Bejestani

Abstract: Traditional medicine has a key role in health care worldwide. Obtaining scientific information about the efficacy and safety of the plants is one of the researcher's goals. In this research, the flowering aerial parts of Eremurus persicus were collected from Golpayegan (Isfahan, Iran) in May 2010. The extract was tested for its antibacterial activity against 4 Gram- positive bacteria strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pyogenes) and 5 Gram-negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysantriae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Its cytotoxic activity was also investigated using MTT assay. Here we reported the antibacterial activity of E. persicus against S. aureus (MIC = 125 mg/ml), B. cereus (MIC = 15.62 mg/ml), E. coli (MIC = 125 mg/ml), S. typhi (MIC = 31.25 mg/ml), S. dysantriae (MIC = 0.48 mg/ml) for the first time. Furthermore the cytotoxic potentials of E. persicus on two cell lines, HeLa and Caco-2, were studied.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Eremurus persicus, antibacterial activity, cytotoxic activity.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Parametric optimization of extracellular Î±-amylase recovery from the fermented bran of Aspergillus awamori MTCC 9997

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: A newly isolated Aspergillus awamori MTCC 9997 strain from spoiled cooked rice was cultured under solid state using cassava peel powder to produce α-amylase. The effect of extraction medium, solid to solvent ratio, extraction time, temperature and physical state on α-amylase recovery was examined. Among various organic, inorganic solvents and buffer solutions tested, maximum extraction of α-amylase was achieved when phosphate buffer of pH 7.0 was added. A solid to solvent ratio (cassava peel : phosphate buffer) of 1:10 (w/v) resulted in maximum yield of α-amylase. The optimum extraction time was 30 min. At 30°C, α-amylase recovery was found to be the maximum. An appreciable amount of α-amylase was recovered under agitated conditions of the fermented biomass at 150 rpm compared with the quantum recovered under stationary conditions.[...] Read More.

Keywords: α-Amylase, Aspergillus awamori, solid-state fermentation, extraction.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Evaluation of immunogenic properties of monovalent and polyvalent inactivated bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccines

Vladimir S. Kurcubic*, Nenad S. Milic, Radojica D. Djokovic and Zoran Z. Ilic

Abstract: This study is aimed at evaluating the immunogenicity of two inactivated (mono- and polyvalent) vaccines containing bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) reference and field strains. Three experimental groups were formed: 10 calves vaccinated twice (days 1 and 28) subcutaneously (s/c) with 2 ml of inactivated polyvalent vaccine per animal (Group 1); 10 calves vaccinated twice (days 1 and 28) subcutaneously (s/c) with 2 ml of inactivated monovalent vaccine per animal (Group 2) and 9 unvaccinated calves (Control, Group C). Blood sera were obtained from immunized animals (standard procedure: on days 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56 post-immunization). Geometric mean titer (GMT) values for BVDV neutralizing antibodies were substantially higher in blood sera of calves receiving the inactivated monovalent vaccine. The immune response developed more rapidly in calves immunized with the monovalent vaccine.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bovine virus diarrhea virus, immunogenic properties, inactivated vaccines.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Non-typable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a dominant strain causing invasive diseases in Taiwan

Shiping He*, Ya-Wen Chang and Ya-Ling Lin

Abstract: To determine the relations between Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) genotypes (antibiotic resistance and active IgA1 protease) and infectious diseases, strains from infected blood, pus, sputum, bronchial washing and thorax patient samples with invasive diseases were cloned, and assayed for IgA1 protease activity and the enzymic subtype, as well as antibiotic resistance. Clinic samples of patients aged 1 to over 71 with invasive diseases of pneumonia, sinusitis, bacteremia, bronchitis, chronic obstructive of pulmonary diseases (COPD), conjunctivitis or otitis media were analyzed. Results showed that all Hi isolates contained IgA gene, but only 80% contained active IgA1 protease. Majority of Hi isolates (84%) are non-typable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), suggesting that NTHi had become major population in causing invasive diseases. Protease assays showed that 76% NTHi and 85% Haemophilus influenzae (THi) contained active IgA1 protease. Pulse-field agarose gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showed that none of the Hi isolates had identical genome. Phenotypic comparison of bacterial strains showed a weak relation between active IgA1 protease and antibiotic resistance. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing showed that mutations in silent IgA gene are common in Hi isolates. In conclusion, the antibiotic resistance and active IgA1 protease are two essential but independent phenotypes for NTHi infection and colonization.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Haemophilus influenzae (Hi), IgA1 protease, invasive diseases, non-typable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), typable Haemophilus influenzae (THi).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Characterization of Staphylococcus spp strains isolated from hospital, community and environmental in Puebla city, Mexico

Ana Marta de los Ángeles Lobo-Sánchez, Patricia Lozano-Zaraín, Ygnacio Martínez-Laguna, Zita Gutiérrez-Cázarez, Antonio Rivera-Tapia, Carmen Torres and Rosa del Carmen Rocha-Gracia,*

Abstract: We investigated the prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) and evaluated the antimicrobial resistance patterns of 284 Staphylococcus strains isolated from two hospitals, as well as from community and the environment in Puebla City, Mexico. Isolates were identified by Gram-stain and biochemical reactions and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer and in some cases by determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents. Result showed that from 284 strains studied, 32% (90 strains) were multidrug-resistant, of which 82% (74 strains) were methicillin-resistant. From 154 Staphylococcus aureus isolates tested, 41 strains showed methicillin-resistance (27%) and 84 of 130 coagulase-negative staphylococci showed methicillin-resistance (65%). The mecA gene was detected in 38 of 43 oxacillin-resistant staphylococci tested (14/14 S. aureus and 24/29 coagulase negative staphylococci). Nevertheless, this gene was also identified in 14 S. aureus that exhibited oxacillin and cefoxitin susceptibility. The percentages of resistance detected among S. aureus and coagulase negative staphylococcal isolates were: penicillin (79 and 67%, respectively), oxacillin (27 and 65%), erythromycin (18 and 36%), tetracycline (6 and 24%), gentamicin (71 and 45%), and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (19 and 37%). The b-lactamase production was positive in more than 80% of isolates. These results show the presence of multiresistant strains in these three sources, which supports the control measures taken by health authorities with respect to avoiding the misuse and abuse of antibiotics.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Staphylococcus, methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin resistance coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS), emerging infections.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

-lactam antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli commensal faecal flora of healthy population in Taif, Saudi Arabia

Eman Mohammed Halawani

Abstract: One hundred and twenty faecal sample of commensal Escherichia coli strains were collected from different healthy persons and tested for their susceptibility to 12 -lactam antibiotics by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods. Colonization with strains resistant to ampicillin (Amp), amoxicillin, carbenicillin and peperacillin was detected in 36.7% of the tested isolates. Resistance patterns to 3-6 -lactams was observed in 91.7% of the tested E. coli isolates. Transfer of Amp resistance marker by conjugation was usually associated with Strepomycin (Stm) and sulfonamise (Sul) in 100% of tested isoletes and with chloramphenicol (Clm) and tetracycline (Tet) in 63.3 and 45.6% of the isolates, respectively. This suggests that resistance markers to Amp, Stm, Sul, Tet and Clm existed as cossets on cojugative plasmids. Therefore, resistance to these antibiotics could rapidly disseminate and persist in the Saudi Society. All Amp resistant isolates produced one or two types of -lactamases with molecular weights of 28.9 and 28.8 KDa, which indicated TEM-1 and SHV-1. Both types of - lactamases are known to be plasmid-mediated in enteric bacterial species and are common in E. coli commensal faecal flora. Extended-spectrum -lactamases (ESBLs) were not detected in any of the tested strains and therefore, these types of -lactamases are uncommon in commensal E. coli in citizens of Taif. Measures should be taken to prevent the misuse of -lactams and the spread of antibiotic resistance in Saudi Society.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, -lactams, -lactamases, commensal Escherichia coli.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Interaction of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) nucleocapsid protein with macrophage migration inhibitory factor protein (MIF)

Yang Lin,*, Baohua Wang*, Yijun Liu, Zhigang Yu, Manhua Cui and Haichun Ma

Abstract: The nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a major structural component of virions, which appears to be a multifunctional protein involved in viral RNA replication and translation. However, how N protein interacts with host protein remains largely elusive. To identify cellular proteins that interact with the N protein and to elucidate the possible involvement of N protein in SARS-Cov replication and translation, a human lung cDNA library was screened using a yeast two-hybrid system assay. In this study, we have identified Macrophage migration inhibitory factor protein (MIF) as a novel interaction partner of N protein by yeast two-hybrid system. The direct interaction and co-localization of N protein with MIF were confirmed by immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy analysis, respectively. The mapping studies localized the critical N sequences for this interaction to amino acid 140-210 including SR motif by yeast two -hybrid system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that SARS-N protein interacts with the MIF within host cells, which enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of SARS replication.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, nucleocapsid protein, Macro|phage migration inhibitory factor protein, yeast two-hybrid.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Actinopolyspora egyptensis sp. nov., a new halophilic actinomycete

Wael N. Hozzein,* and Michael Goodfellow

Abstract: A halophilic actinomycete, designated HT371T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from the shore of the salty Lake Qaroun, Egypt, and was the subject of a polyphasic study. Analysis of 16S rRNA indicated that the isolate belonged to the genus Actinopolyspora and constituted a separate clade in the Actinopolyspora 16S rRNA gene tree with similarity values of 96.5 and 96.2% with Actinopolyspora halophila DSM43834T and Actinopolyspora mortivallis DSM44261T, respectively. Isolate HT371T had chemotaxonomic and morphological properties consistent with its classification in the genus Actinopolyspora and could grow on agar plates at NaCl concentrations of up to 25% (w/v). The isolate was readily differentiated from the type strains of genus Actinopolyspora using a range of phenotypic characters. On the basis of polyphasic evidence, the strain HT371T represents a novel species for which the name Actinopolyspora egyptensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HT371T (=CGMCC 4.2041T).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Actinopolyspora egyptensis sp. nov., halophilic isolate, polyphasic taxonomy.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Pulmonary tuberculosis associated with increased number and percentage of natural killer and B cells in the peripheral blood

Adel Almogren

Abstract: Host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is essentially a cell mediated immune response. The aim of this study is to assess immune abnormalities in the peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Flowcytometry data for peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in ten patients (mean age of 27 ± 6 years) with pulmonary tuberculosis were compared with similar data from 25 normal healthy individuals (mean age 24 ± 6 years) retrospectively in Immunology Unit at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh. The absolute numbers (523.7 ± 360.9 vs 177.1 ± 133.7, p = 0.0000) and % (28 ± 12.8% vs 9.9 ± 5.6%, p = 0.0000) of the natural killer cells and B lymphocytes (426.8 ± 452.1 vs 205.7 ± 69 p = 0.0000 and 18.2 ± 8.1% vs 11 ± 2.5%, p = 0.0000, respectively) were significantly higher in patients with PTB than the normal healthy individuals. A marked reduction in the absolute numbers (542.9 ± 350.3 vs 775.7 ± 225.4, p = 0.0250) and the percentage (30.8 ± 10.7% vs 44.01 ± 5.4%, p = 0.0000) of CD4 + cells in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was also noted. Elevated natural killer and B cells with CD4 + lymphopenia in pulmonary tuberculosis prompt further investigations to gain a better understanding of host defense against M. tuberculosis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, natural killer cells, lymphocyte subsets, pulmonary tuberculosis.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from water springs in Al-Ahsa Region

Abdullah M. Alzahrani and Youssuf A. Gherbawy,*

Abstract: In Saudi Arabia, water resources are largely limited to groundwater, which is used both for drinking and agriculture. There is no surface water except for a few oases and no permanent streams. The contamination of this source possibly through wastewater, agriculture activities and wild birds as well as amphibians and reptiles that have access to wells and springs. Twenty six strains of Escherichia coli, isolated from water springs in Al-Ahsa Region of Saudi Arabia were analyzed for their antimicrobial susceptibility. Fifteen strains, representing 57.74% of the total twenty six strains, showed multidrug resistance phenotypes. RAPD -PCR with two random primers produced different DNA fingerprinting profiles with varied number of bands. The dendrogram obtained from the RAPD-PCR results discriminated the isolates into 26 single isolates and 3 clusters at the level of 40% similarity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Escherichia coli, antibiotic resistance, water springs, RAPD-PCR.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Virulence and characteristics of a new nucleopolyhedrovirus strain of Dendrolimus kikuchii (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

Miao Miao Yang, Meng Lou Li, Yu Zhu Wang, Liang Jian Qu, Ke Yue Huai, Xue Wen Nie, Lu Qin Qiao, Jin Ying Ding and Yong An Zhang*

Abstract: In present study, a nucleopolyhedrovirus was isolated from the infected larvae of Dendrolimus kikuchii, which is a serious pest for a variety of conifers in China. Ultrastructural observation revealed that this virus is a multiple-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (MNPV), which was encapsulated within the envelope of each virion. Based on the morphological characteristics, it was identified as a new virus and named as DkNPV. It exhibited high potential as a biocontrol agent to protect the forest because of the high virulence against the third-instar larvae of D. kikuchii. The virus passage in the host after 4 generations, toxicity and ultrastructural morphology were stable.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Dendrolimus kikuchii, multiple-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus, Dendrolimus Kikuchii Matsumura nuclear polyhedrosis virus (DkNPV), virulence, ultrastructure, biological control.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation and identification of endophytic bacterium W4 against tomato Botrytis cinerea and antagonistic activity stability

Cong-Jun Yang, Xin-Gang Zhang, Guan-Ying Shi, Hao-Yu Zhao, Long Chen, Ke Tao,* and Tai-Ping Hou,*

Abstract: Of the 72 endophytic bacteria isolated from healthy tomato stems and leaves from field-grown plants, the strain W4 gave strongly inhibitory effect on Botrytis cinerea Pers, with the inhibition rate 78% in dual culture assay and 100% using fermentation filtrate diluted 20 times. Based on morphological, physiological and biochemical properties, 16S rDNA gene sequences and Biolog system analysis, the isolate W4 was identified and named as Brevibacillus brevis W4. The activity determination demonstrated that the antagonistic effect of W4 fermentation filtrate on B. cinerea was fairly stable to temperature, pH, ultraviolet light. Only heated at 90°C for 30 min or at 100°C or above for 10 min, the inhibitory effect was significantly reduced. The inhibitory rate remained above 90% at pH 2-11 and above 95% under ultraviolet light radiation for 5-240 min. These stability characteristics of antagonistic activity were conducive to future applications in the field.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Botrytis cinerea, Brevibacillus brevis W4, endophytic bacteria, antagonistic activity.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Genotyping of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in infected patients from Saudi Arabia

Mohammed Ali M. Marie

Abstract: A molecular study was carried to investigate the prevalence of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in HCV infected population of Saudi Arabia. A total of HCV-positive clinical specimens (serum, EDTA plasma) with viral loads above 2,000 IU/ml were collected for genotyping. Genotyping of 358 samples revealed four different genotypes including 1 (1a and 1b), 2a, 3 (3a) and 4. The most prevalent genotype was 4 with rate of 74.2% followed by genotype 3 (11.7%) and 1a (3.9%). The predominance of HCV genotype 4 in our population confirms the predominance of HCV genotype 4 in Saudi Arabia and most of the Arab countries in the Middle East.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Hepatitis C virus (HCV), genotypes, Saudi Arabia, Riyadh.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of salinity on free living - diazotroph and total bacterial populations of two saline soils

Azam Moradi, Arezoo Tahmourespour*, Mehran Hoodaji and Farhad Khorsandi

Abstract: Salinization of soil is a serious problem and is increasing steadily in many parts of the world. Recently, soil biotechnology application can improve the potential of saline soils land use in agriculture. The aim of this research was determining the salinity effect on free-living diazotroph and total bacterial populations in two saline soils. Soil samples with salinity of 35 and 70 dS/m selected. The heterotrophic and free-living diazotrophic bacterial populations were counted on nutrient agar and free-nitrogen medium. The salinity effect on population of each soil was determined on same media supplemented with 0.44 and 1.02 M NaCl (equal with EC 35 and 70 dS/m of each soil). The results showed that, the free- living diazotrophic and total heterotrophic bacterial populations in soil sample 1 was significantly (P < 0.05) more than soil sample 2. Also the heterotrophic and diazotrophic bacterial population in each soil sample were significantly less in the presence of salt. Soil salinity is a stress factor relating to microbial selection process and can reduce bacterial diversity and control microbial abundance, composition and functions. Use of soil halotolerant or halophyl bacterial strains which can either fix atmospheric nitrogen will be environmentally begin approach for nutrient management and ecosystem function for saline soils.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Salinity, bacterial population, diazotrophic, heterotrophic.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Medium formulation and impeller design on the biosynthesis of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid by Streptococcus zooepidemicus ATCC 39920

Zee-Wei Lai, Raha Abdul Rahim, Arbakariya Ariff, and Rosfarizan Mohamad, *

Abstract: The effects of medium formulation and impeller design (Rushton turbine and helical ribbon) on hyaluronic acid (HA) biosynthesis by Streptococcus zooepidemicus ATCC 39920 were investigated using a 2 L stirred-tank bioreactor. The effect of different glucose concentrations (20, 30, 50 and 60 g/L), nitrogen sources ((NH4)2S2O8, (NH4)2PO 4, yeast extract, and tryptone) and carbon/nitrogen ratios on the growth of the strain and on HA biosynthesis were initially investigated. Organic nitrogen sources (yeast extract and tryptone) were proven to be favourable in media for HA biosynthesis compared to inorganic nitrogen sources. About 2.442 g/L of HA with a high molecular weight (4.36 x 106 Da) was synthesised at an optimal C/N of 2.5:1 (using a mixture of yeast extract and tryptone) in a 2 L stirred-tank bioreactor equipped with a Rushton turbine impeller. When using an optimal medium formulation at equal HA production levels, the helical ribbon impeller resulted in a higher molecular weight of HA (5.20 x 106 Da) compared to the Rushton turbine impeller.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Streptococcus spp., hyaluronic acid, helical ribbon impeller, carbon/nitrogen.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Some cellular immune components and C-reactive protein monitoring in female handball players during a competitive period

Tarik Sevindi, Serkan Hazar, Serkan Ibi and Kadir Gökdemir

Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the competitive period training on leukocytes, some leukocyte subgroups and C -reactive protein (CRP) in sportswomen playing in the professional handball league. The average age of the group was 20.6 ± 3.37 years, height average was 163 ± 6.30 cm, weight average was 58.73 ± 4.92 kg. Blood samples were taken before and after the training period of the competition. Subjects rested for 48 h until taking blood samples. Subsequently, leukocytes, some leukocyte subgroups and CRP were determined. Leukocytes and leukocyte subgroups were determined using a Roche Sismex 2000XL device. CRP was determined using Beckman immunochemistry systems in-vitro diagnostic kits and nephelometric methods (Beckman Coulter Array 360 System, USA). Statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test. p values[...] Read More.

Keywords: Training, immune component, C- reactive protein, female athlete.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

An investigation on the pollen germination and tube growth in some Prunus persica genotypes and cultivars

Yavar Sharafi

Abstract: Peaches and nectarines (Prunus persica) are stone fruit trees which their pistils needed to be pollinated and fertilized to set fruits therefore; pollen characteristics including pollen viability, longevity, morphological homogeneity, germination and pollen tube growth rate are very important component of fertilization and fruit setting. However, study of main pollen traits is one of the most important approaches for growers and breeders. In this research, main pollen characteristics including germination, tube growth and longevity were investigated in some favorable selected genotypes and cultivars of peach and nectarine. Pollen traits of 5 genotypes and 10 cultivars were studied after two month maintenance in - 20°C using the in vitro medium containing 14% sucrose and 1.2% agar. Results shows that in all of the studied characteristics, significant differences were observed among cultivars and genotypes. However, genotypes and cultivars with good quantitative and qualitative pollen traits were selected for peach and nectarine orchard establishment and breeding programs in Iran.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Peach, nectarine, pollen germination, pollen tube growth, viability, in vitro.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala methanol and n-hexane seed extracts on bacteria implicated in water borne diseases

Atieno Walter*, Wagai Samuel, Arama Peter and Ogur Joseph

Abstract: The anti-bacterial activity of methanol and n-hexane extracts of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala seeds was conducted on 3 bacterial species (Salmonella typhii, Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli) which normally cause water borne diseases. The paper disc diffusion method was used with treatments arranged in a completely randomized design and replicated four times. The highest inhibitions were observed at dilutions of 20, 5 and 40% for M. oleifera and M. stenopetala methanol extracts on E. coli, S. typhi and V. cholerae respectively. The n-hexane extract of both M. oleifera and M. stenopetala had a higher inhibition on S. typhii than V. cholerae and E. coli. The results of this study showed that M. oleifera and M. stenopetala had a degree of antibacterial properties especially in low doses.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala, methanol and n-hexane extracts, inhibition, Salmonella typhii, Vibrio cholera, Escherichia coli, Kenya.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prevalence study of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection among foreign manpower in Jeddah Saudi Arabia

N. A. Redwan, M. M. M. Ahmed,* and M. S. H. AL Awfi

Abstract: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a species-specific DNA virus of the Herpetoviridae family. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is more widespread in developing countries and in areas of low socio-economic conditions. It causes high morbidity and mortality. After primary infection CMV is not eradicated but establishes life-long infection in its host. CMV dispersed and become dormant or latent in multiple end organs, and can later be reactivated by a number of different stimuli, including immunosuppresion and inflammation. To determine CMV prevalence in a sample of the foreign manpower population in Jeddah region, Saudi Arabia, we tested serum samples for CMV-specific immunoglobulin G from participants aged 20 to 60 years (n = 514) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The prevalence of CMV infection was 80.7% in studied population. CMV prevalence differed significantly by sex (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cytomegalovirus (CMV), virus, seroprevalence, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoglobulin G (IgG).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A method for the determination of tannase activity based on gallic acid measurement by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Nalan Yilmaz Sariözlü*, Erdoğan Çakir, Merih Kivanç and Muzaffer Tunçel

Abstract: A new high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed based on an indirect determination of tannase activity through gallic acid measurement using paracetamol as an internal standard. The separation was performed on a C18 column using a mobile phase consisting of aqueous formic acid solution (1%) and methanol (85:15; v/v) pumped at 1 ml min-1. Samples (10 μl) were injected and signals were detected at 254 nm. Repeatability was 0.81 and 1.28 for peak normalization values of gallic acid (4.16 x 10-5 M) and internal standard (2.02 x 10-5 M). A good linearity was shown in the range of 1.04 x 10-5 to 8.32 x 10-5 M. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were calculated to be 2.2 x 10-6 M and 6.6 x 10-6 M, respectively. The applicability of the method was tested using Penicillium spinulosum which produces tannase. The method was highly sensitive, accurate, reliable, and repeatable and at the same time it is applicable to both pure and crude enzyme.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Tannase activity, gallic acid, tannic acid, high performance liquid chromatography, enzyme activity, validation.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Detection of the anaerobic bacteria in the odontogenic cyst fluids using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method

Fahriye Keskin, Sevgi Ciftci, Sirmahan Cakarer, Firat Selvi, Taylan Can, Sevda Ozel and Cengizhan Keskin

Abstract: Odontogenic cysts are slow growing lesions which are formed by epithelium. They may reach to a substantial size without symptoms for a long time. Radicular cysts’ (RCs) and odontogenic keratocysts’ (OKCs) are common odontogenic cysts of jaws. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate if anaerobic bacteria play a role in the pathogenesis of the RCs and OKCs fluids by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Odontogenic cyst fluid samples with a history of infection were collected from a total of 28 odontogenic cysts consisting of 16 samples of OKCs and 12 samples of RCs. Anaerobic bacteria detection were performed by PCR based on bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Porphyromonas gingivalis existed more frequently compared to the other bacteria, in all samples (39.2%). Following this, F. nucleatum (32.1%), Provetella intermedia and Campylobacter rectus ( 25.5%), Treponema denticola (25%), Provetella nigrescens and Tannerella forsythia (17.8%), Dialister pneumosintes (14.2%), Filifactor alocis (10.7%), Porphyromonas endodontalis and Provetella pallens (7.1%) were seen. The 58.3% of the Fusobacterium nucleatum positive cyst fluids were in the RCs group. In D. pneumosintes positive cysts liquid samples, C. rectus was found to be positive (p=0.025). The same correlation was observed between F. alocis and C. rectus (p= 0.003). On the other hand, in F. alocis positive cysts liquid samples, F. nucleatum also was found to be positive (p=0.026). Odontogenic cysts fluid contained numerous anaerobic bacteria of various types, thus suggesting that oral bacteria may cause symptoms in odontogenic cyst fluids. Further studies are needed to assess the role of these bacteria in the pathogenesis of odontogenic cysts.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), odontogenic cyst, anaerobic bacteria.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Identification and quantitation of conjunctival aerobic bacterial flora from healthy residents at different ages in Southwest China

Jing Liu, Jing Li, Jian Huo and Hanping Xie*

Abstract: To identify and quantitate conjunctival aerobic bacterial flora from healthy residents of three age groups in Chongqing city, Southwest China. Samples taken with moist swabs from the lower fornix of bilateral eyes of 33 children (9.85 ± 0.57 years old), 31 youths (21.23 ± 0.88 years old), and 30 elders (72.97 ± 4.94 years old) respectively were tested for bacterial cultures. Positive cultures were identified and colony forming units (CFUs) were counted. Bacterial quantity was expressed as the number of CFUs divided by the weight difference of each sample transport swab-tube measured before and after the sample collection. The elders showed a higher isolation frequency (93.33%) of conjunctival aerobic bacteria than that of children (45.45%) and youths (50.00%), (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Conjunctival sac, aerobic bacteria, age, quantitative analysis, microecology.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Growth response of Pterocarpus soyauxii and Lophira alata seedlings to host soil mycorrhizal inocula in relation to land use types

N. A. Onguene*, L. E. M. Ngonkeu and T. W. Kuyper

Abstract: Deficiency in mycorrhizal inoculum in soils due to land use types (LUT) can be alleviated by quantity and quality inoculum addition. A bioassay was carried out to determine how host soil mycorrhizal inoculum influenced mycorrhizal colonization, carbon allocation and partitioning of seedlings of two native timber species of Cameroon humid forest. Seedlings of Pterocarpus soyauxii and Lophira alata were raised for six months on surface soils (0 - 20 cm) collected from early secondary forests and LUT derived from slash-and-burn agriculture and selective logging. Mycorrhizal inoculation effect (MIE) was derived. Seedlings were mainly colonized by members of the Glomaceae and Gigasporaceae, respectively, as shown by molecular typing. They generally performed poorly in soils with indigenous inoculum. But addition of soil inoculum from P. soyauxii trees favored nodulation, significantly increased mycorrhizal colonization and total biomass but decreased root-to-shoot ratios, resulting in large and positive MIE, irrespective of LUT. ln contrast, host soil inoculum of L. alata did not affect fractional mycorrhizal colonization but significantly increased total biomass and resulted in high carbon allocation to roots in low and sometimes negative MIE. Therefore, seedlings' responses to mycorrhizal inoculum depend on host soil inoculum and that could be critical for successful rejuvenation of tropical trees.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Arbuscular, mycorrhiza-host, soil, inoculum-Iand use types, Pterocarpus soyauxii, Lophira alata, Cameroon.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A novel vector for expression cloning of large numbers of polymerase chain reaction products in Pichia pastoris

Dongming Lan, Wenkai Wang, Lijuan Sun, Yonghua Wang* and Bo Yang

Abstract: We described construction of a novel vector, pAOX-HT, for direct cloning of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified fragments and expression in Pichia pastoris. The pAOX-HT serves both as a T-vector and expression vector and can be generated from a parent plasmid by digestion with restriction enzyme XcmI. To minimize the non-recombinant background, the parent vector pAOX-HT-BSK was designed to contain a large insert. The cloning efficiency was above 95% when tested with PCR products. The linearized pAOX-HT was engineered to harbor a potential AflII site (CT) upstream of the T/A cloning site. An AflII site was reconstructed when the PCR product with 5’-TAAG sequence was ligated into the T/A cloning site. Taking advantage of this property, we digested the ligated products by restriction enzyme AflII before transformation to eliminate the clones containing inserts with undesired orientation. By using pAOX-HT vector, the lipase B gene from Candida Antarctica was efficiently cloned and expressed in P. pastoris and the recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography. These results demonstrate that the pAOX-HT might serve as a useful tool for gene function study.[...] Read More.

Keywords: T vector, expression vector, yeast expression, restriction endonuclease digestion.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Primary resistance rates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains isolated from new tuberculosis cases

Servet Kayhan*, Alper Akgüne , Hikmet Tereci and Ümit Tutar

Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the automated mycobacteria growth ındicator tube (MGIT) for drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and to determine resistance patterns. We used BACTEC MGIT 960 System to determine the susceptibility of M. tuberculosis complex isolates to major anti tuberculous agents. Patients with single and first positive isolates were enrolled in the study. We have performed our drug susceptibility study between January 2005 and December 2010 for monitoring of drug resistance patterns in six years. A total of 1240 (77.16%) of the 1607 isolates were susceptible to all four of the antimycobacterial agents while 369 (22.96%) were found to be resistant to one or more of the drugs. The rate of isolates resistant to streptomycin (SM) was 6.84%, the other rates were 17.17% to isoniazid (INH), 5.28% to rifampicin (RIF) and 4.10% to ethambutol (ETM). Single drug resistance rates were found to be 12.13% for INH, 0.99% for RIF, 5.6% for SM, and 1.74% for ETM. The ratio of resistant isolates to all four drugs was 0.74% (n=12) and the prevalence of multidrug resistant isolates was 3.92% (n=63) . It was concluded that resistance to INH and RIF continues almost in a straight line in the present study. Monitoring of drug resistance patterns is essential for accurate drug regimen in management of tuberculosis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, primary resistance, ısoniazid, rifampicin.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The effect of soil water potential on survival of fecal coliforms in soil treated with organic wastes under laboratory conditions

Ali Akbar Safari Sinegani* and Javad Maghsoudi

Abstract: Pollution caused by animal wastes has become a great problem in many countries. The objective of this study was to test the effects of water potential on survival of fecal coliforms in a soil treated with 3 manures. A semiarid soil was treated with raw cow and poultry manures (CM and PM) and sewage sludge (SS) at a rate of 20 g kg-1 (dry weight basis). Three water potentials established for soil incubation were: Saturation (SAT, 0 bars), field capacity (FC, -0.3 bars), and permanent wilting point (PWP, - 15 bars) . Fourth irrigation treatment was drying-rewetting cycle (DWC) between -0.3 to -15 bars. Colony forming units of Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms on EMBA (eosin methylene blue agar) were counted during soil incubation. The population of E. coli was higher in the soils treated with CM but the populations of lactose positive and negative coliforms were higher in the soils treated with PM. The populations of E. coli and other fecal coliforms were significantly higher in the soils incubated in SAT compared to those in soils incubated in other water potentials especially in the early stages of soil incubation. The populations of fecal coliforms were decreased significantly with increasing time of incubation. Survival of E. coli were near 40 days in the soils treated with PM and SS. E. coli could survive in the soils treated with CM and incubated in SAT and PWP for more than 90 days may be due to low level of negative interactions in these unsuitable water conditions.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Organic wastes, soil water potential, Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms, survival, incubation.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Screening of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for high tolerance of ethanol concentration and temperature

Parviz Mehdikhani*, Mahmoud Rezazadeh Bari and Hrachya Hovsepyan

Abstract: The fermentation process of sugar feedstock materials at industrial scale requires the utilization of microorganisms capable of working at high ethanol concentration and high temperatures. The selection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, able to ferment sugars obtained from different material at temperatures above 35°C with high ethanol yield, has become a necessity. Three yeast strains were irradiated with gamma ray and screened for their ability to grow and ferment molasses in a temperature range of 35-45°C. The yeasts were placed in a liquid medium, and irradiated at different doses (0.1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 KGy/h). Although all the isolated strains had growth (in agar plates) at 35 and 40°C, but just two strains showed growth at 42°C, and there was no growth at 45°C. Two pure yeast strains were isolated (PTCC5269 M3 and Areni M7). The efficiency of temperature and high concentrations of ethanol tolerant strains were more than double of ethanol production compared with using the initial strains of yeast. All resistant strains were tested on liquid medium of molasses, and nutrients with 30% (v/v) ethanol had significant difference (P>0.01) for growth intensity at same condition with initial strains.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bioethanol, gamma radiation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, thermotolerant.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Fibrolytic potential of spent compost of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus to degrade forages for ruminants

M. Ayala, S. S. González-Muñoz* J. M. Pinos-Rodríguez, C. Vázquez, M. Meneses, O. Loera and G. D. Mendoza

Abstract: To evaluate the fibrolytic potential to degrade forages, extracts from spent compost of Agaricus bisporus (SCAB) were evaluated in vitro. Firstly, SCAB was cultivated for 50, 60 and 90 days (culture stage) and enzyme activity was evaluated. The highest cellulase activity was at 60 days; xylanase activity was not affected by culture stage and laccase activity increased as culture stage increased. Secondly, extracts of SCAB cultivated for 60 days were preserved by refrigeration, freezing, freeze-drying, refrigeration + benzoic acid, freezing + benzoic acid, freezing + glycerol, or freezing + benzoic acid-glycerol and then fibrolytic activity was evaluated. The highest fibrolytic activity was shown by SCAB frozen with addition of either glycerol or benzoic acid, or freeze- dried. Finally, effects of SCAB as an additive to enhance ruminal degradation of alfalfa hay, Taiwan grass, barley straw, and spent compost of A. bisporus were evaluated. Soluble fraction of dry matter of alfalfa and potential degradation of dry matter of Taiwan grass and barley straw were increased by SCAB. It is concluded that SCAB showed a noticeable fibrolytic activity which might increase degradation of forages in the rumen.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Agaricus bisporus, degradation, fibrolytic enzymes, forages, ruminants.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Characterization of pathogenic or non-pathogenic Enterococcus faecalis isolated from lambs from Xinjiang, a remove North-west province of China

ZHOU Xia*, WANG Dong and WANG Xiao-lan

Abstract: The majority of the 11 pathogenic Enterococcus faecalis from lambs developed encephalitis and 45 non-pathogenic E. faecalis from intestinal and respiratory microbiota of healthy lambs were belonged to Streptococcus serotype D. Haemolytic study revealed that 8 of 11 pathogenic stains had stable haemolyticus; 8/30 strains of intestinal normal microbita and 3 of 15 strains from respiratory system showed unstable haemolyticus. Of 11 pathogenics E. faecalis, 8 of 9 virulence factor genes were detected in all the strains; 5 of 11 expressed Esp, CylA, Asa1, Ace, efa, EF0591 and EF3314 simultaneously and 1 of 11 expressed GelE; Two of 11 did not express any of the 9 virulence factor genes. Among 30 strains isolated from the intestinal microbita, only one had 2 (GelE, EF3314) and one had 3 (GelE, EF3314 and Asa1) of the 9 virulence factor genes. The homology of these 3 common virulence gene fragments (GelE, EF3314 and Asa1) was more than 95% between E. faecalis from GenBank and intestinal microbita and 96% when comparing the E. faecalis isolated from intestinal microbita and from those of pathogenic strains. Antibiotic sensitivity study indicated that all of the 11 pathogenic strains were resistance to a variety of antibiotics in various degrees. In comparison, Only 2 strains from normal flora were resistance to individual antibiotics. In vivo challenge study showed that all of the 11 the pathogenic strains could lead to the death of mice, whereas none of the isolates from normal flora could cause the death of the experimental animals.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Biochemical characteristic, Enterococcus faecalis, lamb,virulence factor gene.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The presence of Campylobacter jejuni in broiler houses: Results of a longitudinal study

Yavuz Cokal*, Vildan Caner, Aysin Sen, Cengiz Cetin and Murat Telli

Abstract: In this study, the presence of Campylobacter jejuni in water lines of commercial broiler house and its role in the epidemiology of the infection of broiler flocks was investigated. The study was done in three sequential commercial broiler flocks previously known to be infected with C. jejuni in two poultry houses with different water sources. C. jejuni was identified in drinking water and drinking nipple swab samples in water-line samples from both houses. Fresh fecal dropping samples were taken from broiler flocks for determination of C. jejuni-carriage. Twenty and 130 C. jejuni isolates were recovered from water-line system and fecal dropping samples, respectively. A total of 150 C. jejuni isolates were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with SmaI digestion and 9 distinct PFGE patterns were identified. Six and 5 different PFGE types were identified in houses 1 and 2, respectively. C. jejuni isolates, recovered from water lines samples, were genotypically similar to the isolates from fresh fecal dropping in both houses. These results showed that C. jejuni water-line contamination was related to flock contamination and could help to continuously make it infected with C. jejuni.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Campylobacter jejuni, broiler, water, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Molecular characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in a Chinese teaching hospital

Xiao-Ling Ma, Fei-Hu Chen*, Xin Zhou, Wen-Jiao Chang and Yuan-Yuan Dai

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the genetic backgrounds of methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) isolates isolated from clinical specimens of the patients with verified infections in a Chinese teaching hospital. Macro E test (MET) was used to detect hVISA and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to determine the STs of the selected isolates. The genotypes of SCCmec were determined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in MRSA isolates. Panton-valentine leucocidin (PVL) genes were also detected by PCR. Among 273 S. aureus isolates, hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA), community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA), hospital-acquired methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MSSA) and community-associated methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MSSA) isolates accounted for 55.6, 1.5, 36.3, and 6.6%, respectively. Nine isolates were confirmed as hVISA by MET. Among 60 HA-MRSA isolates, ST239-MRSA-III was the most prevalent clone accounting for 51.7%, followed by ST5-MRSA-II clone. Fifty percentage and 22.2% of CA-MSSA isolates were found to be ST121 and ST88. ST239-MRSA-III was the predominant clone in hVISA isolates. However, no predominant ST type was found in HA-MSSA isolates. Of 9 PVL-positive strains, ST88 was the most prevalent ST (50.0%; 4/8), followed by ST121 (33.3%; 3/9), ST5 (4.5%; 1/22) and ST239 (2.6%; 1/39). In conclusion, ST239- III was the major pandemic clone in hVISA and HA-MRSA and spread in China. ST5- emerging rapidly in China had remained stable viability.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus, molecular characteristic.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Recombinant matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) can promote mineralization in vitro

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) gene is highly expressed in tumors that cause oncogenic hypophosphatemic osteomalacia (OHO). MEPE is also known as one of the bone-tooth matrix proteins and is associated with bone and teeth mineralization. We developed a rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against recombinant human MEPE after cloning its cDNA from the cDNA library of a human brain cDNA library. Using this anti-body, we analyzed the distribution of MEPE in dog dental germ tissue by immunohistochemistry. In these specimens, MEPE was predominantly expressed by odontoblast cells and predentin, but not by dental pulp cells. Furthermore we used von kossa staining. And the results suggested that MEPE could induce mineralization and we propose that this protein has a potential effect on dental rehabilitation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein, mineralization Von kossa.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Cloning and expression of Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin gene

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Diphtheria is an acute bacterial disease caused by oxygenic strains of Corynebacteria. Fatality rate of this disease, between 5 and 10%. In children under 5 years and adults, the fatality rate may be as much as 20%. Outbreaks, although very rare, still occur worldwide, even in developed nations. Diphtheria toxin (DT) is the major virulence factor for these organisms. The aim of this study was cloning and expression diphtheria toxin gene to produce recombinant protein and application in next investigations. The bacterial DNA was extracted and amplification of diphtheria toxin gene was carried out with specific primers. This gene was cloned in pTZ57R/T vector and sub cloned into pETDuet-1 expression vector then recombinant plasmid was transformed into BL21 of Escherichia coli strain and induced by IPTG. Diphtheria toxin gene was amplified successfully and cloned in pTZ57R. Recombinant plasmid was digested by restriction enzymes and released fragment (diphtheria toxin gene) sub cloned in pETDuet-1 expression vector and expressed protein was analysed in serological assay. In this study, the diphtheria toxin gene was cloned in pETDuet-1 expression vector and confirmed by sequencing and restriction analysis then recombinant plasmid was transformed in BL21 expression cell.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Diphteria, Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin gene, recombinant protein, pETDuet-1.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Complement C1, C3 and C4 levels in sera of leishmaniasis cases in Turkey

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Leishmaniasis is still a problem for many countries including developed ones. The subgroups of the serum complements have significant roles on the onset of the infection. The aim of this study was to determine the serum complement (C1, C3, C4) levels of cases with definite diagnosis of leishmaniasis and compare them with healthy controls. The study group included 43 visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and 13 cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases. Two control groups were formed for the study. The first control group included 50 individuals of the same age group having no health complaints, admitted for routine control and found to be serologically negative. The second control group included 28 individuals, consistent with the diagnostic criteria of VL. The serum complement levels of C1, C3 and C4 were measured by the nephelometric method. The average levels of C1 were found to be high in VL cases (78.98%) and low in CL (41.69%) group, which was statistically significant (p=0.011). In addition, the average levels of C3 were high in CL group (96.08%) and low in VL group (62.00%), which was also statistically significant (p=0.010) . C4 levels were found to be high in the control group, while similar in VL and CL groups. C1, C3, C4 levels were found to be lower in the first control group of healthy individuals. The levels of the subgroups of complement system show statistically significant in both VL and CL cases, which suggested that they could be useful in verifying the results of the serological examinations.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Leishmaniasis, complement levels, C1, C3, C4.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

IN VIVO and IN VITRO protein profiling in ACACIA NILOTICA (L.): A nitrogen fixing tree

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Present investigation was the first attempt which deals with the IN VIVO and IN VITRO comparative study of protein level in ACACIA NILOTICA L., a nitrogen fixing tree. Protein was investigated in callus, seed, leaf and stem by means of SDS-PAGE. For obtaining the IN VITRO explant, the seeds were cultured on ½ MS medium under the IN VITRO condition. The cotyledonary nodal explants were taken from the IN VITRO seedlings and cultured in the MS medium supplemented in combination of 2, 4-D (0.4 mg/l) with BAP (0.25 mg/l). Though some differences were observed in the protein contents of IN VIVO and IN VITRO samples, the data proved that protein content in callus was higher than the seed following leaf and stem. In this study it was found that A. NILOTICA contained several protein bands of molecular weight 54.3, 44.1, 42.7, 40.1, 35.6, 31.2, 28.6, 24.7 and 19.5 kDa. These results indicate that the intensity of protein bands was high in IN VITRO sample compared to IN VIVO samples.[...] Read More.

Keywords: SDS-PAGE, in vitro, in vivo

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation and characterization of antagonistic bacteria against fusarium wilt and induction of defense related enzymes in banana

J. B. Sun, M. Peng*, Y. G. Wang, P. J. Zhao and Q. Y. Xia

Abstract: Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum is considered a fatal disease to bananas. Chemical control of Fusarium wilt in bananas has received little efficiency. Alternatively, biological control is a viable strategy against soil-borne diseases. The objectives of this research were to isolate antagonistic bacteria and investigate the possible mechanisms against Fusarium wilt. An antagonistic Bacillus strain, termed KY-21 against F. oxysporum f. sp. Cubense was isolated from the soil of banana’s rhizosphere by dual culture. The strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis according to the characteristics of its morphology and by homology analysis of its 16S rDNA sequence. Mycelium growth of the pathogen was seriously inhibited after treatment with the fermentation filtrate of KY-21. Observation revealed that the tips of the hypha were deformed into spherical structures that were remarkably constricted. The strain KY-21 displayed a good ability to colonize and can transfer into banana tissues. The activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) in bananas showed an increase after inoculated with KY-21, compared to control. In vivo biocontrol assays showed a significant reduction in wilt index and vascular discoloration. These results indicated that the antagonistic mechanisms against Fusarium wilt were involved in the inhibition of mycelial growth and the improvement in activity of defense related enzymes.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense, antagonistic bacteria, screen, colonization, enzyme activity.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Treatment guidelines and nosocomial infections: The South African experience

Essack, S. Y. and Connolly, C.

Abstract: Nationally-devised standard treatment guidelines (STGs) for nosocomial infections were evaluated in the context of antibiotic resistance within the public health care system in Kwazulu-Natal. A multi-centre surveillance study instituted in 3 hospitals at 3 progressive levels of health care (district, regional and tertiary) collected consecutive, non-repetitive isolates commonly implicated in nosocomial infections as cited by the STGs, viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. Isolates were subjected to susceptibility testing against antibiotics recommended in the treatment guidelines as empirical treatment for nosocomial infections using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method advocated by the CLSI. Percentage susceptibility across (1) bacterial species, (2) antibiotics and (3) hospital levels was compared. Susceptibility to antibiotics recommended in the treatment guidelines and hence potentially successful empiric therapy ranged from 5 to 95% with multi-resistance evident in all isolates. Statistically significant differences in overall susceptibility were observed (1) across bacterial species, (2) within 2 of the 3 bacterial species for different antibiotics and; (3) across hospital levels for 2 antibiotics with p values[...] Read More.

Keywords: Treatment guidelines, nosocomial infections, antibiotic resistance.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Continuous butyric acid production by corn stalk immobilized Clostridium thermobutyricum cells

Wei Li, Hui-Juan Han and Chun-hui Zhang*

Abstract: Corn stalks were used as a support to immobilize Clostridium thermobutyricum in a fermentation process for butyric acid production. The effects of pH and acetic acid concentration on butyric acid production were examined in a steady- state 25-day continuous flow operation. A metabolic shift was induced by changing pH of the medium. The maximum and the minimum ratio of butyric acid and acetic acid produced in the fermentation process were achieved at pH 7.0 and 5.0, respectively, and the maximum yield of butyric acid was observed at pH 6.0. The addition of acetate in the medium has resulted in an increased butyric acid final concentration. The maximum total butyric acid concentration of 15.82 g/l was obtained at pH 6.0 with 10 g/l acetic acid concentration in the medium. The cell adsorption and morphology change during the growth phase on corn stalk support were examined by the scanning electronic microscope (SEM).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Butyric acid, corn stalk, immobilized cells, Clostridium thermobutyricum.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Seasonal variation in the diversity and abundance of phytoplankton in a small African tropical reservoir

ADON Marie Paulette*, OUATTARA Allassane and GOURENE Germain

Abstract: Phytoplankton species composition and seasonal changes were investigated in the shallow reservoir of Adzopé. Taxonomic composition, diversity and abundance of phytoplankton were studied at 4 stations from May 2008 to February 2009, in relation to physical and chemical factors (temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, transparency, pH, nutrients) and climatic factor (rainfall). The phytoplankton comprised 144 taxa, mainly Chlorophyta (29.45% of taxa), Euglenophyta (29.45%) Bacillariophyta (23.97%) and Cyanobacteria (10.27%). Phytoplankton density values were greatest during the transition season (short rainy season), lower during the dry seasons, and extremely lower during the long rainy season (mean value 356 105 cells/l, 44 105 cells/l and 35 105 cells/l respectively). Abundance was dominated by Anabaena constricta Szafer (Geitler) and Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz. The diversity index varied between 2.1 bits/cells in long rainy season and 4.6 bits/cells in short dry season. The redundancy analysis (RDA) demonstrated a separation between the long rainy season and the other seasons due to the influence of the flood pulse.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Phytoplankton, shallow reservoir, species dominance, West Africa.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Increasing the bioethanol yield in the presence of furfural via mutation of a native strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Rahimian Zarif Bahareh* and Azin Mehrdad

Abstract: High ethanol yield is a desired property of industrial yeast strains. A significant problem in fermentative conversion of lignocellulosic materials to ethanol is the formation of furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which are formed during acid hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Furfural has been known to create strong inhibition in metabolism of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this article, the result of random mutagenesis of a native strain of S. cerevisiae by ultra violet (UV) light and nitrous acid is presented. By screening the cells in the presence of furfural, a potent mutant was selected which produced 36.7% more bioethanol than the parent strain, in the presence of 0.2% (v/v) furfural.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bioethanol, furfural, mutation, nitrous acid, Saccharomyces cerevisiae PTCC 5315, UV radiation.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Detection of inducible clindamycin resistance by an automated system in a tertiary care hospital

Jethwani Urmi N.*, Mulla Summaiya A., Shah Latika N. and Panwala Tanvi R.

Abstract: Clindamycin is commonly used in treatment of erythromycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus causing skin and soft tissue infections. In vitro routine tests for clindamycin susceptibility may fail to detect inducible clindamycin resistance due to ‘erm’ genes resulting in treatment failure thus necessitating the need to detect such resistance by a rapid method. In the era of automation, vitek-2 system provides a panel for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance with conjunction of other antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The present study evaluated the performance of a vitek-2 card for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance in a tertiary care hospital. Non-duplicate clinical isolates of hundred S. aureus were obtained from various clinical samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out, including detection of clindamycin resistance and methicillin resistance pattern by vitek-2 identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ID/AST) system by using AST-GP67 card. The results were compared to those of D-test as per CLSI guidelines on erythromycin resistant isolates. EPI INFO software, Licensed by CDC Atlanta was used for analysis of data. The sensitivity and specificity for the vitek-2 card was 95.4 and 100%, respectively in comparism to disk approximation test (D-test),. The performance of vitek-2 card was 100% specific and rapid for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance with other antimicrobial susceptibility results.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Automated system, constitutive macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS B) phenotype, inducible MLSB phenotype, methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), msrA gene (MS phenotype).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Combination of Dichelobacter nodosus LAMP with Fusobacterium necrophorum LAMP for detecting hoof swabs from dairy cattle footrot

Sun D. B., Wu R., Guo D. H.*, He X. J., Zheng J. S., Wang J. F., Lin Y. C., Han X., Wang Y. Q. and Guo T. T.

Abstract: To investigate the presence of Fusobacterium necrophorum (F. necrophorum) and Dichelobacter nodosus (D. nodosus) in dairy cattle footrot, a loop -mediated isothermal amplification method for detection of D. nodosus (Dn-LAMP) was developed and evaluated using species-specific16S rRNA gene as target gene. The Dn-LAMP showed no cross reaction with several common pathogens from cattle, and detection limit of the Dn-LAMP was 10 cfu/mL of D. nodosus. Amplicons of the Dn-LAMP could be detected by visual inspection. 189 hoof swabs from footrot-infected dairy cows in Heilongjiang province of China were detected using Dn -LAMP and Fn-LAMP for diagnosis of F. necrophorum, respectively. In 189 hoof swabs, 9 were positive for D. nodosus, and 95 were positive for F. necrophorum. These data suggested that combination of Dn -LAMP with Fn-LAMP will have a potential use for etiology investigation of footrot in dairy cattle.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Dichelobacter nodosus, Fusobacterium necrophorum, LAMP.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from different sources of Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz

Mohammad Taghi Akhi, * Tahere Pirzade, Behruz Naghili, and Mortaza Gojazade

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from different sources. Two hundred stool samples of staff, patients (at admission to the wards and the same patients after seven days of hospitalization), and 135 samples of hospital environment were collected. Three standard methods including direct plating onto cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose agar, alcohol shock and enrichment culture with 0.1% sodium taurocholate were used to isolate C. difficile. All C. difficile isolates identified by biochemical tests and were tested by disk diffusion agar using 15 antibiotic disks. MIC of isolates was determined for vancomycin and metronidazol by Etest. Seventy C. difficile were isolated from different sources. No resistant isolates to vancomicin and metronidazol were detected by disk diffusion or Etest. The rate of recovery by 0.1% sodium taurocholate enrichment method and alcohol shock was significantly higher than those by CCFA (pv 0.02, pv 0.04).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Clostridium difficile, antibiotic resistance, vancomycin, metronidazol.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedling growth and development as influenced by Trichoderma harzianum and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Bombiti Nzanza*, Diana Marais and Puffy Soundy

Abstract: Recent trends in soil microbiology suggest that certain soil microbes have a positive effect on seedling growth and development. A study was conducted to investigate the interactive effect of the plant-growth promoting fungi Trichoderma harzianum and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in growth and development of tomato (Solanun lycopersicum) seedlings grown under greenhouse conditions. A 3 x 3 factorial experiment was laid out in a completely randomised design with six replications. At harvest (42 DAP), when compared with the control, T. harzianum and/or AMF treated plants improved shoot length, root length, dry shoot mass and dry root mass. Pre-inoculation with AMF increased shoot N, P and S content of tomato seedlings, whereas pre-sowing with T. harzianum alone increased the shoot N. Generally, shoot Zn and Mn content were affected by both fungi, with the best result observed when AMF was applied 2 weeks after T. harzianum. The percentage of roots colonised by AMF was less than 15% regardless of the time when T. harzianum was applied. However, the percentage of roots colonised by T. harzianum was greater than 90% at all times. In conclusion, this study suggested that T. harzianum and AMF have the potential to improve tomato seedling growth and development.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Essential mineral nutrients, mycorrhiza, plant-growth promoting fungi, seedling quality, Solanum lycopersicum.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Genotypic distribution of rotavirus strains causing severe gastroenteritis in children under 5 years old in Borazjan, Iran

Mohammad Kargar * Akram Najafi and Keivan Zandi and Zahra Hashemizadeh

Abstract: Rotaviruses are recognized as the most common causes of severe gastroenteritis and death among children worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the disease burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis and the prevalence of different G genotypes of rotaviruses circulating in children aged[...] Read More.

Keywords: Human rotaviruses, diarrhea, genotypes, children, surveillance.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The response of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi under water stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000

Hai-han Zhang, Ming Tang* and Yan Yang

Abstract: The growth models, diameter growth rates and biomass yield of three ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, Suillus tomentosus (Kauff.) Sing. Snell and Dick, Suillus laricinus (Berk.in Hook.) O. Kuntze and Aminita vaginata (Bull.: Fr.) Vitt., were investigated under water stress induced by polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000) in pure culture. The results showed that the growth models of the three ectomycorrhizal fungi were not significantly affected by water stress, but the growth rates and biomass were changed. Lower water stress (-0.15 MPa) could stimulate the growth of three ectomycorrhizal fungi, but greater water stress restricted growth, and inhibitory effect became greater with the increasing water stress from -0.30 to -1.37 MPa. Their drought resistance was ordered by S. laricinus>S. tomentosus>A. vaginata. With the increasing water stress ( -0.02 ~ -0.73 MPa), the contents of gibberellin (GA) and auxin (IAA) in mycelium reduced from 26.53 to 0 g g -1 and 180.98 to 0 g g-1 respectively. S. laricinus accumulated the most (184.36 g g-1) abscisic acid (ABA) at -0.30 MPa; when water stress was beyond the tolerance of S. laricinus (-0.49 MPa); however, it inhibited the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Abscisic acid, ectomycorrhizal fungus, phytohormone, water stress.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prevalence of bacterial and Candida albicans infection amongst women attending Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria

Isibor, J. O., Samuel, S. O.*, Nwaham, C. I., Amanre I. N., Igbinovia, O. and Akhile, A. O.

Abstract: Bacterial and other pathogens often infect the female genital tract causing disease in most women, sometimes with severe complications. A number of vaginal infections present with few or no symptoms and yet could still be transmissible to sexual partners of infected persons. Poor socio- economic status, lack of diagnostic facilities and shortage of effective treatment all contribute to the high incidence of sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections. In this study we investigated mixed bacterial and Candida albicans infections in antenatal and gynecology attendees in Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria. Seventy-five high vaginal swab specimens were collected from female patients (18- 49 years) attending ante-natal and gynecology clinics of the hospital. Specimens were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients and were analyzed using standard microbiological methods. Wet preparations were examined microscopically for presence of white blood cells (WBC) which suggested an infection, and yeast cells. The swabs were inoculated on MacConkey, Blood, and Chocolate agars, incubated at 37°C for 24 h, as well as Sabouraud Dextrose agar, incubated at room temperature for a few days. Of the seventy-five specimens analyzed, 56 (74.7%) isolates were from symptomatic patients while 25 (44.6%) were from asymptomatic patients. C. albicans was the most isolated pathogen with 35 (47.7%) isolates, followed by Staphylococcus aureus with 25 (29.8%), E. coli, 11 (13.1%), Klebsiella spp, 5 (6.0%) Enterococcus faecalis, 4(4.8%), Proteus spp 3 (3.6%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 1(1.2%). This analysis revealed that candidiasis caused by C. albicans and infection with S. aureus is still the major health problems among females in this locality. The need for regular check- up at the clinics as well as personal hygiene is highly recommended in order to forestall avoidable infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacteria, Candida albicans, infection, antenatal, gynecology, attendees, Irrua, Nigeria.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

E-test versus disk diffusion method in determining multidrug resistant strains of Escherichia coli in urinary tract infection

Y. Erfani, A. Rasti*, A. Mirsalehian, S. M. Mirafshar, V. Ownegh

Abstract: Multidrug resistant strains of Escherichia coli are becoming a major challenge in treatment of patients with urinary tract infection. Developing effective screening methods for selection of antimicrobial resistant strains is necessary. In this study, we have compared descriptively results of E-test with Disk diffusion agar method in selection of multidrug resistant strains of E. coli among patients with urinary tract infection. In disk diffusion test, 19 of 256 urine collections were resistant to 5 antibiotics used in the study. Later E-test was performed on these 19 collections with the same 5 antibiotics. In E-test, 10.5% of the specimens were sensitive to Bacterim, 21.1% to gentamicin, 47.7% to nitrofurantoin, 10.5% to ciprofloxacin and 10.5% to Ceftazidime. Results indicate that performing E-test on strains that were resistant in disk diffusion test may increase specificity in determination of multidrug resistant strains of E. coli in patients with urinary tract infection. This antibiotic susceptibility study showed difference between E-test and disk diffusion agar in assessing the antibiotic susceptibility and found E-test accuracy and its superiority to disk diffusion in detecting multidrug resistance.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Escherichia coli, resistance, E-test, disk diffusion.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of Teucrium scordium L. (Lamiaceae) extracts

Tatjana Kundakovi *, Marina Milenkovi , Aleksandra Topi , Tatjana Stanojkovi , Zorica Jurani and Branislava Lakuši

Abstract: Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of cyclohexane, dichlormethane and methanol extracts of Teucrium scordium subspec. scordioides was studied. Cyclohexane and dichlormethane extracts of T. scordium possessed high citotoxicity against MDA-MB- 361 cells (IC50=130.33±0.1 g/ml and IC50=189.89±3.99 g/ml, respectively). Dichlormethane extract was more effective against MDA-MB-453 cell line (IC50=130.33 ± 0.1 g/ml). The methanol extract of T. scordium possessed no cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-361 and MDA-MB-453. Herb extracts of T. scordium have shown weak antibacterial activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis with no activity against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Teucrium scordium subsp. scordioides, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus mosseae on characteristics of leaf development of Paeonia suffruticosa under salt stress

Guo Shaoxia,* Han Tingting and Liu Runjin

Abstract: The effects of Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the characteristics of leaf development of Paeonia suffruticosa at different levels of salt stress (0, 8, 16 and 24%) were studied. Potted ‘Feng Dan’ seedlings were inoculated with Glomus mosseae, and the non-inoculated was used as the control. The results showed that under salt stress leaf relative water content, sclerophyllous index of leaves and leaf succulence level of P. suffruticosa seedlings inoculated with G. mosseae were significantly higher than those of non-inoculated seedling, and specific leaf area was significantly lower than that of the control. Leaf water loss rate of the non-inoculated peony was faster, the percentage of water loss in the total amount of water each time point is the highest. These results suggest that G. mosseae may play an important role in the leaf traits and enhanced salt tolerance of tree peony seedlings.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, characteristics of leaf development, Paeonia suffruticosa, salt stress.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Assessing the potential of Tetradenia riparia in treatment of common skin conditions in rural communities of South Africa

R. M. Coopoosamy* and K. K. Naidoo

Abstract: Tetradenia riparia has been used by traditional healers for treatment against various ailments including wound healing and skin sores. The scientific validation of the use of T. riparia against selected strains of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as well as selected fungal strains has substantiated the use by traditional healers. The relatively high inhibitory concentration for both bacterial and fungal strains further indicated the high value of this plant species in the medicinal world and could aid in treatment of secondary infections, such as, mouth sores, pelvic or vaginal sores in individuals who are HIV/AIDS infected.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Tetradenia riparia, iboza, antimicrobial, traditional medicines.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Application of phytodisinfectants in water purification in rural Cameroon

K. A. Yongabi*, D. M. Lewis and P. L. Harris

Abstract: Findings from a preliminary lab-scale study show strong potentials of phytodisinfectants as a low-cost, appropriate and ecological alternative technology in purifying water in rural Cameroon. A survey of plants used in water purification in Bamenda, Cameroon, indicated that there are many plants used in water treatment. A rapid screening on the coagulative and disinfection potential of four most frequently used plants was carried out on; Moringa oleifera, Jatropha curcas, calyx of Hibiscus sabdarifa, sclerotium of Pleurotus tuberregium against their crude methanol extracts, aluminum sulphate and sodium hypochlorite controls on turbid surface water samples. A beaker experiment with varying weights (0.5 to 5 g) of dried pulverized plant materials and alum (control) were placed in 200 ml each of the three-turbid water samples and left for thirty minutes retention time. A 95% reduction in bacterial loads of the water samples by M. oleifera in fifteen minutes residence time was observed. J. curcas seeds, as well as H. sabdarifa calyx also reduced the bacterial loads between 75 to 90%. All the plant extracts except P. tuberregium inhibited an Escherichia coli isolate from the turbid water with highest zone of inhibition (15 mm) recorded for M. oleifera seed extract. The inhibition zones produced by three of the plant extracts were comparable to aluminum sulphate (6 mm) and sodium hypochlorite (17 mm). Crude methanol extracts from M. oleifera seeds, J. curcas seeds and H. sabdariffa calyx used directly on turbid water drastically reduced the total aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts far more than the unextracted plant powders. The turbidity of both phytodisinfectant and alum treated water samples drastically reduced while no turbidity reduction was observed with sodium hypochlorite treated water samples. The pH of alum treated water was observed to decrease from neutral to 5.0 while pH of phytocoagulant treated water was 7.0. This report suggest that M. oleifera seeds, J. curcas seeds and calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa posses both phytodisinfectant and phytocoagulant property in water purification. Scerotium of P. tuberregium poses only phytocoagulant (mycocoagulant) activity. Plant materials can be used as phytocoagulants and phytodisinfectants in treating turbid water and can be applied in wastewater treatment. Further studies on the application of Phytodisinfectants in domestic water purification, especially the phytodisinfection potentials of M. oleifera are exigent.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Phytodisinfectants, phytobiotechnology, phytocoagulants, bacteria turbid water, plants, Moringa oleifera, Cameroon.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A laboratory scale bioremediation of Tapis crude oil contaminated soil by bioaugmentation of ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII T30C

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Microbial degradation of Tapis crude oil contaminated soil by ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII T30C was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the selected potential hydrocarbon degrader in stimulating bioremediation of crude oil-contaminated soil with different treatment units in microcosms with 2.5 kg soil. Previously, A. BAUMANNII T30C was isolated from a Tapis crude oil-contaminated soil of oil refinery plant, Terengganu, Malaysia. The reduction of residual hydrocarbons in the soil was observed for a period of about 35 days. The study showed that amendment of nutrients was needed for stimulating the growth of A. BAUMANNII T30C and indigenous microorganism in assisting the degradation of residual hydrocarbons in the soil.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bioremediation, bioaugmentation, aliphatic hydrocarbons, amendment of nutrients.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Cloning, codon-optimized expression and homology modeling of structural protein VP1 from foot and mouth disease virus

Xin-sheng Liu, Yong-lu Wang*, Yong-guang Zhang, Yu-zhen Fang, Li Pan, Jian-liang Lü, Peng Zhou, Zhong-wang Zhang, Cheng Qi-wei, Gang Wang, Ji-wei Wang, Hui Lou and Shou-tian Jiang

Abstract: Structural protein VP1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the most frequently studied protein due to its significant roles in virus attachment, protective immunity, and serotype specificity. The coding sequence of VP1was amplified and then identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. To achieve high-level expression of VP1 protein, we optimized VP1 gene base on Escherichia coli preferred codons and synthesized the optimized gene. The synthetical gene was cloned into the fusion expression vector pET-28a and expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3). After induced with Isopropyl -D-1-Thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and optimized the conditions of expression, the VP1 fusion protein was highly expressed and identified in inclusion bodies by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Based on the primary and secondary structure analysis of VP1, Three-dimensional structure of VP1 was developed by homology modeling methods. The validation of 3-D structure was done with the help of PROCHECK encompassing amino acid residues in the most favored region of almost all strains. Potential epitopes of VP1 was predicted with different methods. In this study, the VP1 protein was expressed in E. coli efficiently and highly purified VP1 was obtained, which laid a foundation of refolding and further study on activity of the protein. The VP1 model in the productive conformation can now be used for structure-based design purposes as well as structure-function relation of VP1 protein.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Foot-and-mouth disease virus, VP1 protein, codon optimization, homology modeling.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Utilization of kitchen waste for the production of green thermoplastic polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) by Cupriavidus necator CCGUG 52238

Farah Nadia Omar, Nor’Aini Abdul Rahman*, Halimatun Saadiah Hafid, Tabassum Mumtaz, Phang Lai Yee and Mohd Ali Hassan

Abstract: Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) was produced by Cupriavidus necator CCGUG 52238 using organic acids from fermented kitchen waste. HPLC and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses revealed that the acid comprised mainly of lactic and acetic acids. In shake flask culture, the lactic acid concentration above 10 g/L inhibited both cell growth and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production. The PHB production by the strain was achieved at the highest PHB content of 52.79% in batch fermentation using the kitchen-waste derived organic acids. The PHB yield and productivity were 0.38 g/g and 0.065 g/L/h, respectively. In fed-batch culture, about 4-fold increase in PHB productivity (0.242 g/L/h) was achieved by applying intermittent feeding strategy.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cupriavidus necator CCGUG 52238, kitchen waste, organic acids, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Anthrax in animals of the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey

Ekrem Kirecci*, Suleyman Aslan and Nevin Turut

Abstract: In this study, we aim to perform a microbiological evaluation on the anthrax cases encountered in small and large ruminants as well as in equidae in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey between March 2005 and July 2010. Blood specimens from 44 animals raised in the Mediterranean region of Turkey and suspected of having anthrax in light of the clinical examination results between 2005 and 2010, were subjected to bacteriological analysis. Conventional methods such as Giemsa and Gram staining as well as culture and motility tests were carried out. Smears prepared from blood specimens were treated with Giemsa and Bacillus anthracis pathogens with typical capsules were investigated. During culture test, specimens were cultivated in nutrient broth, blood agar, and MacConkey agar after which they were incubated at 37°C for 24 - 48 h in an aerobic environment. Colony morphologies and microscopic appearances of the bacteria that grew in the nutrient broth and blood agar were evaluated. Thus, bacteria displaying an appearance of typical hair-like shape and a configuration of long chains similar to bamboo sticks, with nonmotile and R-form like colony view, were diagnosed as B. anthracis. The animals with suspected anthrax in this study were comprised of 19 cattle, 14 goats, 10 sheeps and 1 mule. In 12 (27.3%) of 44 specimens, B. anthracis was isolated and identified. B. anthracis was isolated from the animals with suspected anthrax. Anthrax, recognized as a dangerous zoonosis across the entire world, is still of endemic status in our country and preventive measures should include prevention of illegal animal slaughter by performing efficient supervision, applying routine vaccination programs and raising awareness among the livestock owners.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Anthrax, animals, Bacillus anthracis, pathogens.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Theoretical studies on nanostructure of 2,6,6-trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxaldehyde

M. Monajjemi*, F. Naderi, F. Jadidi and F. Mollaamin

Abstract: The polarized continuum model (PCM) model has been used to optimize 2,66-trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxaldehyde (safranal) in aqueous phase, methanol and carbon tetra chloride at B3LYP/6-31G** level of theory and the solvent effect has been studied. The principle of maximum hardness has been tested by calculating chemical hardness and chemical potential at B3LYP/6-31G** level of theory to predict the order of stability of the structure in solutions. The maximum IR intensity is related to the C4=C5 stretching vibrations. Also, the vibrational free energy, heat capacity, entropy, thermal energy and zero point vibrational energy obtained from the calculated frequencies and these are compared in different media.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Polarized continuum model (PCM), functional theory methods (DFT), solvent, IR, safranal.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Degradation of purine ribonucleosides by extracts of Penicillium viridicatum

Ali M. Elshafei*, Latifa A. Mohamed and Mohamed M. Hassan

Abstract: Cell-free extracts of nitrate-grown Penicillium viridicatum could catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of N-glycosidic bond of adenosine, guanosine and inosine to the corresponding base and ribose by a ribonucleoside hydrolase; however, there is no evidence for the degradation of these compounds through phosphorylation. The rate of hydrolysis of the three ribonucleosides was in the order inosine> guanosine> adenosine. It was proven that adenosine hydrolyzing enzyme is not associated with the cell membrane. Maximum enzyme activity was observed at pH 4 and 50°C. Heat inactivation kinetics and the effect of the nature of the buffer on enzyme activity revealed that, the cleavage of the three purine ribonucleosides is affected by one intracellular nucleoside hydrolase. It was proven experimentally that, all the metal ions tested had a remarkable inhibitory effect on the activity of the ribonucleoside hydrolase. Results obtained indicate that extracts of P. viridicatum catalyzed the conversion of guanosine into guanine and ribose by a nucleoside hydrolase and the resulting guanine was then deaminated to xanthine by an inducible guanine deaminase. In addition, xanthosine was not split into ribose and xanthine by the same extracts under the same experimental conditions and even at different pH values of the reaction mixture.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Purine ribonucleosides, adenosine, guanosine, inosine, hydrolase, Penicillium viridicatum.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Molecular characterization of norovirus from acute gastroenteritis patients in Malaysia

H. Zuridah,*, Sufiyan Hadi M, L. K. Teh and A. H. Zed Zakari

Abstract: Rotavirus and recently norovirus have been described as important and most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children. The mode of transmission is fecal-oral. Diagnosis of both of these viruses can be made by rapid antigen detection of the viruses in stool specimens and strains can be further characterized by enzyme immunoassay or reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Stool specimens collected from various hospitals in Malaysia were examined for norovirus by both immunochromatography and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction techniques. Rotavirus antigen was screened by a commercially available latex agglutination test kit. Altogether, 168 stool samples were collected for both norovirus and rotavirus screening. Out of these, 77/168 (45.8%) were examined for rotavirus with 17/77 (22%) rotavirus antigen positive. Due to very small amount of fecal materials obtained in some cases, only 151/168 (89.8%) were sufficient for norovirus and 14/151 (9.3%) were positive for norovirus genogroup II (GII). This study highlights that rotavirus remains the main agent for acute gastroenteritis and identification for emerging norovirus among the children is becoming important for proper patient management.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Norovirus, rotavirus, immunochromatography, latex agglutination, RT-PCR, phylogenetic analysis.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Sensitive and specific detection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in soil using a rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Wei Yang, Lei Ji, Li-Rong Tan, Shi-Mo Li, Yan Wang, Hong-Xia Liu*, and Yu-Ming Luo*

Abstract: One pair of primers was designed based on the sequence of tmr locus for specific and sensitive detection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Only the A. tumefaciens strain can produce the 236bp target fragment among the fourteen bacterial species that tested. The sensitivity of the specific PCR system was determined by a nested-PCR amplification which can numbered the copies of the template DNA. According to the results, it can give positive band when only 100 copies were in the template. The protocol was carried out for detection A. tumefaciens of twelve soil samples collected from six different gardens in Shanghai where crown gall happened. Two of the samples which collected from symptomless gardens also give the positive band. Based on the results we can make a conclusion that this pair of primers can be a useful tool in detecting A. tumefaciens, especially in detecting latent infection of this devastating pathogen.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, detection, polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Influence of microbial inoculants on soil response to properties with and without straw under different temperature regimes

Shaukat Abro, Xiaohong Tian*, Donghai You, Yuling Ba, Meng Li, and Faqi Wu

Abstract: A laboratory study was conducted to investigate efficacy of locally produced microbial inoculants with different concentrations on microbial respiration from soils with and without addition of wheat straw incubated at 20 and 25°C temperatures for 73 days. The results indicated that the soil microbial community structure and activities were obviously influenced by microbial inoculants. In general, whereas all inoculants levels were successfully established to different extents on the straw, none significantly improved decomposition in either soils or straw amended treatments. Additions of microbial inoculants expedite the decomposition and CO2 evolution process. CO2-C emission was regularly determined and results revealed microbial inoculants had little (10%) while straw addition significantly increased decomposition rates and cumulative CO2-C by 39% in straw amended than controls. Straw addition into soil had significant relationships (p < 0.05) with cumulative amounts of C; soil organic C, microbial biomass nitrogen. There was highly significant relationship between CO2-C emission and incubation period (R2=0.94) . In conclusion, microbial inoculants and straw incorporation will enhance CO2-C evolution, soil carbon and microbial biomass, thus improving soil quality.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Microbial inoculants, soil CO2-C evolution, decomposition microbial biomass, organic carbon.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

In vitro effect of tigecycline against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a review of the available drugs for tuberculosis

Ahmet Yilmaz Coban*, Aydin Deveci, Yeliz Tanriverdi Cayci, Meltem Uzun, Alper Akgunes and Belma Durupinar

Abstract: The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a novel antibiotic drug tigecycline on clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and, reviewing defined anti-tuberculosis effects of available agents. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tigecycline for 50 M. tuberculosis including multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates (20 MDR isolates) was determined by broth microdilution method in the study. Tigecycline MIC values were ranging between 8 and 64 µg/ml. However, there is not any defined break point for M. tuberculosis resistance. In conclusion, it seems that the in vitro effectiveness of tigecycline to M. tuberculosis is not good but further in vivo studies are needed.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tigecycline.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Review

Chromobacterium violaceum infection in China: Three case reports and literature reviews

Tai Ma, Wei Shi, Jun Cheng, Jian-Kang Zhang, Li-Fen Hu, Ying Ye, and Jia-Bin Li,*

Abstract: Chromobacterium violaceum, Gram-negative Bacillus, is a common inhabitant of soil and stagnant water found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is a rare cause of severe, often fatal, human disease. In the report, 3 cases of patients infected with C. violaceum were described in Anhui Province, China. Routine and bacteriological investigations were carried out to establish the aetiological diagnosis. Moreover, the patients were treated with appropriate antimicrobial agents and auxiliary therapy. To our knowledge, a total of 42 cases have been reported previously from Chinese mainland in the recent 20 years, with a review of the literatures.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Chromobacterium violaceum, infection, China.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A simplified mathematical model of multi-species biofilm for simultaneous removal of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitric oxide (NO) using a biotrickling-filter

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The population dynamics of a multi-species biofilm for simultaneous removal of nitric oxide (NO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in a laboratory-scale biotrickling-filter was described. Based on a simplified multispecies-multisubstrate model with the gas-liquid-biomembrane transfer theory, the calculations were compared to the long-term verification experiments. Simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental values of biofilm thickness, population densities of biofilm, total biomass dry weight and partial pressures of NO and SO2 in the outlet gas. The model has been proven to be capable of describing the dynamic biofilm growth, multiple biomass evolution and synergetic effect between sulfate reducing bacteria and denitrifying bacteria on simultaneous removal of NO and SO2. When NO feed concentration was constant at 1780 mg/m3 and SO 2 feed concentration was shifted between 0 and 3200 mg/m3 every half hour, the removal efficiencies of NO and SO2 at steady-state were above 90 and 95%, both in the simulation and experiment.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Population dynamics, multispecies-multisubstrate, gas-liquid-biomembrane transfer, biotrickling-filter, simultaneous SO2 and NO removal.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Survey beta lactamase production and resistance pattern into beta lactame antibiotics in Bacillus cereus strain isolated from staff hands and hospital environment in Iran

Shilla Jalalpoor

Abstract: Hospital infection is one of the important agent morbidity and mortality in patient. Bacillus cereus is one of the bacteria that cause nosocomial infection. Hospital surfaces and staff hands have important to creation nosocomial infections. Hospital surfaces have potentional capacity to carry bacteria and staff hands are the most reason for the transmission of bacteria to hospital. The present study was performed at one tertiary care hospitals in Isfahan, Iran. During a 30 month period. According to statistical formula, randomly selected 328 samples were needed for study, that from this samples 164 samples was environmental and 164 samples was clinical. Environmental and staff hands samples respectively were randomly selected from different ward of hospital and fingerprint technique, then samples cultured on Blood agar and EMB and were examined by Kirby Bauer Antibiogram and Acidimetric test. Of 328 samples, 21 samples was B. cereus. According to the result the prevalence of B. cereus was 6.4% (p=0.56) so, antibiotic resistance in B. cereus strain for Penicillin, Cefotaxime and Ampicillin were respectively 81, 47.6 and 19%. According to Acidimetric test 100% of isolated B. cereus strains from environmental, and 92.30% from staff hands product –Lactamase. Result demonstrate high prevalence of resistance to –Lactamase antibiotics B. cereus strain. One of the reason to create antibiotic resistant in bacteria is to increase contact of Bacteria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacillus cereus, –lactamase, antibiotic resistance, nosocomial infection, staff hands, hospital surfaces.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MPB64 protein with heat shock protein 40

Lei Chen*, Xiaowei He, Xihong Zhao and Jianyu Su

Abstract: The MPB64 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is an important structural and functional protein, which has been known to be involved in the virulence, pathogenesis as well as proliferation of the pathogen, however, how MPB64 protein interaction with host protein is still unclear. To identify cellular proteins that interact with the MPB64 protein and to elucidate the possible involvement of MPB64 protein in M.tb pathogenesis, a human lung cDNA library was screened using a yeast two- hybrid system assay. HSP40, a molecular chaperone facilitating protein the folding and assembly, was found to interact specifically with the MPB64 protein. The interaction between MPB64 and HSP40 was verified by colocalization experiment and coimmunoprecipitation of HeLa cell lysates expressing both proteins. The mapping studies localized the critical MPB64 sequences for this interaction to amino acid 171-206. Based on these results, we speculate that HSP40 is a functional target of M. tuberculosis MPB64 protein in cells. This is the first report demonstrating the interaction of HSP40 with a structural protein of M. tuberculosis, indicating a new drug target for M.tb.[...] Read More.

Keywords: MPB64 protein, HSP40 protein, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, protein-protein interaction.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Immunogenicity of envelope GP5 protein displayed on baculovirus and protective efficacy against virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus challenge in piglets

Zhisheng Wanga, Xingang Xua, Hungjen Liu, Zhaocai Li, Li Ding, Gaoshui Yu, Dan Xu and Dewen Tong*

Abstract: In the present study, one recombinant baculovirus BacSC-GP5, expressing His6-tagged GP5 with the transmembrane domain (TM) and cytoplasmic domain (CTD) derived from baculovirus envelope protein gp64, was constructed and its immunogenicity and protective efficiency was evaluated in piglets. The results obtained show that, His6-tagged recombinant GP5 was expressed and anchored on the plasma membrane of Sf-9 cells, as revealed by Western blot and confocal microscopy. Immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated that, the GP5 glycoprotein was displayed successfully on the viral surface. Piglets immunized with BacSC-GP5 induced successfully GP5-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibody, neutralizing antibody and lymphocyte proliferation response at 6 weeks after primary immunization. An in vivo challenge result indicated that piglets immunized with BacSC-GP5 did not show any obvious clinical signs and histological changes, and the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) also indicated that the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) viral load from the serum in BacSC-GP5 group was significantly reduced at 14 and 21 days post-challenge compared to that in the negative control group. These results indicate that baculovirus-mediated gene delivery can be utilized as an alternative strategy to develop a new generation of vaccine against PRRSV infection.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Baculovirus surface display, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), GP5 protein, immunogenicity, protective efficacy.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Screening of Pogostemon parviflorus Benth. for anti-Candida activity

Shahla Najafi and Batool Sadeghi-Nejad*

Abstract: Pogostemon parviflorus, an aromatic woody herbaceous plant, is found in high rainfall localities. The medicinal properties of this plant show that leaves are used for anxiety, cellulite, depression, eczema and wounds. Also, they are used for thrush, mycotic enteritis and vaginitis. The aim of the present study is to assay the anti-Candida activity of the ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Pogostemon parviflorus leaf against opportunistic mycosis causing phatogenic fungi, such as Candida albicans (5), Candida glabrata (2), Candida tropicalis (2) and Candida dubliensis (1), by agar well diffusion method. Antifungal activity of the ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Pogostemon parviflorus leaf was characterized by ranges of inhibition zones from 8 to 15 mm and 8 to 20 mm, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by ranges of 2.5 to 20 mg ml−1 and 2.5 to 10 mg ml−1, respectively. The ethanolic extract of tested plant has more anti-Candida effect at 5.7 mg ml−1 when compared to the methanolic extract at 6.6 mg ml−1. The results prove Pogostemon parviflorus leaf as a potent source of natural anti-Candida compounds.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Anti-Candida activity, Pogostemon parviflorus.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Purification and characterization of bacteriocin isolated from Streptococcus thermophilus

Aslam M.*, Shahid M., Rehman F. U., Naveed N. H., Batool A. I., Sharif S. and Asia A.,

Abstract: Streptococcus thermophilus is used primarily as starter cultures to counter the harmful bacteria grown in cheese and yogurt making/preservation processes. These bacteria produce some exogenous toxins called bacteriocins having the antimicrobial activities against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. In our study S. thermophilus growth was obtained at pH 5.5 and temperature 40°C. Bacteriocin activities were checked after their treatment with different enzymes, organic solvents, sodium chloride (NaCl) and detergents as well as their heat stability and effect of pH was studied. Bacteriocin activity was found heat stable at 100°C for 30 min and was found stable in the 3-10 pH range but lost the activity after the treatment with proteinase-K and protease enzymes. Activity was lost in treatment with lipase and amylase which shows the presence of lipo-glycolated peptide. Bacteriocin activity was lost on the presence of Dithiothreitol (DTT) and β-mercaptoethanol which showed the presence of disulphide bond present in bacteriocin and essential for its activity. Urea and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) also affected the bacteriocin activity but found stable to survive in the presence of 6% NaCl. Antibacterial assay showed the strong growth inhibition of test bacteria. Bactericidal activity was further purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulphate precipitation and different chromatographic techniques. Molecular weight was calculated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) as 2.7 kDa.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Streptococcus thermophilus, bacteriocin, antimicrobial peptide, yogurt culture bacteriocin, disc diffusion test.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Preservation methods of fungi in 35 years old stock culture storages: A comparative study

Roseli Santos Freitas*, Kátia Cristina Dantas, Cristiane Neves Pereira, José Eduardo Levi and José Eduardo Costa Martins

Abstract: The maintenance of fungi isolates and the development of methodologies were available from their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Alterations of Histoplasma capsulatum and Candida spp. Strains preserved by continuous subculturing on fungal collection and by lyophilization for 35 years were evaluated. Candida isolates maintained by lyophilized methodology were viable and preserved by the typical characteristics of each species. Only one lyophilized isolate from H. capsulatum was viable and demonstrated typical morphology. Both genus, which were preserved by continuous subculturing, revealed morphologic alterations and lost their sporulation capacity. The DNA from these isolates was sequenced (conserved 28S rDNA) in order to confirm their identity. Random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD)-based comparative analysis of the two preservation methods revealed alterations in the band profiles in 28 and 33% in Candida spp. and Histoplasma capsulatum strains respectively. The RAPD-based results confirm that the subculturing method alters phenotypic and genotypic characteristics by deleting or inserting nucleotides. Otherwise, the lyophilization was effective to yeasts, but it was not effective for dimorphic fungi.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Polymorphism, genotypic characteristics, lyophilization, random amplified polymorphism DNA.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Optimized antibacterial measures against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus

Raftari, M., Azizi Jalilian F., Abdulamir, A. S., Sobhan Ghafurian, Radu S., Sekawi Z., Abu Bakar F.*

Abstract: Varied mixtures of different concentrations 1, 1.5 and 2% of acetic (AA), lactic (LA), propionic (PA) and formic (FA) acids at 1:1 ratio were spray- washed on inoculated meat to evaluate their efficacy in reducing loads of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus on meat tissue. It was found that increasing the concentration of the used organic acids increased the bacterial lethality proportionally. And significant difference (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibacterial, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, organic acid, sterilization, meat.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antimicrobial activities of the whole plant of Cestrum nocturnum against pathogenic microorganisms

Murad Ali Khan*, Humaira Inayat, Haroon Khan, Mohammmad Saeed, Ikhtair Khan and Inayat-Ur-Rahman

Abstract: The crude methanol extract of the whole plant of Cestrum nocturnum L. (Solanaceae) and its subsequent fractions were tested against various bacterial and fungal strains. With the exception of Salmonella typhi, the tested samples showed marked antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aurous, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Shigella flexenari. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 19 to 280 µg/ml. The crude extract and fractions were also susceptible to Candida species and Microsporium canis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for various fungi ranged from 170 to 290 µg/ml. In phytochemical analysis, the crude form and fractions of plant showed the presence of various phytochemical chemical groups like glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, sterols and tannins. Therefore, the current findings can be attributed to these groups.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cestrum nocturnum L., antibacterial, antifungal, phytochemicals.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Review

Current understanding of de novo synthesis of bacterial lipid carrier (undecaprenyl phosphate): More enzymes to be discovered

Olabisi Oluwabukola Coker* and Prasit Palittapongarnpim

Abstract: An isoprenoid named undecaprenyl phosphate (Und-p) is the only known lipid carrier in bacteria. It is involved in the translocation of hydrophilic intermediates of cell wall components across the hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane for subsequent polymerization in cell wall synthesis. Und-p is made available by both de novo synthesis and recycling. Evidences are emerging that in addition to dephosphorylation of undecaprenyl pyrophosphate (Und-pp), the phosphorylation of undecaprenol (Und-OH) into Und-p exists as an alternative pathway in Gram-positive bacteria but not in Gram-negative bacteria. This review gives an overview of the current knowledge in the synthesis of Und-p. It also hypothesizes the presence of yet to be identified Und-pp phosphatases at the inner cytoplasmic membrane that function in addition to a known phosphatase, named undecaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatase (Upp-P) in de novo synthesis of Und-p. As the processes involved in cell wall synthesis remains the most promising antimicrobial therapeutic means, a more thorough understanding of the synthesis of the bacterial lipid carrier will not only improve the knowledge of cell wall synthesis but may also lead to the identification of potential drug targets and vaccine candidates.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lipid carrier, undecaprenyl phosphate, undecaprenol, undecaprenol kinase, cell wall synthesis.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Genetic analysis of Karakul sheep breed using microsatellite markers

Shahram Nanekarani*, Cyrus Amirinia and Nour Amirmozafari

Abstract: In this study, the genetic variation in Karakul sheep was investigated using 15 microsatellite markers (MCMA2, BMS460, BM1815, OARCP26, OARFCB20, MAF64, OARAE129, BMS332, LSCV38, BM6444, BMS995, MCMA26, BMS678 and OARCP49) and all fifteen loci were amplified successfully. Genomic DNA was extracted from 120 blood samples, using modified salting-out method. Tests of genotype frequencies for deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were performed at each locus and revealed significant departure from HWE (P < 0.001) due to heterozygote excess. Parameters of variability such as effective number of alleles and gene diversities corroborated with the high level of variation frequently displayed by microsatellite markers. The fifteen tested loci were all polymorphic. Furthermore, other criteria of genetic variation including polymorphism information content (PIC) values and Shanon information index were calculated in this study. Results showed that, high level of genetic diversity was observed in Karakul breed and this breed was not at risk for conservation concept. This research has also shown that microsatellite technique is a useful tool for evaluation of genetic variation among domesticated animals.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Karakul sheep, microsatellite markers, genetic variation, polymorphism. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Intensive Care Unit and Otolaryngology Department of a Tunisian hospital

Karim Ben Slama, Skander Gharbi, Ahlem Jouini , Meriem Maarouf, Chedlia Fendri, Abdellatif Boudabous and Maher Gtari*

Abstract: Ninety four clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultured from patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (N= 37) and Otolaryngology (ORL) (N= 57) during one year (2001-2002) at the Rabta hospital (Tunisia) have been investigated by using serotyping, pyocintyping, drug susceptibility, M13-PCR and PFGE typing. Result shown that most of the isolates at the ICU belonged to serotype O:12 (11/37) that showed high resistance to commonly used antimicrobials ( -lactamins, aminosids, and quinolone) and a predominance for pyocinotype P10. Despite the frequent occurrence of identical serotypes and pyocinotypes, most of the isolates represent unique RAPD-M13 genotype (88/94). PFGE typing detected three distinct clusters amongst the O12 isolates, suggesting a clonal relatedness among multiresistant O12 isolates. This study illustrates the importance of phenotypic and genotypic epidemiological surveillance of predominant O12 serotype clones in such service in local hospital.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, epidemiology, clonal diffusion, multidrug resistance.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

A study on comparative pharmacological efficacy of Berberis lycium and penicillin G

Ihtisham Bukhari*, Mukhtiar Hassan, Fida M. Abbasi, Ghulam Mujtaba, Nasir Mahmood, Noshin, Anees Fatima, Muhammad Afzal, Mujaddad Ur Rehman, Farzana Perveen and M. Tariq Khan

Abstract: The importance of medicinal plants in traditional healthcare practices provides opportunity to new areas of research. However, information on the uses of plants for medicine is lacking from many interior areas of District Mansehra. Keeping this in view, the present study was initiated. This study attempts to shade lights on the comparative pharmacological efficacy of Berberis lycium (medicinal plant) and drug penicillin G. The pharmacological activities of both the B. lycium and penicillin G were determined by disc diffusion method with incubation period of 24 to 48 h at 37°C. It was observed that, B. lycium showed excellent activity against the tested microorganism, Escherichia coli and Proteus (80 to 100%) and good activities against the tested microorganisms pseudomonas and staphylococcus (60 to 70%). While penicillin G showed excellent activity against all tested microorganisms. It is recommended that, B. lycium can be used for the treatment of diseases caused by tested microorganisms because of its excellent and good activity. It is also observed that, B. lycium do not have any adverse effect on those people who have this in long practice.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Berberis lycium, penicillin G, disc diffusion, pharmacological activity.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of AvidÂ® on the synnema-like formation of Aspergillus flavus grown on Czapek medium

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The effect of Avid® on the induction of synnema-like structure of Aspergillus flavus (61 strains) grown on various types of agar media was investigated. Other related species of Aspergillus within the section Flavi, A. parasiticus (14 strains), A. nomius (14 strains), A. psuedotamarii (2 strains), A. tamarii (20 strains) and A. oryzae (5 strains), were also evaluated for comparison. When Avid® was added into five different solid media (Czapek, V8, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, corn meal and potato dextrose agar) at 0.004% (v/v), only the A. flavus strains (all 61 tested) were able to produce synnema-like structures, and only in the Czapek agar medium containing Avid®. The effect of carbon (sucrose, glucose and starch) and nitrogen (NaNO3, urea and peptone) sources in Czapek medium containing Avid® on the induction of a synnema-like structure was also determined, with synnema-like structure induction being found in all three carbon sources but only in NaNO3 as the nitrogen source. All the three of the inert solvents in Avid® (mineral oil, butylated hydroxytoluene and n-methylpyrrolidone) did not induce synnema-like structure formation, indicating that abamectin, an active ingredient of Avid® together with NaNO3 likely play important roles in the induction of synnema-like structure of A. flavus.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aspergillus flavus, Avid®, synnema-like structure.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Detection of Entamoeba histolytica with different methods admitted to the emergency department in diarrheic patients

Ozlem Aycan Kaya, Hakan Oguzturk, Muhammet Gokhan Turtay, U. Nilgun Daldal

Abstract: Antigen screening were conducted to stool samples from 60 patients admitted to our emergency department with diarrhea complaint between June 2009 and October 2009 by the methods of direct microscopic examination, trichrome staining, ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), respectively. As a result of examination of total 60 samples with direct microscopic, trichrome staining and ELISA method, it was detected positive in 7(11.3%), 6(9.7%) and 8(12.9%) samples, respectively. The presence of Entamoeba histolytica has been accepted exactly in the samples in which ELISA test results were positive and necessary treatment of patients has been started immediately. Due to precise pathogen protozoan discrimination has not been performed with the direct microscopic examination, it was emphasized that unnecessary drug therapy would be prevented as a result of detection of presence of E. histolytica specific antigen by ELISA in the samples sent to the laboratory with the diagnosis of amoebiasis by concerned physician.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Entamoeba histolytica, diarrhea, diagnosis.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Bacteriological analysis of drinking water sources

Solomon Abera*, Ahmed Zeyinudin, Biruktawit Kebede , Amare Deribew, Solomon Ali, and Endalew Zemene

Abstract: The quality of potable water and treatment of waterborne diseases are critical public health issues. Bacterial contamination of drinking water sources is the most common health risk. The research determines bacteriological quality of drinking water sources in Serbo town, south west Ethiopia. A Cross-sectional study design on bacteriological analysis of drinking water was conducted in Serbo town from September to October, 2010. 100 ml of water specimen was collected from each water sources and transported for testing to the department of medical laboratory sciences and pathology laboratory by cold chain. The water samples were tested using the multiple tube technique on OXOID MacConkey Broth, (Oxoid Ltd, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England) for presumptive coliform count followed by ESCHERICHIA COLI confirmation. A total of twenty four drinking water samples were analyzed. Eighteen (75%) were from unprotected wells and the remaining six (25%) were from protected wells. Twenty three out of the total (87.5%) have presumptive bacteria count above the permissible limits for drinking water. Majority of the water sources were not safe for drinking. Hence, regular disinfection of drinking water sources needs to be run.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Potable water, most probable number, fecal coliform, protected well and unprotected well.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antimicrobial screening of selected medicinal plants in Tamilnadu, India

C. Alagesaboopathi

Abstract: The present study deals with the antimicrobial activity of the aqueous, acetone and petroleum ether extracts of the leaves, stem and root of Andrographis ovata Clarke, Aristolochia indica L., Eclipta prostrata L. and Gloriosa superba L., using agar diffusion method against human pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Psudeomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In the present investigation, all the extracts were found to be effective against four human bacterial species, E. coli, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae, sensitive to all the plant extracts. The study suggests that the extract of the plant parts possesses potential broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of acetone extracts was found to be higher than that of distilled water extracts. However, the root extract showed more inhibitory effect than the stem and leaf extracts.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, antimicrobial activity, plant extracts, growth inhibition, disc diffusion method.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Influence of bispyribac sodium on nitrogenase activity and growth of cyanobacteria isolated from paddy fields

Gulten Okmen* and Aysel Ugur

Abstract: The goal of this study was to determine the effect of bispyribac-sodium on the nitrogenase activities and growth of cyanobacteria isolated from paddy fields. Ten cyanobacterial species were used in this study. Cyanobacterial species were isolated from soil and water samples obtained from rice fields in Corum, Turkey. Among all Anabaena strains, the maximum activity was determined in Anabaena sp. O-22 (2.26 µl ethylene/mg.h) whereas; the lowest activity was shown in Gloeothece sp. O-Y (0.04 µl ethylene/mg.h). The maximum inhibition was seen in Anabaena sp. O-22, Synechocystis sp. O-X and Anabaena sp. O-16 in 100 µg/ml bispyribac-sodium concentration. Although low bispyribac-sodium concentrations somewhat stimulated growths of Anabaena sp. O-X2, O-Ç, O-4, O-16, O-8 and Synechocystis sp. O-X, the biomass of all cultures were severely inhibited at higher concentrations. The growths of Anabaena sp. O-22 and Synechocystis sp. O-X completely repressed at 100 µg/mL and at higher bispyribac-sodium concentrations, whereas, Anabaena O-X2, O-6, O-4 and O-16 completely suppressed at 500 µg/mL bispyribac-sodium concentration. The end of the study Anabaena sp. O-22 has been proposed as biofertilizer. The results obtained may be useful for the production of rice.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cyanobacteria, nitrogenase activity, herbicide.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The effect of red ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) extract on the growth of mastitis causing bacterial isolates

Masniari Poeloengan

Abstract: Red ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) a well known herb that was widely used as a remedy for various ailments in traditional medicine, belonged to the Zingiberaceae family. The red ginger had antibacterial properties. In the face of increasing bacterial resistance to various antibiotics and continuous efforts to look for new and safer antibacterial substances, the objective of this study was to assess the red ginger’s antibacterial potentials for treating-mastitis. Mastitis was a common milking cows’ disease that caused a tremendous economic loss to dairy farms. Several bacteria that is, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus agalactiae were responsible for this loss. To achieve this objective 3 x 4 factorial experiment was implemented. Three bacterial isolates that is, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. agalactiae were tested with the following each concentration of the red ginger extracts that is, 50, 25, 12.50, and 6.25%. The findings were as followed: (1) S. epidermidis was most affected by the red ginger extract, followed by S. aureus and S. agalactiae, (2) the higher the concentration of the red ginger extracts, the higher the bacterial growth inhibition effect, and (3) the growth inhibition effects of the red ginger extracts on S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. agalactiae isolates were highly significantly different at < 0.0001. Therefore, the red ginger the traditional remedy was effective in controlling the three mastitis causing bacteria’s growth.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, red ginger, traditional medicine, mastitis.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A novel poly (L-lactide) degrading thermophilic actinomycetes, Actinomadura keratinilytica strain T16-1 and pla sequencing

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: An actinomycete strain T16-1 demonstrated the maximum poly (L-Lactide)-degrading activity when cultured in basal liquid medium at 50°C. According to 16S rDNA sequence analysis, chemotaxonomic and DNA-DNA hybridization revealed that strain T16-1 belong to the family Thermomonosporaceae, genus Actinomadura. On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenic data, strain T16-1 which is a novel PLA-degrading thermophilic actinomycete was identified as Actinomadura keratinilytica, but the color of its colony on ISP plates, NaCl tolerant and utilization of mannitol, raffinose and arabinose were different. Partial sequence of poly (L-lactide) depolymerase gene from strain T16-1 was demonstrated. The gene consisting of 222 amino acids was related to serine protease from Streptomyces sp. with 43 to 46% identity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Actinomadura keratinilytica, cloning, identification, poly (L-lactide).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antimicrobial activity and antibiotic resistance of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus strains isolated from Turkish homemade yoghurts

Asli Akpinar, Oktay Yerlikaya* and Sevda Kiliç

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the inhibitive effect of 25 Lactobacillus delbruecki ssp. bulgaricus and 16 Streptococcus thermophilus strains isolated from 30 different homemade yoghurts on several pathogen and contaminant bacteria. The antibiotic resistance of these bacteria was also determined. All of Lactobacillus bulgaricus strains exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, whereas all of S. thermophilus strains exhibited the same activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae. None of L. bulgaricus strains were resistant to the polymixin-B, only the OL4 strain has shown resistance to bacitracin. While some strains of S. thermophilus like C6 and SL4 exhibited resistance to novobiocin, SY72, M3, C1M, and F1M were shown to optochin. ET6 and SY73 strains were found to be resistant in both novobiocin and optochin.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial activity, homemade yoghurt, lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The domestic wastewater (DWW) influence on secondary metabolite in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) under field conditions

Hossein Hassanpour Darvishi and Hossein Aliabadi Farahani

Abstract: In order to study the domestic wastewater influence on secondary metabolite in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) under field condition, this experiment was carried out in Iran. In the field, 15 lysimeters having thyme (T. vulgaris L.) were used, where 1 to 5 lysimeters were irrigated by domestic wastewater and primary drainage water was accumulated. 6 to 9 lysimeters were irrigated by primary drainage water and then, were accumulated by secondary drainage water and we have irrigation 10, 11 and 12 lysimeters by secondary drainage water. In order to compare plants characteristics, in 13, 14 and 15 lysimeters were irrigated by agronomical water. The secondary metabolite in thyme 3.4% increased under irrigation by secondary drainage water into irrigation by agronomical water. The findings may give applicable advice to medicinal and aromatic plants researchers for management and concern on water strategy and estimate of irrigation carefully for increase of quantity and quality yields in medicinal and aromatic plants farming.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Domestic wastewater, essential oil yield, Thymus vulgaris.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and associated risk factors for bacteriuria in diabetic women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Eligius F. Lyamuya, Sabrina John Moyo *, Ewaldo V. Komba and Martin Haule

Abstract: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur frequently among women with diabetes. The present study aimed at determining prevalence and risk factors of bacteriuria in diabetic women and antimicrobial resistance pattern of the isolates at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH), Dar es Salaam. Three hundred diabetic women attending clinic at MNH from June to November 2010 were included in the study. Demographic and clinical information were collected using a structured questionnaire. Urine specimens were collected for urinalysis, microscopy, culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Significant, asymptomatic and symptomatic bacteriuria was found in 13.7% (41/300), 13.4% (31/231), and 14.5% (10/69) diabetic women, respectively. The isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (39.0%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (22.0%), coagulase negative Staphylococci (14.65) and Proteus spp. (12.2%). Both Gram positive and negative bacteria showed high rate of resistance towards co-trimoxazole (55.6% and 50.0%, respectively). Gram negative bacteria showed high rate of resistance to ampicillin (62.55%), penicillin (53.1%) and moderate resistance to cefotaxime (18.8%). Advanced age and glycosuria were significantly associated with bacteriuria (P < 0.05). E. coli was the commonest aetiological agent for both symptomatic and asymptomatic bacteriuria among diabetic women, especially those with advanced age and glycosuria. Most uropathogens were resistant to co-trimoxazole, ampicillin and ciprofloxacin.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, bacteriuria, antimicrobial resistance.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Bioaccumulation of cesium-137 and cobalt-60 from solid cellulosic-based radioactive waste simulates by Plurotus pulmonarius

Eskander S. B.*, Abdel Aziz S. M. and El-saayed H.

Abstract: Solid cellulose-based radioactive wastes (CBW) constitutes in some cases, about 70% of the total solid low and intermediate level organic wastes originated from peaceful applications of nuclear technology in various fields of our life. Cesium-137 and cobalt-60 represent two of the most important radioisotopes spiking these waste categories. Both are serious contamination concerns due to their high energy gamma ray emitting (Cs-137 = 0.662 MeV and Co-60 = 1.17 and 1.33 MeV), besides 137Cs is considered as one of long-lived isotopes (T1/2 = 30.5 years). In this part of work, laboratory scale attempts were performed to follow bioaccumulation of Cs-137 and/or Co-60, found separately or together in a mixture of some solid CBW simulates. The process is based on the capability of Pleurotus pulmonarius to biodegrade the solid CBW simulates achieving acceptable weight reduction for the waste as well as reasonable bioaccumulation of the two isotopes from the spiked mixture, within their cells. Up to 134.95 and 41.1 kBq/kg (based on the dry weight of mushroom) were accumulated from Cs-137 and Co-60 respectively within a period of 54±3 days. It is worth mentioning that more than 54% weight reduction percent for the solid CBW simulates was acquired only due to a single cultivation process. Based on the data so far obtained, the bioremediation process for solid CBW based on the P. pulmonarius bioactivity seems to be simple, effective, and economical and can work where the other process cannot be applied.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Biological treatment, mushroom, Pleurotus spp., cellulosic waste, radiocesium, radiocobalt, gamma irradiation.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Bacteriological studies on pulmonary lesions of camel (Camelus dromedarius) slaughtered at Addis Ababa abattoir, Ethiopia

Nesibu Awol, Gelagay Ayelet, Shiferaw Jenberie*, Esayas Gelaye, Tesfaye Sisay and Haileleul Nigussie

Abstract: This study was carried out with the aim of identifying bacterial species involved in lung lesions of camels slaughtered between October 2009 and April 2010 at Addis Ababa abattoir enterprise, Ethiopia. All camels were originated from Borana and Kereyu pastoral areas. A total of 387 lungs were inspected during the study period, of which 300 (77.5%) possessed gross pulmonary lesions. Of which 72 lungs with lesions were processed for bacteriology and bacterial growth was observed from 50 of the pneumonic lung samples. A total of 54 bacterial species were isolated and identified. These included coagulase negative staphylococci (21.1%), Streptococcus species (19.3%), Escherichia coli (17.5%), Francisella tularensis (5.3%), Flavobacterium species (5.3%), Rhodococcus equi (5.3%), Bordetella bronchoseptica (3.5%), Aeromonas hydrophila (3.5%), Neisseria species (3.5%), Streptococcus agalactia (1.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (1.8%), Pasteurella trehalosi (1.8%), Pasteurella anatipestifer (1.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.8%), Micrococcus species (1.8%) and Mycobacterium species (5.3%). These pathogens could induce respiratory diseases under stressful conditions or predispose camels to other opportunistic infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacteria, camel, pulmonary lesion, Ethiopia.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolates from diseased chickens during 1993-2008 in China

Xiang Chen, Weijuan Pan, Weiqiu Zhang, Zhiming Pan, Song Gao and Xinan Jiao,*

Abstract: A total of 363 Escherichia coli and 224 Salmonella spp. were isolated from diseased chickens during 1993-2008 in China. The susceptibility to eight quinolones and prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants was investigated in these isolates. Among the E. coli isolates obtained during 1993-1999, 65.2% were resistant to nalidixic acid, while more than 50% of the E. coli isolates collected during 2000-2008 were resistant to 7 quinolones. All 101 Salmonella spp. isolates obtained during 1993-1999 were susceptible to quinolones, while more than 50% of the Salmonella spp. isolates collected during 2000- 2008 were resistant to only nalidixic acid (82.9%) . Among the 363 E. coli isolates, 4 (1.1%) were positive for aac(6 )-Ib-cr, 3 (0.8%) for qepA and 1 (0.3%) for qnrB10. No PMQR gene was identified in 224 Salmonella spp. isolates. The resistance of E. coli and Salmonella spp. to quinolones has been increasing in the past twenty years and the resistance of Salmonella spp. was much lower than that of E. coli, although they were separated in the same period. There is a rising trend of avian isolates harboring PMQR genes in China.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Quinolone resistance, qnr; aac(6 )-Ib-cr; qepA, chicken.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of isolates of Dermatophilus congolensis from cattle, sheep and goats in Jos, Nigeria

S. J. Shaibu*, H. M. Kazeem, U. S. Abdullahi and M. Y. Fatihu

Abstract: Dermatophilus congolensis is the causative agent of dermatophilosis an economically important disease of livestock, and also an agent of zoonotic importance. The disease has been reported worldwide, with a wide host range which includes domestic, wild and aquatic animals. This study was therefore undertaken to characterize isolates of the organism from cattle, sheep and goats in Nigeria. All the isolates, except two sheep isolates fermented glucose and sucrose. The whole cell protein profiles of the isolates were similar at about 62 and 20 KDa, but different at other levels. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the partial 16SrRNA gene amplified all the isolates, but not other organisms included. The multiple sequence alignment of the PCR amplicons sequences showed an identity of between 98.5 and 100% across all the isolates. There was also a sequence similarity of between 99.2 and 99.76% between the isolates and the partial sequence of the type strain of D. congolensis DSM 44180T in the Genbank. Based on these techniques it may be concluded that all the isolates are the same with minor differences which were not enough to speciate them.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Dermatophilus congolensis, phenotypic, genotypic, sds-page, polymerase chain reaction, sequencing, multiple sequence analysis.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antibacterial activity of plant extracts against oral and skin pathogens

Majid Alipour* and Omid Khanmohammadi

Abstract: The aim of this study is to examine the antibacterial activity of plant extracts. Both broth dilution and disc diffusion methods were used to assess the antibacterial activity of these extracts against skin and oral pathogens. Eryngium caucaseum Trautv, Eryngium bungei Boiss and Adiantum capillus-veneris have shown antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus sanguis. E. caucaseum Trautv showed the highest inhibition zone (> 30 mm) against S. pyogenes. The growth of S. pyogenes was remarkably inhibited by the ethanolic extract of the three plant extracts.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Adiantum capilis–veneris, Eryngium bungei Boiss, plant extracts.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation and characterization of heavy metal removing bacterial bioflocculants

J. Lin* and C. Harichund

Abstract: Thirteen metal-tolerant bacteria capable of producing metal- removing bioflocculants were isolated from an industrial effluent sample. Pseudomonas sp. was found to be the pre-dominant species among the isolates (8 out of 13), followed by Herbaspirillium spp. (4) and one Paenibacillus sp. The flocculating activity of bioflocculants produced by these microorganisms was assayed using the kaolin clay. The heavy-metal-removal efficiency was determined using atomic absorption spectrometer before and after mixing the bioflocculant with the heavy metal solutions. Bioflocculants exhibit different flocculating abilities of removing kaolin clay in the presence of different heavy metals. Bioflocculants produced by Pseudomonas sp. CH9 possessed the highest flocculating activity (1.8) compared to the remaining bioflocculants. The flocculating activities of CH11 and CH13 increased to 0.95 and 0.87 in the presence of Pb2+ and to 0.89 and 0.98 in the presence of Hg2+ respectively from 0.015 in the presence of Ca2+ in the standard kaolin clay assay. Up to 90% of Pb2+ was removed by Pseudomonas sp. CH8 bioflocculants. Seventy-eight percent of Hg2+ and 66% of Cd2+ was removed by Pseudomonas sp. CH6 and Herbaspirillium sp. CH13 bioflocculants respectively. Most of the bioflocculants demonstrated a higher percentage of heavy-metal removal at low concentrations. This study demonstrates that microbial bioflocculants have potential to be used as an alternative bioremedial tool for industrial effluents and wastewater treatments which are co-contaminated with heavy metals.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bioflocculant; heavy metals, Pseudomonas sp., Herbaspirillium sp., Paenibacillus sp., Industrial effluent.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Structural characterization and antioxidant activity of purified polysaccharide from cultured Cordyceps militaris

Fengyao Wu, Hui Yan, Xiaoning Ma, Junqing Jia, Guozheng Zhang, Xijie Guo, and Zhongzheng Gui,*

Abstract: The polysaccharide fraction, CM-hs-CPS2, was isolated from fruiting bodies of cultured Cordyceps militaris grown on solid rice medium by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation, and purified by ion exchange column (DEAE-cellulose-52) and gel filtration column (Sephadex G-100) chromatography. Its structural characterizations were analyzed by gas chromatograph (GC) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Results indicated that CM-hs-CPS2 was a kind of sulfating acidic polysaccharide containing acetamido group. The monosaccharide composition analysis showed that CM-hs-CPS2 was composed mainly of mannose, glucose and galactose in a molar ration of 1.35: 8.34: 1.00, and linked by α-glycosidic linkage. The studies on antioxidant activities of CM-hs-CPS2 were evaluated by various methods in vitro. Results showed that DPPH· scavenging activity, reducing power and ferrous ion chelating activity of CM-hs-CPS2 (8 mg/ml) were 89%, 1.188 and 85%, respectively.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cordyceps militaris, polysaccharide, structure, bioactivity.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antibiotic drug resistance of hospital acquired Staphylococcus aureus in Andra Pradesh: A monitoring study

Rabbani Syed,*, Giri Prasad, Farha Deeba, Rani D. , Kaiser Jamil, and Ali A. Alshatwi

Abstract: Nosocomial infections are one of the occupational biohazards that affect the health of individuals with or without predisposing factors. Staphylococcus aureus is associated with significantly higher mortality and is associated with community-acquired serious nosocomial infections because strains generally show multiple drug resistance, which limits treatment possibilities. A total of 1800 patients in the state of Andhra Pradesh were screened for the presence of Staphylococcus species and were tested for antibiotic resistance. The results indicated that among ten antibiotics used in the present study, Amikacin and Azithromycin should be the drug of choice to treat S. aureus infection. It was observed that the resistance of most of the antibiotics tested showed increased resistance with increasing age. These results suggest that clinicians should consider age as an important factor while prescribing these antibiotics.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nosocomial, antibiotic resistance, Staphylococcus aureus.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Review

New chimeric anti-tubercular dendrimers with self-delivering property

Ghazaleh Ghavami and Soroush Sardari*

Abstract: Tuberculosis is the second lethal infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium species. This pathogens could cause severe disease like tuberculosis and leprosy in human. Today there are a number of anti tuberculosis agents utilized in treatment of this disease but multiple drug resistance is one of the major problems that end to failure in treatment. Dendrimers are synthetic, high branched polymers with a number of functional groups that could bind to different macromolecules like drugs, oligosaccharides that makes it appropriate for target drug delivery. Today, some type of dendrimers like Jeffamines are developed possessing self antimicrobial activity. Hypothesis: we propose that combination of ethambutol with 3rd generation of Jeffamine core based dendrimer (P3) and mannose could both create a complex compound with high potency against mycobacterium species that is targeted to macrophages via interaction between lectin receptors on immune cells and mannose molecules on outer branch of P3.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Tuberculosis, dendrimers, Jeffamines, Mycobacterium, ethambutol

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Optimization of ethanol production from mango pulp using yeast strains isolated from â€œtabernaâ€: A Mexican fermented beverage

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Undamaged, uninfected and ripe mango fruits were collected from mango trees grown in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México. In a first experiment, a Plackett-Burman statistical experimental design was used to study the effect of KH2PO4 (0.5 to 6.0 g/ll); (NH4)2SO 4 (0.5 to 4.0 g/l); ZnSO4 (0.05 to 1.0 g/l); MgSO4 (0.4 to 2 g/l); CaCl2 (0.1 to 1.0 g/l); CoSO4 (0.1 to 1.0 g/l) and the total sugar content of mango pulp (Mangifera indica var. criollo) (80 to 120 g/l) on ethanol production using two yeasts strains (denominated TL-ITTG-01 and TL-ITTG -06) isolated from a Mexican fermented native beverage. Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL-Y-2034 was used as reference strain. The variables studied had no significant effect on ethanol production by the yeast strain TL-ITTG-01 and S. cerevisiae NRRL-Y-2034. Highest ethanol productions were 24.89±0.17 for TL-ITTG- 01 and 51.24±3.40 g/l for S. cerevisiae NRRL-Y-2034. Substrate concentration, that is, sugars in the mango pulp, and CoSO4, however, had a significant effect on the ethanol production by strain TL-ITTG-06 and the highest ethanol production for this strain was 47.92±0.82 g/l. Ethanol production by the strain TL-ITTG -06 was further optimized using a factorial design 22. The maximum ethanol concentration predicted by the model was of 48.56 g/l with 210.0 g/l sugar and 0.1 g/l of CoSO4, but a fermentation with the aforementioned concentrations resulted in an ethanol production of 52.60±0.77 g/l.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ethanol, Plackett-Burman design, mango pulp.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Differential diagnosis of Entamoeba spp. in gastrointestinal disorder patients in Khorramabad, Iran

Farnaz Kheirandish*, Ebrahim Badparva, Ali Haghighi, Ehsan Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad and Bahram Kazemi,

Abstract: Differential diagnosis of Entamoeba spp. has great clinical and epidemiological importance. Entamoeba moshkovskii cysts and trophozoites are morphologically indistinguishable from Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba histolytica. This study was carried out for the first time to detect Entamoeba spp. in stool samples by using molecular method from April 2010 to December 2010 in Khorramabad, Iran. A total of 862 fecal specimens were collected from patients having abnormal gastrointestinal symptoms and who were referred to the health care centers of Khorramabad. Out of 862 stool samples, 16 (1.86 %) showed the presence of E. histolytica/E. dispar/E. moshkovskii cysts by microscopic examination. Consequently, single-round PCR was carried out to differentiate the Entamoeba spp. OF the sixteen samples that were microscopically positive, 1 (6.25%) was E. moshkovskii, and 15 (93.75%) were E. dispar. Our results, along with those of other similar study conducted in different parts of Iran, reveal that E. dispar is more prevalent.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba moshkovskii, single-round PCR, Iran.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Poly- - hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production from domestic wastewater using Enterobacter aerogenes 12Bi strain

Nur Ceyhan* and Guven Ozdemir

Abstract: A strain of poly- -hydroxybutyrate (PHB)-accumulating bacterium was isolated and identified as Enterobacter aerogenes (designated E. aerogenes 12Bi) by using biochemical and phylogenetic characterization. The accumulation of a large amount of granules in its cells cultured in the domestic wastewater medium (DWWM) were showed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). When PHB production by our strain was determined by Hypochlorite method, it was found that PHB production ranged from 16.66 to 96.25% (w/w). The highest PHB yield by our microorganism was up to 96.25% within 18 h in DWWM 5 (supplemented with 100% DWW). This is the first report of the use of DWW for production of PHB by E. aerogenes. The results obtained in the study demonstrated that PHB could be efficiently produced to a high concentration with high productivity by using DWWM as an inexpensive substrate. Thus, it can contribute to the reduction of high production cost of PHB.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Poly- -hydroxybutyrate (PHB), bioplastics, domestic wastewater, Enterobacter aerogenes, biochemical identification, phylogenetic identification.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Genetic characterization of food-and-mouth disease virus WFL strain

Linzhu Ren, Lin Wang, Yunzhi Ma, Xinglong Wang*

Abstract: The complete genome of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strain WFL was cloned and sequenced. The results showed that the complete genome was 8155 nucleotides (nt) in length (including the poly(C) tract, but excluding poly(A) tail) and was composed of a 1059-nt 5'-untranslated region (UTR), a 6969-nt open reading frame, and a 127-nt 3'-UTR. CRE region of 5’UTR was 55nt with 45.5% of G/C, and had a stem-loop. The stem-loops region of 3’UTR can fold into two stem-loops, SL1 and SL2. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on complete amino acids sequences of WFL strain and reference strains. The strains were divided into 4 clusters. O/ES/2001, HKN/2002, LZ and WFL strain can be divided into one group. It was obvious that WFL strain had a close relationship to LZ strain, which indicated that the WFL strain was of serotype O. There were 16 different deduced amino acid residues between the WFL strain and the LZ strain.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Food-and-mouth disease virus, sequence, complete genome, untranslated region (UTR).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Synthesis and characterization of methyl methaacrylate and 2- methaacrylate and their application on pigment printing textile fabrics

Hossein Najafi Kutanaee* and Hamid Reza Aghaee

Abstract: This paper was reported the synthesis and characterization of two samples of styrene – acrylic emulsion copolymers. It was performed in the presence of acrylic- acid, acryl amid, ammonium persulfate as a free radical initiator and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfate as an anionic emulsifier at 80°C. Thereafter, styrene –acrylate copolymers thus synthesized were subjected to characterization by means of IR spectral data, particle size determination. The synthesized emulsion copolymers was formulated by pigmented printing paste in the presence of an acrylic thickener in toe different concentration 3 and 5% then printed on cotton and polyester fabrics and then dried at 95°C at 2 min and then fixation at 150°C at 3 min. The characteristics of cured prints such as paste add-on, colour fastness to washing, K/S and dry/wet rubbing were evaluated, together with fabrics stiffness. The highest K/S is obtained and the fastness properties range between good and excellent for samples printed using methyl metha acrylate styrene (MMA) based, this is true irrespective of the type of printed fabric. The lowest K/S is obtained in case of using ethyl acrylate styrene (EA) as a commercial binder. The binder of 2-ethylhexylacrylate (2-EHA) gives K/S better than the binder of butyl acrylate styrene (BA) for two the types of printed fabrics.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Styrene-acrylic binders, pigment printing of cotton, polyester textile fabrics.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Sugars waste, an alternative growth and complete medium for fast growing Rhizobium cells

A. K. Singh, G. Singh, R. P. Bhatt, S. Pant, A. Naglot* and L. Singh

Abstract: The sugar waste (molasses) was tested for various physiochemical parameters. After examination of various physiochemical parameters, growth and population count of Rhizobium meliloti MTCC-100 was monitored at different concentrations of sugar waste (10, 20, 30 and up to 100%) in terms of optical density (OD) and colony forming unit (C.F.U.). Growth and cell count of Rhizobium were highest in 10% sugar waste concentration. Growth pattern of the bacteria was observed at 10% sugar waste along with different synthetic media (tryptone yeast extract medium, rhizobium minimal medium and yeast extract medium). Growth of bacteria in 10% sugar waste was found to be superior to standard media (TY, RMM and YEM) used for Rhizobium. The important environmental parameters like pH and temperature were optimized for 10% sugar waste as growth medium. A pH of 7.0 and temperature of 28°C were found to be the most suitable for the fast growing R. meliloti MTCC-100.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Rhizobium meliloti, sugar waste, synthetic media, colony forming unit.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Antimicrobial potential of Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev.

Nurcihan Hacioglu, Ilgaz Akata and Basaran Dulger*

Abstract: The ethanolic extracts obtained from the macrofungus Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. (Ascomycetes) have been investigated for their antimicrobial activity. Growth inhibition using agar disc diffusion assays was determined against Escherichia coli ATCC 11230, S. aureus ATCC 6538P, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 8427, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Micrococcus luteus CCM 169, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Rhodotorula rubra DSM 70403, Geotrichum capitatum ATCC 28576, Debaryomyces hansenii DSM 70238, Kluyveromyces fragilis ATCC 8608 and Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 90112. As a result of study, we have found that X. polymorpha revealed antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. Especially, G. capitatum is more susceptible to the extracts.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Xylaria polymorpha, antimicrobial activity.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation, characterization and fingerprinting of some chlorpyrifos- degrading bacterial strains isolated from Egyptian pesticides-polluted soils

Nabil S. Awad,*, Hussein H. Sabit, Salah E. M. Abo-Aba, and Reda A. Bayoumi

Abstract: Five bacterial isolates (B-CP5- B-CP6 - B-CP7- B-CP8- B-CP9) were isolated from pesticides-contaminated soil in Egypt. The capability of these isolates to degrade chlorpyrifos was investigated using enrichment mineral salt (MS) medium containing chlorpyrifos. Two different PCR-based techniques, RAPD-PCR and PCR-RFLP for amplified16S rRNA fragment were used to conduct genetic fingerprinting and obtain specific molecular markers for the studied isolates. The isolates exhibited substantial growth in mineral salt medium supplemented with 100-300 mg/L chlorpyrifos as a sole source of carbon and energy. Based on their morphological, cultural and biochemical characters, the isolates have been identified as Pseudomonas stuzeri, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, Pseudomonas maltophila and Pseudomonas vesicularis respectively. Pseudomonas stuzeri was the most potent degrader strain. Five specific markers for this strain were determined. The highest genetic similarity was observed between CP8 and CP7 (66%), while the lowest genetic similarity was detected between CP8 and CP6 (37%). All isolates had the same pattern after digestion of 16S rRNA amplified fragment with two restriction enzymes (EcoRI and AluI) except Enterobacter aerogenes, which generate two monomorphic bands at 420 and 130 bp, respectively. In conclusion, the strain Pseudomonas stuzeri could be used to clean up the areas contaminated with Chlorpyrifos. Obtained molecular markers might be used for identifying and tracking the most potent bacterial isolate. The used PCR techniques represent a powerful tool and could be used for rapid typing of this strain.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Pesticide, chlorpyrifos, biodegradation, 16S rRNA, RAPD-PCR, Pseudomonas sp.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antibacterial effects of Oradex, Gengigel and Salviathymol-n mouthwash on dental biofilm bacteria

F. H. AL-Bayaty*, T. B. Taiyeb-Ali, M. A. Abdulla and Z. B. Mahmud

Abstract: Three mouthwashes Gengigel, Oradex and Salviathymol N, were tested using experimental microorganisms included Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus constellatus, Eikenella corrodens and dental plaque. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were used as internal controls. Antibacterial activity was done by diffusion test. Minimum inhibitory concentration test and assessment of bacterial morphology was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that Oradex had a higher antibacterial effect, followed by Salviathymol N; Gengigel mouthwash have weak antibacterial effects against tested microorganisms and dental plaque. SEM observations demonstrated that chlorhexidine exhibited obvious changes in that most of the bacteria loss their original shape and became irregular. The cell also shrunk, became reduced in size. Salviathymol N showed some significant changes while Gengigel failed to exhibited changes on the bacterial morphology of the tested microorganisms. In conclusion Oradex and Salviathymol N can be used as antibacterial mouthwash for chemical plaque control. Gengigel demonstrated weak antibacterial effects which could not be recommended as anti-dental plaque agent.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Gengigel, Oradex, Salviathymol N, Dental biofilm.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Diversity of yeasts involved in the fermentation of tchoukoutou, an opaque sorghum beer from Benin

A. P. P. Kayodé*, G. Vieira-Dalodé, A. R. Linnemann, S. O. Kotchoni, A. J. D. Hounhouigan, M. A. J. S. van Boekel and M. J. R. Nout

Abstract: Opaque sorghum beers are traditional alcoholic beverages in several African countries. Known as tchoukoutou in Benin, the beer is often obtained from an uncontrolled fermentation. It is consumed in an actively fermenting state and has a sour taste. The present study characterized and identified the yeasts involved in the fermentation process of this type of beer using the phenotypical approach. Of 12 beers from 4 different locations, the mean values of the pH, titratable acidity, dry matter content and refractive index were respectively 3.67, 0.70 (% as lactic acid) 18.08% and 7.00. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts were the predominant microorganisms involved in the fermentation of tchoukoutou. Their counts were respectively 9.1 log cfu/ml and 9.1 logcfu/g. Enterobacteriaceae were not detectable in the beer. Based on the phenotypic characters and the assimilation profiles of 40 isolated yeasts, four genera with seven species of yeasts were identified. The yeast species predominant in the Benin opaque sorghum beer tchoukoutou was Saccharomyces cerevisae.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Sorghum, beer, tchoukoutou, Saccharomyces cerevisae, yeast,

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) for a novel antibiotic

Chen Xiaoxi

Abstract: A novel antibiotic had a wide range of antibacterial spectrum. It was very stable to heat and to acid and alkali. In addition, the effects of storage on the antibiotic had not been observed even after it had been placed in a 37°C thermostat for up to four weeks. The MICs for the antibiotic against eleven strains of bacteria had been determined. Also, the determinations of the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) against four bacteria were conducted. The antibiotic-producer (Bacillus subtilis) was no better in tolerating its own antibiotic than all the non BS-producers tested.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibiotic, stability, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Improving the efficiency of involved bacteria in aeration tanks of waste water stations

Abou-Seada, M. N. I.,*, Al-assal, S., and Abdalla, S. M.,

Abstract: Advanced bioremediation in waste water and sewage treatments currently represents one of the important aspects of biotechnology. The removal of pathogenic microorganisms, complex hydrocarbons, heavy metals and nutrients were intensively investigated. The present work aims to improve the efficiency of involved bacteria in aeration tanks for maximizing mineralization process of organic substances and consequently reduce the time of the treatment process. Other target is the elimination of nutrients (N & P) to avoid their environmental and hazardous effects. In order to achieve these goals, isolation and identification of dominant microflora in aeration tanks were carried out and highly active strains were selected. Trails are newly done for hybridization or cloning one or more of dominant strains to increase their oxidizing efficiency. A pilot experiment was established in a green house to stimulate biological stage of municipal plant and to test the achieved genetically modified strains (Modell experiment). Also, monthly data were recorded of 20 parameters to highlight and controlling input and output of wastewater station of Taif city. Biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) clearly decreased in out fluent indicating lower organic load. The decrease of total organic carbon (TOC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS) assured the previous obtained data. Presence of large amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the out fluent means the efficiency of aeration pumping process. Nitrate content (NO3-) and nitrite content (NO2-) were sharply decreased in the out fluent indicating the higher requirement of H-acceptors. NH3 (ammonia content) decrease, however total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) increase were due to intensive microbial bodies load. Total hardness (TH) decrease, which means lower conc. of Ca++ and Mg++ and better quality of output water. pH values were slightly decreased because of microbial acidic products. Turbidity was dramatically reduced because of different precipitation process. Phosphorous (P) content and Sulfate (SO4 =) content decreased indicating consumption or fixion in microflora bodies. Otherwise, chloride (Cl-) content were increased in outfluent because of chlorination process. Oil and grease were quite reduced in the outfluent. Finally, different heavy metals and hydrocarbons were found in the limit or lower than the permit levels globally. Total microbial count increased considerably in outfluent, especially in summer months; however, fermentative bacteria were very low because of enough O2 present in outfluent. Only 15 strains of 280 isolates (about 5.4%) were found to be highly active in mineralizing organic substances which were completely identified. The most active one was used to modify the dominant strains by cloning technology and reinoculated in the pilot experiment[...] Read More.

Keywords: Waste water bioremediation, sewage microflora, mineralization of organic pollutants, eutrofication phenomena, microbial cloning, ligation reaction.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

In vitro evaluation of anti-staphylococcal activity of Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma praelongum and Ganoderma resinaceum from Pune, India

Abdulghani Ameri*, Jitendra G. Vaidya and Subhash S. Deokule

Abstract: Antimicrobial activity of Ganoderma praelongum, Ganoderma resinaceum and Ganoderma lucidum were evaluated against thirty strains of clinical isolates of methicillin resistant and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) by the well agar diffusion and microtiter plate dilution. Chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water were used as extractive solvents. Standard antibiotic disks of methicillin, vancomycin, linezolid, and mupirocin were used for susceptibility testing of the test microorganisms. Maximum activity of crude extracts was exhibited by ethyl acetate. Sesquiterpeoids extract of G. praelongum (35.67 ± 0.62 mm) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.390 – 6.25 mg/ml. Diterpenoids and triterpenoids displayed moderate activity while polysaccharides IIIa and IIIb showed weak activity. All bacterial strains were resistant to polysaccharides I and II.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ganoderma praelongum, Ganoderma resinaceum, Ganoderma lucidum, Staphylococcus aureus, antimicrobial activity.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The effects of four weeks training on leptin levels in junior female judokas

Yücel OCAK

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of four weeks judo training on plasma leptin levels. Twenty-five female national team athletes with a mean age of 18.12±1.12 years; body weight of 62.72±22.72 kg; body height of 164.28±7.28 cm, BMI of 23.17±6.28 kg/m2; training experience of 6.56±5.44 years participated in this study. The data were collected from junior female judokas who trained six times in a week for two hours daily. Physical measurements and blood samples were taken before and after four weeks of training including technical, tactical and physical preparations. Body fat percentages were measured by using the Tanita Bioimpedance BC-418 (Tokio, Japan). Statistical Package for Social Science 15.0 (SPSS) was used to analyse the obtained results. Before and after the training, paired samples t-test was used to evaluate the differences between serum leptine and body fat percentages. Results of this study showed that pre-training serum leptin levels were significantly lower than post-training levels (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Plasma leptin, body fat, female judokas.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Sawdust and digestive bran as cheap alternate substrates for xylanase production

Simphiwe P. Buthelezi, Ademola O. Olaniran* and Balakrishna Pillay

Abstract: Xylanases are a major group of enzymes, mostly produced from microbial fermentation processes, and have wide industrial and biotechnological applications. The production cost of xylanase is the major factor limiting its use, thus indicating the need for low cost production systems for market of this enzyme. In this study, therefore, sawdust and digestive bran were investigated as substrates for xylanase production by Bacillus strains. The xylanase titre ranging between 30.849 to 45.206 nkat/ml and 6.633 to 22.717 nkat/ml was produced by these Bacillus strains, using sawdust and wheat bran as the substrate, respectively. The optimum temperature for the production of xylanase was found to be between 45 and 55°C, while the optimum pH was 8.0 for all the strains tested. The xylanases produced by these Bacillus strains were found to be stable over a wide range of temperature tested (40 to 90°C). Up to 98 and 95% of the initial activity was retained by the crude extract of two of the Bacillus strains tested, while 10.3 to 56% loss in activity was observed for the other isolates after one hour incubation at 70°C. Addition of metal salts or additives to the crude extract was found to inhibit the enzyme activity to a varying degree, with the following order Hg2+> EDTA > Na > Urea > Mg2+ > Ca2+ observed. Findings from this study indicate the potential use of sawdust and digestive bran as cheaper alternatives for the production of xylanases.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacillus sp, digestive bran, sawdust, thermostability, xylanase.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis, brucellar arthritis and Behcetâ€™s disease

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: In Behcet’s disease (BD) and Brucellosis, joint involvement is very common and it may share similarities with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides (CCP) are evaluated as more specific autoantibodies than rheumatoid factor (RF) in RA. The aim of this study is to determine whether anti-CCP antibodies are useful in the differential diagnosis of RA from other arthritis or not. 153 serum samples were used in the study; 34 from RA patients, 26 from brucellar arthritis, 20 from BD with arthritis, 41 from BD without arthritis and 32 from healthy controls. In vitro quantitative, anti-CCP levels were measured by using fluoroenzyme-immunoassay (FEIA) method. Among RA patients, 73.5% were anti-CCP-positive and 70.5% were RF-positive. While there was a statistical difference in the anti- CCP and RF positivity rates between RA and brucellar arthritis patients, BD patients and healthy controls (p = 0.0001), there was no statistical difference between BD patients with arthritis and BD patients without arthritis. Also none of the Brucellar arthritis patients was positive for anti-CCP antibodies, one of them were positive for RF. Our results indicate that anti- CCP antibodies are not associated with brucellar arthritis or BD with joint involvement and since they show high specificity and good sensitivity for RA, they can be evaluated as a better marker than RF especially for the differentiation of RA from other types of arthritis such as BD and brucellar arthritis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, Behcet's disease, brucellar arthritis, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, rheumatoid factor.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Identification of scuticociliate Philasterides dicentrarchi from indo-pacific seahorses Hippocampus kuda

Sang Phil Shin, Jee Eun Han, Dennis K. Gomez, Ji Hyung Kim, Casiano H. Choresca Jr., Jin Woo Jun and Se Chang Park*

Abstract: The “indo-pacific seahorses”, Hippocampus kuda which had been reared in one of the private commercial aquaria for exhibition were sent to the laboratory for diagnosis. Feces and intestinal contents from 5 seahorses were examined microscopically and revealed numerous scuticociliates. We identified the species of scuticociliate by light (wet mount) and scanning electron microscopy, PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and sequencing. This paper reports the first identification of scuticociliate Philasterides dicentrarchi from seahorse in Korea.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Indo-pacific seahorse, Philasterides dicentrarchi, scanning electron microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, sequencing.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Combretum mucronatum (Schumach) leaf extract

Ogundare, A. O.* and Akinyemi, A. I.

Abstract: The cold extraction method was used to obtain the methanol extract of the leaf of Combretum mucronatum. The extract was analyzed for antibacterial activities, using some pathogenic bacteria namely: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi and Bacillus subtilis. The antibacterial bioassay was carried out in-vitro and it revealed that the methanol leaf extract inhibited the growth of the tested organisms at a concentration of 25.0 mg/ml except K. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes which were resistant. The extract exhibited the highest inhibitory potential on S. aureus with a zone of inhibition value of 35.0 mm at a concentration of 25.0 mg/ml. This was followed by E. coli and P. aeruginosa which were inhibited with zones of inhibition values 30.0 mm and 25.0 mm respectively. B. cereus was the least inhibited with a zone of inhibition of 16.0 mm. Result of the phytochemical screening tests revealed that the extract contains saponin, tannins, anthraquinone and cardiac glycoside. The rate at which the extract was able to kill the test organisms showed that the organisms decreased with increased time of exposure to the extract. P. aeruginosa decreased to zero at the 24th hour. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the leaf extract ranged from 25.0 to 3.12 mg/ml. The result of the antibiotic sensitivity test compared well with the commercial antibiotics.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibacterial, zone of inhibition, phytochemical screening, extracts, rate of killing.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Serologic evaluation of hepatitis B and D in patients with cirrhosis

Monireh Rahimkhani*, Hossein Khavari-Daneshvar and Sara Jamali

Abstract: Hepatitis D is the important complication in cirrhotic patients. Diagnosis of hepatitis D is based on detection of HBSAg and HDV Ab titer determination. The present research was performed on a number of cirrhotic patients with the aim to assess the prevalence of hepatitis D and B. In present study all the cirrhotic patients who were referred to Gastroenterology and Endoscopy ward of Imam Khomeini hospital during a period of 18 months were included. The level of anti HDV Ab, anti HBS Ab and HBS Ag were determined by method of ELISA (Pishtaz Teb). In this study 60 cirrhotic patients were evaluated. 16 patients were HBS Ag positive with mean age of 51.9 years, and from this group, 13 patients were anti HBC positive with mean age of 53.23 years and from this group, 8 patients were HDV Ab positive with mean age of 49 years. Hepatitis D remains as one of the problems in developing countries. By timely screening of cirrhotic patients for HDV, patients could undergo additional treatments.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Liver cirrhosis, hepatitis D, hepatitis B, HBS Ag, HBC Ab, HDV Ab.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Helicobacter pylori and CagAantibodies in hyperemesis gravidarum (HG)

Fatemeh Abbasalizadeh*, Shamsi Abbasalizadeh, Mohammad Reza Bonyadi and Parvin Bastani

Abstract: In order to determine whether infection with Helicobacter pylori and CagA strain is associated with hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), a study was conducted in Al- Zahra obstetrics and gynecology hospital in Tabriz, Iran between May 2007 and February 2008. Forty-four (44) pregnant women with the diagnosis of HG and forty-four (44) normal pregnant women of matched gestational age were included in this prospective study. Serum H. pylori immunoglobulin G antibody titer and CagAantibodies were measured for both groups of women. There was no difference in seropositivity of H. pylori antibody between subjects with hyperemesis when compared with controls. The prevalence of H. pylori infection with CagA + gene was significantly higher among control group when compared with study group. HG seems not to be associated with H. pylori infection. The results of this study suggested higher levels of CagA H. pylori infection in control groups.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, hyperemesis gravidarum, CagA + gene.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Extraction and characterization of melanin from Phomopsis: A phellophytic fungi Isolated from Azadirachta indica A. Juss

K. Rajagopal, G. Kathiravan* and S. Karthikeyan

Abstract: A phellophytic fungus Phomopsis (Endophytic fungi residing in the Bark) of Azadirachta indica screened for the presence of melanin on their hyphae using an alkali procedure, yielded a dark brown pigment. The purified pigment was subjected to various chemical and physical tests that are diagnostic for melanin. The pigment responds positively for all the diagnostic tests for melanin. Further study on the nature of melanin was done with a bark fungus. The fungus synthesis and deposits DOPA type of melanin on their hyphae.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Coelomycetes, dark pigment, DOPA melanin, kojic acid, endophyte.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

RepC as a negative copy number regulator is involved in the maintenance of pJB01 homeostasis

Sam Woong Kim, Ho Young Kang, Sang Wan Gal, Kwang-Keun Cho and Jeong Dong Bahk*

Abstract: The plasmid pJB01 contains a single operon consisting of three orfs, copA, repB and repC cistrons. The operon, also called repABC operon, starts transcription at T695 or A696 on the pJB01 genetic map. CopA (called RepA in pMV158 family) or ctRNA (counter-transcript RNA) of this plasmid play roles as a repressor of RepB, a replication initiator, on the transcriptional and translational level, respectively. RepC did not bind 73 bp PCR product including three tandem repeats (5′-CAACAAA-3′), the binding sites for RepB and any other regions on pJB01. However, when RepB and RepC were added simultaneously in the reaction mixture for gel mobility shift assay, unexpectedly, three kinds of retarded bands were observed. It suggests that RepC can interact with RepB by protein-protein interaction. In addition, the copy numbers of RepC-deleted pJB01 ermC (erythromycin-resistant methylase C) plasmids are increased 1.37-1.45 folds when compared with that of parent pJB01 ermC. From these, it could be proposed that RepC plays a role as a negative regulator to modify RepB function in the initiation of pJB01 replication, and therefore, the copy number of pJB01 is maintained via mutual global regulation of various replication factors, such as CopA, ctRNA, RepB and RepC.[...] Read More.

Keywords: pJB01, repABC operon, replication initiator, RepC, global regulation.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Microfungi associated with surface soil and decaying leaf litter of Quercus serrata in a subtropical natural oak forest and managed plantation in Northeastern India

G. Sharma, R. R. Pandey* and M. S. Singh

Abstract: Fungi play a major role in forest functioning by regulating the process of litter decomposition and nutrient release and are sensitive to management practices. Species richness and abundance of fungi in surface soil and decaying leaf litter of Quercus serrata were compared between a subtropical natural mixed oak forest and a managed oak plantation in the eastern Himalayan region. During 12 months of study a total of 106 fungal species were isolated from soil by dilution plate method and decomposing litter by leaf dilution, washed disk and moist chamber methods. Month of samplings and study sites influenced the species composition of soil and litter fungi. Total species richness of soil fungi was significantly (P < 0.05) lower during different seasons in managed plantation than in the natural forest. Dominant soil colonizers from both sites were: Cladosporium cladosporioides, Clonostachys rosea f. catenulata, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium indonesiae, Penicillium turbatum, Trichoderma sp. and Trichoderma koningii. Different soil and litter fungi showed differential seasonal preferences at two study sites. Type of fungal species recovered from leaf litters was influenced by the isolation method. Total number of litter fungi isolated from both sites was broadly similar, whereas the species compositions were different. Litter fungi between the two sites showed the highest similarity index in winter, while the similarity of soil fungi was high during summer. The management practices at plantation site had no significant effect on species richness of litter fungi although soil fungal diversity was significantly reduced indicating the role of intensive management practices on soil fungal population.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fungal diversity, species richness, soil, litter, natural oak forest, managed plantation, Northeastern India.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation and characterization of a potential biocontrol Brevibacillus laterosporus

Zhen Song, Kaiqi Liu, Changxu Lu, Jian Yu, Ruicheng Ju and Xunli Liu*

Abstract: An antagonist bacterium ZQ2 was isolated from an apple rhizosphere at Mount Tai in China. The bacterium strongly inhibited the growth of numerous apple phytopathogens in vitro, such as Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Physalospora piricola. The inhibition rates against the different fungi ranged from 55.26 to 88.17. The strain ZQ2 was identified as Brevibacillus laterosporus based on morphology, biochemical tests, and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The antifungal metabolites produced by ZQ2 were thermally stable even after being maintained at 121°C for 30 min. Meanwhile, the activity against the growth of R. solani was almost unchanged when the culture filtrate was irradiated under ultraviolet (UV) or at pH ranging from 1 to 11, and was only reduced under pH conditions from 12 to 14. When observed under a light microscope, the mycelia of R. solani inhibited by the antifungal metabolites appeared abnormal in growth. The strong antifungal activity and relatively stable active substances of B. laterosporus ZQ2 showed great potential for controlling fungal diseases in apples.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Brevibacillus laterosporus, characterization, antifungal activity.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Virulence gene expression, proteins secreted and morphological alterations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus in response to long-term starvation in seawater

Fethi Ben Abdallah,*, Ali Ellafi, Rihab Lagha, Héla Kallel and Amina Bakhrouf

Abstract: In this study, we incubated Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus (marine food-borne pathogens bacteria) in seawater for 8 months to study their morphologic, proteomic and genetic responses to starvation. The atomic force micrographs of stressed strains showed a reduction of the cells size and an evolution to two coccoid-shape forms whose length is less than 0.4 m and between 0.5 and 1 m. Extracellular protein patterns and gelatinase profiles of stressed bacteria were also altered. Indeed, these modifications were manifested by the appearance and/or disappearance of bands as well as in the level of expression of certain proteins. In addition, we also searched for the presence of eight Vibrio cholerae virulence genes: toxR, toxS, toxRS, ctxA, zot, ace, toxT, and Virulence Pathogenicity Island (VPI) in the genome of investigated strains. The expression level of VPI gene studied by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was decreased, whereas the mRNA quantities of toxR, toxS, and ace in starved Vibrio remained stable.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Vibrio, seawater, alterations, morphology, proteins secreted, virulence gene expression, RT-PCR.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Recombinant clone ABA392 protects laboratory animals from PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA Serotype B

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: In this study the potential of the previously contracted recombinant clone ABA392 derived from PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA serotype B to protect laboratory animal against haemorrhagic septicaemia was determined. After reconfirmation of plasmid DNA size, its stability and pathological effect of the clone, passive mice protection test and active immunization was carried out. Pooled serum sample from rats vaccinated with live and killed form of the clone was administered to mice and provided 66% protection while active immunization with the recombinant clone conferred 83% immunity to mice when challenged with lethal dose of P. MULTOCIDA. ELISA results were positive for presence of antibody in serum of immunized mice. Sub-cloning of the insert ABA392 into an expression vector pQE32 was carried out to express its protein. It was found that the recombinant clone ABA392 is immunogenic and could be used as vaccine in future.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Recombinant clone, immunogenicity, Pasteurella multocida serotype B.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Resistance to-lactams of human and veterinary Salmonella isolates in Egypt and Algeria

Abdelhakim Aouf, Yamina Messai, Mohammed S. Salama, Hala M. Aboushady, Mervat G. El-Anany, Souhila Alouache and Rabah Bakour*

Abstract: Seventy six non-typhoid Salmonella were isolated from both human and poultry in Egypt and Algeria and tested for their antibiotics resistance. The incidence of multiple antibiotics resistance was high. To study -lactams resistance mechanisms, double disk synergy test (DDST) with and without cloxacilline was used, results revealed the production of extended spectrum - lactamases (ESBLs) and cephalosporinase in seven and one human Egyptian isolates, respectively. The seven ESBL isolates were identified as Salmonella enterica serotype Poona and their molecular typing by ERIC-PCR revealed unrelated genetic patterns, indicating that these isolates are not clonal. The Cephalosporinase-ESBL- producing isolate was identified as S. enterica serotype Hadar. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers showed the presence of blaTEM and blaSHV genes, respectively, in all and four ESBL producers, and blaAmpC gene was detected in cephalosporinase-producing isolate. Genetic transfer by conjugation and plasmid profiles analysis showed that these genes and their resistance markers were transferable in association with plasmids of 60 kb for ESBLs and 64 and 3.2 kb for AmpC cephalosporinase.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Non-typhoid Salmonella, extended spectrum -lactamases, cephalosporinase, Egypt, Algeria.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Analysis of biochemical divergence for classification of six native silkworm based on total cholesterol

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: This research studies a comparison between the levels and the abundance total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol (High Density Lipoproteins), LDL cholesterol (Low Density Lipoproteins), total lipase and lipids in six native groups of silkworm. These six biochemical parameters and enzymes play important roles in the silk production, digestion and other physiological activities. Other aim of this experiment was study and classification of these six native silkworm based on biochemical parameters. In 5th day of 5th instar, heamolymph sampled using standard method. Sampled heamolymph transferred to laboratory. Heamolymph was obtained by cutting abdominal proleg and collected into 1.5 ml tube containing a few granules of phenylthiourea to prevent melanization. After 10 min centrifugation at 10000 rpm, the supernatant was used. Pellets was discarded also. The supernatant was transferred to new tubes and was preserved at -20ºC until the onset of the experiments. Hierarchical agglomerative clustering was done by using NTSYS-pc, based on Un weighted pair-group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA). From obtained results, it is showed that amount of total lipase in six studied local varieties included between 79.26 to 176.08 IU/L. Among studied local varieties, the highest level of total lipase belonged to Pink Khorasan (176.08 IU/L), and Lemon Haratee and Baghdadi variety (79.26 IU/L) remained at lower level than other varieties Other varieties were between these two groups. Meanwhile statistical differences between studied varieties for this trait were not significant (P>0.05). Analyzed varieties were divided into three distinct groups. At cross 2.53, two clusters were formed which classified into subgroups in crosses of 0.80. Frequent divisions were also observed in major groups. First group includes Baghdadi variety and second group includes Pink Khorasan variety.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Silkworm, triglyceride, hierarchical agglomerative cluster, biochemical marker.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among primary school attending students in Barandooz-Chay rural region of Urmia, West Azerbaijan province, Iran in 2008

Khosrow Hazrati Tappe, Habib Mohammadzadeh, Shahla Khashaveh, Baratali Rezapour and Afshin Barazesh*

Abstract: Duplicate stool specimens from 405 primary school attending students of Barandooz-Chay region of Urmia district were tested for intestinal parasites. Besides, duplicate scotch tape slides were obtained and examined microscopically for Enterobius vermicularis and Taenia sp. eggs. A questionnaire containing demographic data was filled for every case, and the relationship between them and the parasitic infection was assayed. Overall, intestinal parasitic prevalence was 42.5%. Prevalence of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Blastocystis hominis, Iodamoeba butschlii, Enterobius vermicularis and Hymenolepis nana was 20.5, 14.6, 13.3, 2.5, 10.6 and 0.2%, respectively. No statistic relation was proved between these infections, having tap water facility at home or family population (except for E. vermicularis), but there was a significant relationship between parents’ education level and family population. According to relatively high prevalence of parasitic infections in the study field, it is necessary to increase hygienic and educational measures.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Prevalence, intestinal parasites, primary school, Urmia.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Toxicity of essential oil from Artemisia argyi against Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae)

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The repellent, fumigant effect and contact toxicity of essential oil extracted from Artemisia argyi (Asteraceae: Artemisia) plant against Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) was investigated. The A. argyi oil exhibited strong repellent, fumigant effect and contact toxicity against O. surinamensis which progressively increased with increased exposure dosage. Repellency percentage of A. argyi oil against O. surinamensis adults reached IV grade after 48 h exposure period at the dosage of 0.40 µl/cm2, the corrected percentage mortality for fumigant toxicity reached more than 97% at the dosage of 160 µl/l air, and the current population inhibition percentage (CPI) and F1 progeny population inhibition percentage (PPI) reached 77.38 and 96.06% at the dosage of 0.80 µl/g, respectively. The results suggest that the A. argyi oil has great potential for effectively controlling O. surinamensis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Natural product, Artemisia argyi, toxicity, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, stored grain insect.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Analysis of the RNAi targeting FAD2 gene on oleic acid composition in transgenic plants of Brassica napus

Tian Baoming, Sun Dandan, Lian Yuli, Shu Haiyan, Ling Hua, Zang Xin, Wang Bonan and Pei Zhenqiang

Abstract: Oleate- 12 desaturase (FAD2) is a key enzyme involved in the conversion of oleic acid (C18:1) into linoleic acid (C18:2). Brassica napus FAD2 gene was targeted for silencing by its RNAi gene under the control of a seed-specific napin promoter. This study aims to identify the transgenic plants, and analyze the level of BnFAD2 transcripts in addition to fatty acid profile in T3 seeds. As indicated by PCR and southern blotting analysis, a total of six transgenic plants were developed. Analysis performed by RT-PCR revealed the significant down-regulation of BnFAD2 transcripts in developing T3 seeds, which resulted in 13.90 to 32.20% increase of oleic acid composition in mature T 3 seeds. The data demonstrated that BnFAD2 gene was efficiently down-regulated and mediated by its RNAi gene, and oleic acid composition in transgenic rapeseeds was significantly enhanced.[...] Read More.

Keywords: RNAi, oleate- 12 desaturase (FAD2) gene, oleic acid, Brassica napus.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizae in areas with different successional stages at a tropical dry forest biome in Brazil

Fernanda Covacevich* and Ricardo L. L. Berbara

Abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mycelium creates multiple fungal links between roots of plants and could be an important component of plant succession in ecosystems. Our objective was to compare the spore number (SN), genus contribution and indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization (AMC) capacity of soils from a tropical dry forest (caatinga) ecosystem in Brazil at different levels of successional stages after culturing for 3 months in a greenhouse Brachiaria decumbens (= Urochloa decumbens Staph) as trap plants. Soil samples were collected from Parque Estadual Mata Seca (Manga, Minas Gerais State, Brazil) in four different areas: (a) Pasture (5 years without human activity, covered mainly by Panicum maximum Jacq.); and three different forest successional stages: (b) Initial (8 years in process of spontaneous recovery), (c) Intermediate (17 years without human activity) and (d) Late (no recorded human activity). At 90 DAP plants growing at intermediate disturbance soil had the lowest dry matter production, probably because of the lowest available soil P and Ca contents of this soil. The highest SN was found in soils from pasture while the lowest was in soils from the intermediate area. Glomus was, in general, the most abundant genus followed by Acaulospora, Gigaspora and Scutellospora (always present in intermediates rates). The contribution of Archaeospora was the lowest; however, in some cases it was absent. AMC was higher in plant roots growing in soils from pasture but the lowest AMC was in plant roots from the intermediate area. This could be associated with the soil acidity, Al and H contents of this area which could be toxic to AMF. Mycorrhiza formation and SN appeared to be more related to the physicochemical characteristics of the soil and the host plant development to the soil successional stage. Further studies are needed in order to identify appropriate management strategies for restoration of altered lands in order to contribute to the biodiversity conservation and microbial activity of ecosystems.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhizae, plant succession, soil factors.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from pigs at slaughterhouses in Korea

HyoBi Kim, Hyun Baek, SooJin Lee, YangHo Jang, SukChan Jung, Aeran Kim and NongHoon Choe*

Abstract: The objective of this study was to ascertain the nationwide prevalence and antimicrobial resistance rates of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli amongst domesticated finisher pigs. Fecal samples (n=840) were collected at 84 slaughterhouses in Korea in May 2009. Salmonella spp. was isolated from 21 of the 840 samples (2.5%), and comprised the following isolated serotypes: Salmonella rissen, Salmonella derby, Salmonella typhimurium. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for eight antimicrobials. Salmonella resistance was tetracycline (76.19%); nitrofurantoin (38.10%); kanamycin (33.33%); chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and cephalothin (28.57%); polymyxin B (9.52%); and ampicillin/sulbactam (4.76%), and E. coli resistance was tetracycline (87.11%); chloramphenicol (66.24%); kanamycin (51.68%); sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (51.29%); cephalothin (8.38%); nitrofurantoin (5.15%); ampicillin/sulbactam (4.64%); and polymyxin B (0.52%). Tetracycline resistance was most common. Surprisingly, 28.57 and 66.24% of the Salmonella spp. and E. coli isolates, respectively, were resistant to chloramphenicol, which has been banned from agricultural use in Korea for some time. A wide range of strains displayed multi-antimicrobial resistance: 14 out of 21 (66.66%) and 611 out of 776 (78.72%) of the Salmonella and E. coli isolates, respectively. Salmonella spp. and E. coli demonstrate an appreciable broad-spectrum, (multi)-antimicrobial resistance, which is a potential public health concern. A continuous antibiotic surveillance program may be worthwhile.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Swine, pig, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, antimicrobial resistance, slaughterhouse.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effects of the electromagnetic radiation on oocysts of Eimeria papillata infecting mice

Saleh Al-Quraishy, Mohamed A. Dkhil,* and Abdulsalam A. Alkhudhayri

Abstract: Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) produced by many telecommunication systems, has short and long term biological effects on living cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of EMR on the outcome of coccidiosis induced by Eimeria papillata. Oocysts from E. papillata infected mice were exposed to the EMR in the form of gamma rays, ultraviolet rays and radiations emitted from the mobile phone. Sporulation rate, oocysts shedding as well as the histological alterations in jejunum of mice irradiated with oocysts exposed to EMR were determined. Oocyst output was reduced in mice exposed to EMR. The jejunum histopathology was improved after inoculation of mice with irradiated oocysts. We suggest that EMR has anticoccidial activities and its application could serve as an alternative to the anticoccidial drugs currently used in poultry production.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Electromagnetic radiation, Eimeria papillata, mice.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Multi-metal resistance study of bacteria highly resistant to mercury isolated from dental clinic effluent

Parisa Keramati, Mehran Hoodaji and Arezoo Tahmourespour*

Abstract: Heavy metals pollution represents an important environmental problem. One of these metals is mercury. The aim of this research was isolating bacteria highly resistant to mercury from dental clinic effluent to investigate their growth potential in the presence of other heavy metals, such as Zn, Cu, Ni, Ag, Cd and Pb. Three dental wastewater samples were selected and their mercury concentrations, pH, EC, BOD5 and COD were determined. The mercury-resistant bacteria were found to belong to the genera of Pseudomonas, Proteus, Citrobacter, Bacillus, Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus. In examining multi-metal resistances, the pattern of hexa-R was seen in the case of Citrobacter and Pseudomonas genera. The highest tolerated concentration of heavy metals was 25.6 mM which is related to Ag and Cu and tolerated by Citrobacter isolate. It is also indicated that Citrobacter was the most resistant isolates to Cd with significant difference (P < 0.05). Results of this study demonstrate the occurrence of different groups of bacteria, capable of high tolerance to mercury with a potential to tolerate a variety of other toxic heavy metals suggest that, resistance to many types of toxicants may be present in the same organism; therefore, such organisms have high potential for biotechnology purposes.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacteria, dental effluent, heavy metal, mercury, multi-metal resistance.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Quick isolation and characterization for the confirmation of a novel Bacillus thuringiensis strains from chicken manure samples

Suguna Muniady, Xavier Rathinam and Sreeramanan Subramaniam*

Abstract: Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (Bt) based pesticides has become the greatest successes among the microbial pesticides. This research was focused on the isolation and characterization of Bt from chicken manure samples as a comprehensive effort to contribute to the establishment of native Bt strains from various types of habitats in Malaysia. Initially, selection was done mainly based on colony morphology, Gram staining and phase contrast microscopy. Total of 85 colonies were identified and isolated based on colony morphology, in which off-white, matte and creamy appearance showed the characteristics of the genus Bacillus. The number reduced to 35 colonies after Gram staining was done. Subsequently, total of 8 isolates were confirmed to be B. thuringiensis after Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining was carried out. The presence of B. thuringiensis strain was confirmed when a blue cap -like structure and a darkly stained oval structure, insecticidal crystal proteins (ICP) appeared in the sporulation phase. An isolate was chosen out of the 8 isolates in order to generate the growth curve of B. thuringiensis bacteria. The similarity of the aspects above confirms that the selected isolate was a Bt strain. Isolates were further characterized by SDS-PAGE analysis to determine the molecular masses of the Bt proteins. These isolates produced two major ranges of polypeptides, the Cry protein which corresponds to a range of 70-150kDa and the Cyt protein profile which corresponds to the range of 18-40kDa. The protein profile obtained correlates the strains to the typical Bt strain. A total of 6 isolate yielded SDS-PAGE products that demonstrated major protein bands of approximately 135kDa and 140kDa, possibly encoded by the genes cryI and cryIV, respectively.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis, chicken manure, protein analysis.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prevalence of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum among women with unexplained infertility, with and without vaginitis and cervicitis

Jafar Khan* and Robeena Farzand

Abstract: The main objective of this study was to find the incidence of urogenital mycoplasma such as Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum among patients with history of infertility of unexplained origin and to ascertain their implications in non specific cervicitis and non specific vaginitis. The total number of (n = 337) female patients with history of un- explained vaginitis and cervicitis were screened to observe the prevalence of urogenital mycoplasmas in the disease. Both the high vaginal swabs (HVS) and mid-stream urine were cultured on the liquid media, U-9, and the solid differential mycoplasma agar A-7. The differentiation 0f the implicated organisms were made on the basis of metabolic characteristics of the species. Amongst the total (n = 337) samples, the n = 89 (26.40%) were positive for M. hominis whereas n= 162 (48.07%) isolates determined the U. urealyticum. Upon the outcomes of disease, the cases of non-specific cervicitis yielded the growth of M. hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum as 32.58% and 59.87% respectively, whereas, among patients of non specific vaginitis, the M. hominis and U. urealyticum were isolated in ratio of 59.55 and 21.60% likewise. From the obtained data in both categories, no solid and direct etiological evidence could be linked to a definite disease outcome of infertility. However, it is certain that these mycoplasmas do cause the urogenital problems as indicated by percents of isolates obtained exclusively. Consequently, after the infection, these organisms could possibly associate for their role in the reproductive failure due to the resulting pathological complications in the urogenital tract of women.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, urogenital infections.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Review

Advances in microbial heterologous production of flavonoids

Fangchuan Du, Fangkai Zhang, Feifei Chen, Anming Wang*, Qiuyan Wang, Xiaopu Yin and Shuling Wang

Abstract: Flavonoids are important plant specific secondary metabolites that are synthesized from the general phenylpropanoid pathway and have many pharmaceutical and nutraceutical functions. Separation of pure flavonoids from plants material is very difficult and chemical syntheses of flavonoids require extreme reaction conditions and toxic chemicals. However, in the past decades, engineered microbes are becoming increasingly important as recombinant production platforms. Cultivation of the recombinant strains in rich medium offers another choice for the production of flavonoids. In the present review, we cover the main achievements that the multi-gene pathway of phenylpropanoid is introduced as microorganisms to heterologously produce flavonoids, analyze the key factors affecting heterologous production of flavonoids in microbes, and discuss the new research prospect.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Flavonoids, metabolic engineering, natural products, synthetic biology.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

New hosts of 16SrI phytoplasma group associated with edible Opuntia ficus-indica crop and its pests in Mexico

Leopold Fucikovsky Zak*, María de Jesús Yáñez-Morales*, Iobana Alanis-Martínez and Enrique González-Pérez

Abstract: In Mexico in the region of Nopaltepec in Mexico State, the edible Cactus crop, Opuntia ficus-indica is mainly cultivated for prickly pear fruit production. This crop has problems with common pests (insects, mollusks and weeds) which may serve as reservoirs and together with the named Cactus with phytoplasma-like symptoms which through the time inhibit the fruit production, and for this reason, the farmers called these Opuntia plants as Planta Macho (male plant). For molecular identification of the probably involved phytoplasma during 2005 and 2006, 38 samples of Opuntia plant tissues, fruit and some pests were collected for DNA extraction. By direct and nested PCR, 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. PCR products were analyzed by RFLP with restriction enzymes and in the sequences restriction sites were mapped. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the same phytoplasma was associated with Opuntia crop and its pests (the weeds Argemone mexicana, a grass and Lupinus sp.; a chinch bugs, Chelinidea sp. and the brown garden snail, Helix aspersa). Thus the edible Cactus crop and pests represented novel hosts of Cactus male plant Phytoplasma, and was classified as 16SrI Aster yellows group, of the species Candidatus phytoplasma asteris. This is the first report of this phytoplasma in Mexico and elsewhere.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Argemone, brown garden snail, chinch bugs, edible Cactus, grasses, Lupinus, male plant phytoplasma, Mexico.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Biodegradation of free-gossypol by a new fungus isolated from cotton planted soil

Xia Yang, Jianlin Guo and Jianyi Sun*

Abstract: A new fungal strain isolated from a soil microcosm was investigated due to the finding that it could biodegrade free-gossypol on agar plates. Benzyl chloride was used for extracting fungal genomic DNA which was isolated from mycelium grown in liquid culture, then 18S rDNA was specifically polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified using a pair of primers EF4/EF3 (1.4 kb). The strain was further identified as a member of the genus Aspergillus through the morphological and molecular biological methods. The isolated strain had a high tolerance of free-gossypol and 2 g/L was chosen as the best addition amount. Furthermore, the dry weight method was employed to determine the growth curve and optimum temperature of the gossypol-degrading fungus in different carbon sources. The results showed that it was best to be researched after incubation for 72 h at 30°C. To the extent of our knowledge, this is the first report on biodegradation of gossypol on solid plates without other carbon sources and this might help in decomposing some anti-nutritional factors in feed resources.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Free-gossypol, fungus, biodegradation, isolation, growth characteristics.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antibacterial activity of several Malaysian leaves extracts on the spoilage bacteria of yellow alkaline noodles

Teza Alfindo Rosyid, Roselina Karim*, Noranizan Mohd Adzahan and Farinazleen Mohd Ghazali

Abstract: Yellow alkaline noodle (YAN) is very susceptible to spoilage and has a short shelf life due to the high moisture content. This study was conducted to isolate and identify spoilage bacteria of YAN in an attempt to apply local plant extracts that possess antibacterial activity in extending the shelf life of YAN. Thirty colonies were isolated from spoiled YAN and were identified using the Biolog GEN III system. Eight bacteria which consisted of five Gram-positive (GP) and three Gram-negative (GN) (Bacillus pumilus, Clavibacter agropyri, Corynebacterium urealyticum, Corynebacterium jeikeium, Enterobacter cloaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus sciuri) were identified. E. cloaceae and S. sciuri were the most abundant bacteria on YAN with percentage values of 23 and 26%, respectively. The antibacterial activities of ethanol and water extracts of six types of leaves (Centella asiatica, Jasminum sambac, Pereskia bleo, Cosmos caudatus caudatus, Murraya koenigii, and Melicope lunu) against all the identified bacteria were studied. The ethanol extracts of M. koenigii are most effective extract that possess the highest antibacterial activity against all the eight spoilage bacteria studied.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Yellow alkaline noodle, spoilage bacteria, plant extracts, antibacterial activity.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Biodegradation of Panicum repens residues by Pleurotus ostreatus for its use as a non conventional feedstuff in diets of Oreochromis niloticus

Elsayed B. Belal and Khalafalla, M. M. E

Abstract: Biological degradation of torpedo grass, Panicum repens L. residues by Pleurotus ostreatus and suitability of using the highly digestible, protein-enriched, as a non conventional feedstuff in diets of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fingerlings were investigated. The optimal pH and temperature for growth Pleurotus ostreatus and its cellulase production were 6 and 25°C, respectively. The cellulase was induced in submerged culture with presence of the carboxymethyl cellulose and Torpedo grass residues in MSL, while the presence of additional carbon sources such as glucose, dextrose or a complex media (Potato Dextrose) suppressed enzyme production. The amount of reducing sugar present in the biodegraded biomass by cellulase after 30 min incubation time was 2.5 (U/ml/min) but was 2.1 (U/ml/min) by Pleurotus ostreatus after 14 days incubation time under optimum growth conditions. The solid substrate fermentation (SSF) was carried out at pH 6 and 25°C for 32 days. Protein contents of the biodegraded biomass increased from 7.52 to 8.91% and crude fiber contents decreased from 23.27 to 11.28. This biodegraded biomass was used as non conventional feedstuff in diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. The results showed that Nile tilapia fingerlings received diets containing 25% treated torpedo grass showed the best results in growth parameters, feed efficiency and economic efficiency.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Biodegradation, Pleurotus ostreatus, torpedo grass, Panicum repens L., Nile tilapia, growth parameters.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Microbiological assessment of mutton intended for export from Elkadaro export slaughter house, Sudan

Ibrahim Mohammed Elhassan, Atif Elamin Abdelgadir* and Abedalaziz Eltayeb Ibrahim

Abstract: The study is planned to evaluate the hygienic quality of mutton intended for export from Elkadaro slaughter house on basis of surface bacterial contamination. Seventy five samples were collected during five visits, 15 samples in each visit (five samples for each: slaughter hall, slaughter house chiller and the refrigerated vehicle at Airport after unloading). A metallic triangle was used as a template from which swabs were taken. The results of the bacterial counts revealed relatively high counts (ranges between 1 × 103 - 6 × 106 CFU/ cm 2), but without critical contamination levels according to the cut-off point for fresh meat (106 CFU/ cm2) and chilled meat (107 CFU/ cm2) except in the last visit (2 × 106 CFU/ cm2).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Sudan, mutton, slaughter house, export.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation and identification of Bacillus strains with antimycobacterial activity

Souraya El Guendouzi, David Suzanna, Mohammed Hassi, Abdellatif Haggoud, Saad Ibn souda, Abdellah Houari and Mohammed Iraqui*

Abstract: Tuberculosis is the principal cause of death worldwide due to an infectious disease. The resurgence of tuberculosis, followed by the increase in prevalence of infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), as well as the multi-drug resistance of mycobacteria to the majority of currently available antibiotics, have encouraged research for new antimycobacterial agents. Soil and water samples from different Moroccan biotopes, have led to the isolation of four bacterial strains (M, R, G and S), showing an inhibitory effect on mycobacterial growth. This effect was shown to be due to secreted substances in the growth medium. From subsequent analysis it was concluded that these strains produced different active substances. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA showed that these isolates belong to the genus Bacillus. The active substance from isolate M, showed the more important inhibitory effect on mycobacterial growth. It precipitated with ammonium sulfate and lost all activity when treated with Proteinase K, revealing its protein nature.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Tuberculosis, mycobacteria, antimycobacterial agents, Bacillus.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Production and oil-emulsion formulation of Cadophora malorum and Alternaria jacinthicola, two biocontrol agents against Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

Karim Dagno,*, Rachid Lahlali, Mamourou Diourté and Haïssam M. Jijakli

Abstract: Cadophora malorum isolate Mln715 and Alternaria jacinthicola strain MUCL 53159 are under development as biocontrol agents against Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in Mali. Production of spores of these agents on locally available substrates (Water Hyacinth, powdered paddy rice chaff, wheat semolina) was assessed with a view to mass production. The C. malorum isolate sporulated best on Water Hyacinth (4.08 × 107 spores ml-1), followed by wheat (1.06 ×107 spores ml-1), whereas A. jacinthicola produced more spores on paddy rice chaff and wheat (0.24 x 107 spores ml-1). The severity of the damage caused by each pathogen was evaluated in the greenhouse and in the field. Under both greenhouse and field conditions, the biocontrol efficacy of the fungal isolates was improved with (unrefined) Carapa procera (L.) oil or (refined) palm oil, supplemented with soybean lecithin and Tween 20. When such a formulation was used, the incubation time was 4 to 5 days in the greenhouse and 7 to 9 days on the field, and the damage severity (DS) recorded 6 weeks after treatment varied from 87.02 to 93. 13% in the greenhouse and from 59.11 to 63.00% in the field. For unformulated C. malorum and A. jacinthicola respectively, the incubation times were longer and the DS values were only 22.11 and 29. 05% in the greenhouse and 12.05 and 15.15% on the field. Our results highlight good substrates for mass production of these mycoherbicides and demonstrate the ability of vegetable oil formulations to improve their efficacy.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Alternaria jacinthicola, biocontrol, Cadophora malorum, oil formulation, Water Hyacinth.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Cloning and characterization of a female gametophyte-specific gene in GRACILARIA LEMANEIFORMIS (Gracilariales, Rhodophyte)

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: In this study, forward and reverse suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) libraries were constructed between female and male gametophyte of GRACILARIA LEMANEIFORMIS to isolate genes differentially expressed between gametophytes. Dot-blots were performed to screen 384 colonies randomly selected from each subtracted libraries. Partial gene (designated as GMF-01) which is female gametophyte-specific was selected to isolate its cDNA full length sequences and to be characterized. Then we got its cDNA full length sequences using SMART-RACE technic. Sequence analysis showed that the open reading frame (ORF) of GMF-01 is 1002 bp long with a GC content of 47.7%, encoding 333 amino acids. GMF-01 does not have significant match in the databases when examined on NCBI website. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that the theoretical pI of this translated protein is 7.92, while the instability index is computed to be 43.61, which has classified the protein as unstable. Results of prediction showed 45.05% of its secondary structure has random coil and sub-cellular location prediction indicated that it is probably a extracellular protein.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Gracilaria lemaneiformis, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), sex determination, gametophyte.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Screening of higher yield of ethyl acetate yeast and researching of ester-producing conditions

MaoBin Chen, Ruili Li, Nan Peng, Da Zhen and Shangling Fang*

Abstract: A higher yield of ethyl acetate yeast Y1 was selected from Daqu and Xiaoqu, and the production volume of ethyl acetate was 2.152 g/l when cultured in corn saccharification mash. The strain is identified as Hansenula anomala. Then, through the single factor test to study the effects of diffident culture mediums and diffident culture methods on ester-producing, the results showed that the best ester-producing culture medium for Y1 yeast was the wheat saccharification mash. The ester yield of static culture was 40% higher when compared with shaking culture. several factors were selected to carry on the orthogonal test once more, the result indicated that the optimization plan were as follows: brix was 8°, pH was 5, temperature was 25°C, culture time was 4 days, and ethyl alcohol was 2%, total ester production of Y1 was 4.812 g/l in this condition.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ester–production yeast, culture method, ester production condition, orthogonal test.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Outer membrane vesicle of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B as an adjuvant in immunization of rabbit against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A

Seyed Davar Siadat, Saied Reza Naddaf , Mehrangiz Zangeneh, Arfa Moshiri , Seyed Mehdi Sadat, Mehdi Shafiee Ardestani, Mohammad Hassan Pouriayevali, Safieh Amini and Mohammad Reza Aghasadeghi*

Abstract: Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B outer membrane vesicle (OMV) was revealed to be an efficient carrier for polysaccharide antigens such as capsular antigens. Also, OMV of N. meningitidis was shown to be able to induce high levels of antibodies when applied as an adjuvant for T-independent antigens. In this study OMV was used as an adjuvant with group A meningococcal capsular polysaccharide (GAMP) and tested in New zealand white rabbits to evaluate bactericidal antibody response and opsonophagocytosis activity against serogroup A meningococci. Non- covalent combination of OMV and GAMP and three controls including GAMP, OMV and normal saline were injected intramuscularly into groups of four female New Zealand rabbits with boosters on days 14 and 28 after primary immunization. The serum samples were collected on days 0, 14, 28 and 42 and tested by complement mediated bactericidal assay and opsonophagocytosis activity against serogroup A meningococci according to the world health organization protocol. The results indicate that the combination of OMV with GAMP, in noncovalent form, would be able to induce a high level of bactericidal antibody and opsonophagocytosis activity response in comparison with GAMP alone after 42 days (P< 0.05) . The OMV of N. meningitidis showed to be a potent carrier protein in the induction of immune system but in this article the role of OMV is studied as an adjuvant to promote immune system in non-covalent form and without any conjugation process in order to induce immune response against three prevalent serogroups of N. meningitidis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: OMV, Adjuvant, Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A, Bactericidal activity.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Biodegradation of di-n-butyl phthalate by a newly isolated Diaphorobacter sp. strain QH-6

Decai Jin, Ping Wang, Zhihui Bai*, Bo Jin, Zuopeng Lv, Dongbin Wei and Guoqiang Zhuang

Abstract: Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), one of the most popular phthalic acid esters (PAEs), is commonly found in wastewater treatment plant. In this study, a bacterial strain capable of using DBP as sole carbon and energy source was isolated from activated sludge. This strain was identified as Diaphorobacter sp., designated as QH-6, based on the 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequence analysis. For the first time, we studied the biodegradation ability of PAEs by genus Diaphorobacter. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that the optimum conditions for DBP degradation were pH 7.0 to 8.0, temperature 30 to 35°C, and agitation rate 150 to 225 r/min. Under these conditions, 500 mg/L of DBP could be completely degraded with a half-life of 5.20 h. We investigated the effects of heavy metals (Cr6+ and Cu2+) on the DBP degradation. The results demonstrated that the heavy metals at a wide concentration range of 5 to 30 mg/L can restrain the DBP degradation. Furthermore, substrate utilization tests showed QH-6 can also utilize other PAEs and the degradation intermediates.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Diaphorobacter sp., dibutyl phthalate, biodegradation, heavy metal.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antibiotic susceptibility and toxins production of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples from Benin

Sina H., Baba-Moussa F., Ahoyo T. A., Mousse W., Anagonou S., Gbenou J. D., Prévost G., Kotchoni S. O. and Baba-Moussa L.*

Abstract: A wide range of clinical samples were screened for identification of Staphylococcus aureus, their antibiotic sensitivity profile and the production of different leucotoxin and epidermolysins was evaluated. Out of 2,040 biological samples (collected from pus, urine, sperms, genital, catheter and blood of hospitalized and extra-hospital patients) screened, 123 pure cultures of S. aureus colonies were isolated. 48.78% of S. aureus were resistant to methicillin (MRSA), while 78% of them were isolated from extra-hospital patients. The S. aureus isolated from urines, pus and blood produced Panton and Valentine leukocidin (PVL) toxin, while the leucotoxin lukE-lukD was exclusively encountered by S. aureus isolated from pus samples. None of the bacterial colony isolated produced epidermolysin toxins A and B. In addition, 3.25% of MRSA and 8.13% of methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) produced PVL respectively. Our results indicated high frequency rate of MRSA in extra-hospital screened samples isolated from various types of infection. This high resistance rate combined with toxin production increases the virulence of S. aureus colonies and put therefore at risk the life of the patients in developing countries where auto-medication is not controlled. There is the need to instruct the population in order to avoid further widening of MRSA territory.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), antibiotic, infection, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Benin.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) as an epidemiological marker for typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus recovered from KSA

Moussa, I. M.*, Al-Qahtani, A. A., Gassem, M. A., Ashgan, M. H., Dalia Kadry Ismail, Ghazy, A. I. and Shibl, A. M.

Abstract: In this study, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used for genomic DNA finger printings of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates. Thirty strains of S. aureus collected from major hospital laboratories and public health centers, Riyadh, King Saudi Arabia were tested phenotypically by conventional methods and genotypically by multiplex-PCR for direct detection of S. aureus 16S rRNA and mecA genes. The chromosomal DNA of the isolates was examined by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using SmaI. SmaI cut the chromosomal DNA of the examined MRSA into 9 to 13 fragments, moreover, 16 chromosomal digestion patterns were observed out of the 30 examined isolates. The first pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE1) contains 9 strains recovered from soft tissue infections and surgical wound infections. The second one (PFGE 2) contains 4 MRSA isolates, 3 of which were recovered from skin and soft tissue infections, while one was recovered from wound infection. Moreover, there are 3 chromosomal digestion patterns (PFGE 3, 4 and 5), each pattern involved two strains of MRSA which were recovered from surgical wound infections. A dendrogram of percent similarity, revealed three major clusters, the first cluster containing four groups (17 strains). The second cluster contains one group (12 strains), while the third cluster contains only one strain recovered from deep abscess.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fingerprinting, Staphylococcus aureus, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, nosocomial infection, multiplex-PCR.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Nano theoretical studies of fMet-tRNA structure in protein synthesis of prokaryotes and its comparison with the structure of fAla-tRNA

F. Mollaamin*, M. Noei, M. Monajjemi and R. Rasoolzadeh

Abstract: In this paper, we performed quantum mechanic calculations on structures of fMet-tRNA and fAla-tRNA. Comparing the results structure design was done by formalizing the amino acid and attaching in to the adenine nucleotide of tRNA. The performed calculations are Opt, SCRF, NBO and NMR.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Natural bond orbital (NBO), fMet-tRNA, NMR, Opt, SCRF, fAla-tRNA.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation and characterization of a cold-active amylase from marine Wangia sp. C52

Jianguo Liu*, Zhiqiang Zhang, Hongyue Dang, Jianren Lu and Zhanfeng Cui

Abstract: Amylase activity was detected in the culture medium of marine Wangia sp. C52, which was isolated from the Southern Okinawa Trough deep-sea sediment. In the present study, a cold-active amylase was purified to homogeneity from the culture broth by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. The molecular mass of the amyalse was 58 kDa, and its isoelectric point was close to 5.6. The optimal pH and temperature were 30°C and 6.0, respectively. In the presence of Ca2+ and Co2+, the enzyme activity was stimulated while Cu2+, Hg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, Al3+, EDTA, EGTA and SDS reduced the activity. Km and Vmax values of the purified enzyme for soluble starch were 2.08 ± 0.3 mg/ml and 1.26 ± 0.02 mg/ml/min, respectively. The final purified enzyme had -helix of 25%, -sheet of 26% and random coil of 49%, consistent with the theoretical values. This showed that the purified amylase folded with a reasonable secondary structure.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cold-active amylase, Wangia sp., purification, enzyme characterization.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation of Legionella pneumophila from surface and ground waters in Osogbo, Nigeria

O. A. Terry Alli*, Ogbolu D. Olusoga, S. A. Adedokun and O. E. Ogundare

Abstract: Legionella is a ubiquitous water environmental organism. Isolation/detection of Legionellae has been reported worldwide. However, there is no reported isolation of Legionellae in countries in Africa with the exception of South Africa. The aim of this study was to survey the surface, ground waters and air conditioner water systems (ACWs) in Osogbo, Nigeria for the presence of Legionella pneumophila by cultural isolation method. A total of 313 water samples from the streams (surface water), wells (groundwater) and ACWS were cultured on buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) medium. The isolates were identified by Gram staining techniques, biochemical tests and demonstration of pore forming activity. Polymerase chain reaction for amplification of 0.52 kb fragment of the part of dot/icm region of L. pneumophila was used for the final identification. The results obtained showed that the prevalence of L. pneumophila from streams (8%) was statistically significant when compared to wells (1%) (Chi square, P < 0.05). L. pneumophila was not isolated from any of the water samples taken from air-conditioner water systems. The study concludes that L. pneumophila is present in natural aquatic environment in Nigeria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cultural isolation, Legionella pneumophila, Nigeria.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Anti-tuberculosis activities of medicinal plants used in the treatment of tuberculosis in HIV patients in Nigeria

Anochie, P. I., Onyejepu, N., Ogu A. C., Adetunji, M. A. , Efere, L. O. , Onyeozirila, A. C., Onyeneke, E. C., Onyeneke, C. N., Obinna, J. U., Srikanth, A. and Bueno, J.

Abstract: Local herbalists in Nigeria claimed that extracts of certain parts, that is, stem and seeds obtained from Crinum glaucum,Treculia africana, Erythrina mildbaedi, Ficus thonningii and Xylopis aethiopica are used to treat tuberculosis patients. We conducted a laboratory-based study of this claim scientifically using the procedures employed by the local herbalists. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain used in this study was obtained locally and characterized based on cultural and biochemical tests on isolates of bacteriologically proven tuberculosis positive patients. The M. tuberculosis strains were found resistant to all the extracts. There was no growth on the isoniazid drug containing medium which was used as control. There was growth on all the LJ medium containing the extracts. The results of these findings shows that the extracts of these plants exhibited no significant anti-microbial activity against M. tuberculosis and therefore not recommendable for clinical use as an anti-tuberculosis drug.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Anti-tuberculosis, activity, medicinal plants, treatment, HIV patients, Nigeria.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antibiotic resistance pattern of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter sakazakii isolates from powdered infant formula

Xianfeng ZHOU*, Jianxin GAO, Yaojian HUANG, Songzhe FU and Haiying CHEN,

Abstract: Morbidity and mortality of infant infections caused by contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF) have been reported worldwide, and pathogens like Enterobacter sakazakii and Klebsiella pneumoniae are important causative agents. To evaluate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in E. sakazakii and K. pneumoniae that caused PIF contamination in Chinese market, all the isolates from PIF were analyzed for detecting resistance to antibiotics. 30 PIF samples were randomly purchased in Chinese market in 2009 and 7 E. sakazakii and 6 K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained from 8 samples (26.7%), the isolates were evaluated for antibiotics susceptibility by disk diffusion technique as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Susceptibility results showed that each isolate had different levels of resistance to - lactam antibiotics, while sensitive to fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. One K. pneumoniae and one E. sakazakii isolate almost resisted all Cephalosporins chosen; the double-disk synergy test (DDST) showed these two isolates producing extended spectrum -lactamase (ESBL). This is the first report of ESBL-produing in E. sakazakii from powdered infant formula in China.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter sakazakii, disk diffusion, antibiotic resistance, extended spectrum -lactamase (ESBL).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

In vivo evaluation on Malaysian coastal isolates of Gracilaria changii and Stichopus badionotus through heat-burn methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection animal model

Mariana N. S., Nik K. A. N. I.,*, Neela V. K., Norfarrah M. A. and Zamberi S.

Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus commonly causes bacterial infections such as boils, carbuncles, infections wounds, deep abscesses and bloodstream infections (or bacteraemia). Nowadays, it becomes more difficult to treat such infections due to the appearance of resistant strain known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The objective of this study was to screen on methanolic extracts of seaweed (Gracilaria changii) and local sea cucumber (Stichopus badionotus) for their anti-MRSA activities in vitro and in vivo; by a heat-burn, wound-healing model in rats. Both extracts demonstrated in vitro anti-MRSA activity. The sea cucumber extract demonstrated the same extent of wound healing as did vancomycin at P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), heat-burn injury, seaweed, sea cucumber, Malaysia.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation and identification of hydrocarbons degrading bacteria in soil around Shiraz Refinery

Farshid Kafilzadeh*, Parvaneh Sahragard, Hooshang Jamali and Yaghoob Tahery

Abstract: Petroleum hydrocarbons are species of dangerous contaminants in nature. Scientists are looking for many years to find solution for removing contaminants from the soil and water environments. Today, the use of microorganism, for removing crude oil pollution from contaminated sites (bioremediation) is considered by scientists. The purpose of this research is to isolate and identify hydrocarbons degrading bacteria from Shiraz Refinery soil. In this study, nutrient agar (NA) and mineral salt agar (MM2) were used as basic cultures. Using the Techniques Replica plating, we transferred colonies on NA surface to the MM2 agar. For spraying hydrocarbons on the MM2 agar surface, we used spray plating technique. Finally we have identified different bacterial genera by using biochemical tests and morphological study. Upon examination on morphological studies and biochemical tests, it is determined that these strains belong to bacterial genera as follows: Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Shigella. Enterobacter. It is also discovered that these bacteria can break down Biphenyl, Naphthalene, Camphor and Phenenthrene. The results showed that Biphenyl, Naphthalene, Camphor and Phenanthrene were decomposed by 22, 23, 34 and 23%, respectively. Bacillus was 69% of the bacterial population and accounted as the most dominant bacterial genus. Statistical analysis showed that there is a significant relationship with the level of 0.05 among the station, the numbers, and the diversity of Gram-positive bacteria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Degrading bacteria, camphor, bioremediation, Bacillus, Shiraz Refinery.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit growth of yeast pathogens

Desmond M. Ncango, Carolina H. Pohl, Pieter W. J. van Wyk and Johan L. F. Kock*

Abstract: Studies on yeasts exposed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) as potential anti-mitochondrial antifungals. In this study, various NSAIDs were tested for antifungal activity on the human yeast pathogens Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Our results suggest a dual action for these drugs, that is, antifungal as well as anti-inflammatory. These results could be useful in the treatment of fungal infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Acetylsalicylic acid, antifungal, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-mitochondrial, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Eremothecium ashbyi.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Bioactivity of Hydnora africana on selected bacterial pathogens: Preliminary phytochemical screening

Nethathe B. B. and Ndip R. N.,*

Abstract: Medicinal plants contain a variety of chemical substances with important therapeutic properties that can be utilized in the treatment of human diseases. Hydonora africana is used in folklore remedies for the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery, kidney and bladder complaints among other ailments; hence we assessed the in vitro antimicrobial activity of this plant against three bacterial species (Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43526, Helicobacter pylori PE 252C, Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571 and Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 35654). The agar well diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of bacterial strains to crude extracts of the plant. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the active crude extracts were determined by the microdilution test. Ciprofloxacin (0.0125 mg/mL) was used as positive control. The presence of phytochemicals was also assessed using standard methods. Results were analyzed statistically by the one-way ANOVA test. Hydnora africana demonstrated antimicrobial activity against all the organisms with a mean zone diameter of inhibition ranging from 0 to 22 mm. The MIC50 of the extracts ranged from 0.078 to 2.5 mg/mL and MBC ranged from 0.78 to 25 mg/mL. Phytochemical assay revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and steroids in the extracts. It is concluded that H. africana may contain compounds with therapeutic activity.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Hydnora africana, medicinal plant, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, phytochemicals.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Bacteriuria in patients with indwelling urethral catheter in Owerri municipality, Nigeria

Chukwuocha, U. M.*, Dozie, U. W. and Nwawume, I. C.

Abstract: Bacteriuria in patients with indwelling urethral catheter in Owerri Municipality of Imo State, Nigeria was studied. A total of 500 early mornings mid stream urine samples from patients admitted in different hospitals within the Municipality. The samples were microbiologically analyzed using cultural methods on different isolation media. A total of 220 isolates were identified. Identification tests showed the presence of Escherichia coli (10%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.0%), Klebsiella sp. (7.0%), Proteus sp. (5.8%), Streptococcus faecalis (4.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.8%), Citrobacter sp. (2.8%) and Enterobacter sp. (1.6%). Samples obtained from patients aged 71 to 80 years had the highest incidence of bacteria. A total of 120 (48.0%) of the isolates were obtained from female patients. Out of these, 12.0% were identified as E. coli. Result further show that, long duration catherized patients of up to 29 days and above have more bacteriuria infection than short term indwelling catheter. These findings have greatly implicated indwelling catheter as a major cause of bacteriuria in catheterized patients.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacteuria, urethral, cathether, isolates.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Enzymatic characterization of Malassezia pachydermatis isolates from dogs

Lautert, C.*, Ferreiro, L., Jesus, F. P. K., Zanette, R. A., Mahl, D. L., Alves, S. H. and Santurio, J. M.

Abstract: The yeast Malassezia pachydermatis is part of the normal cutaneous microflora of most homoeothermic vertebrates. However, under certain conditions as high humidity, seborrheic skin, corticotherapy and immunodeficiency, it can become pathogenic and cause dermatopathies. The pathogenic role of the genus Malassezia seems to be related to physical, chemical and immunological disturbances and to the production of enzymes, including lipases, phospholipases and hydrolases. The Api- Zym ® system is a semiquantitative method designed for the study of 19 enzymatic activities of tissues, cell suspensions, biological fluids, microorganisms, soil and others. Herein, the use of the Api-Zym system in 30 M. pachydermatis isolates detected the presence of the phosphohydrolases: acid phosphatase and naphtol-AS- BI-phosphohydrolase among all isolates, independently of the clinical sign associated to the animal. The knowledge of the enzymatic profile of M. pachydermatis aims to contribute to the comprehension of the role of each enzyme in the pathogeny of this yeast.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Malassezia pachydermatis, enzymes, Api-Zym®, enzymatic profile, dogs.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities of some plant extracts

Al-Rahmah N., Mostafa A., and Abdel-Megeed A.,

Abstract: The efficiency of five methanolic plant extracts obtained from Euclayptus globolus, Olea europaea, Salvadora persica, Thymus vulgaris and Ziziphus spina-christi were investigated for their inhibitory effect on the growth and aflatoxin B1 production of the toxigenic Aspergillus flavus strain isolated from wheat seeds. Extract of T. vulgaris showed the highest antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities as aflatoxin B1 production was absolutely arrested at 5 mg/ml, while the mycelial growth of A. flavus was completely inhibited at 15 mg/ml. E. globolus and O. europaea extracts showed a moderate antifungal activities and exhibited a significant antiaflatoxigenic efficiency as they inhibited aflatoxin B1 production at 15 mg/ml. On the other hand, S. persica showed weak antifungal activities while no effect was detected with Z. spina-christi extract. The analysis of plant extracts by GC/MS revealed that T. vulgaris extract was mainly composed by thymol (38.73%), carvacrol (19.31%) and ρ-cimene (10.13%), O. europaea extract was composed by anthracenedione (20.63%), terbutaline (13.96%) and propiolic acid (12.02%) while eucalyptol (30.62%), globulol (18.94%) and silane (9.13%) were the principal components of E. globolus extract. These extracts of T. vulgaris, E. globolus and O. europaea which are effective and environmentally safe are promising for protecting wheat seeds against aflatoxigenic strain of A. flavus.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aflatoxins, wheat, antiaflatoxigenic, methanolic extracts, Euclayptus globolus, Olea europaea, Salvadora persica, Thymus vulgaris.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Molecular characterization of CITRUS TRISTEZA virus strains in Peninsular Malaysia

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Sixty Malaysian CITRUS TRISTEZA virus (CTV) isolates were characterized by bi-directional polymerase chain reaction (BD-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of their coat protein (CP) gene. In BD-PCR analysis, 392-bp fragments were amplified from seven isolates. The other 53 isolates produced only 320-bp fragments. RFLP patterns of RT-PCR products of CP gene digested with HinfI restriction enzyme were similar to I-IV, VI-VII and two new groups. Isolates AMK1, AMJ12, AMT38, AMT39 and AMT43 could not be classified when they were compared to any standard CTV digest pattern. These isolates produced a unique restriction pattern with two fragments of 210 and 300 bp and isolate AMI61 produced different restriction pattern with three fragments of about 100, 270 and 300 bp. Therefore these isolates were designated as Groups IX and X. These results suggest that CTV populations in Malaysia contain new genetic variants.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), strains, coat protein (CP) gene, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), bi-directional PCR, Malaysia.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The viability of the Lactobacillus paracasei IL2 and Lactobacillus plantarum IL3 strains in simulated gastrointestinal conditions

Emanuel Vamanu*, Adrian Vamanu, Sultana Nita and Nicoleta Rusu

Abstract: The viability maintenance of Lactobacillus paracasei IL2 and Lactobacillus plantarum IL3 strains in gastrointestinal conditions represents one of the most important characteristics regarding their use for obtaining probiotic products. The tests were performed with a cell suspension kept in 0.5% NaCl. The influences of pepsin (3 g/l) at pH values of 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3.0, as well as of pancreatin (1 g/l) in the presence of bile salts (1.5, 2, 3 and 5 mg/ml) were determined. The influence of casein and mucin, in a concentration of 1 g/l, were also established in the aforementioned conditions. It was observed that casein presented a longer viability maintenance; a fact also confirmed by the calculation of the mathematical parameters of viability and mortality, when mucin was either used or not, especially in the case of gastric transit. The results proved that the tested strains maintained their viability even at pH between 1.8 and 2.0 and at an even higher concentration, of 2 mg/ml, of bile salts, but up to two hours as of the exposure to the conditions of the simulated small intestinal juice. Such results were also confirmed by the cumulated effect of the simulated gastric and small intestinal juice, the strains thus increasing their viability with an average of 15% in the presence of casein.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mucin, casein, ColonyQuant, pepsin, pancreatin.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Incidence and antibiotic susceptibilities of YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA and other YERSINIA species recovered from meat and chicken in Tehran, Iran

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of YERSINIA species in beef meat and chicken meat samples in different seasons. In this study 379 pieces of beef and chicken meats were examined for the presence of YERSINIA species between April 2007 and March 2008. 25 g of homogenized food samples was pre-enriched in PBS then it was cultured on cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin (CIN) agar. Susceptibility testing of bacterial strains was performed at 28˚C by the agar diffusion method. YERSINIA spp. was isolated from 60 of 379 (15.8%) beef meat and chicken meat samples. Y. ENTROCOLITICA was found in 48 of 60 (80%) positive samples. The rate of other 3 YERSINIA spp, Y. FEREDERIKSENII, Y. INTERMEDIA, Y. KRISTENSENII, were 7(11%), 4(6%) and1 (0.01%) out of 60 isolates, respectively. 98% of isolates were susceptible to choloramphenicol and gentamicin. The most antibiotic resistance belongs to cephalothine (98%). Our results showed that isolation ratio of Y. ENTEROCOLITICA and the other species is higher in cold climates. The majority of isolates were resistant to cephalothine. The most active pharmacologic agents were chloramphenicol, gentamicin and trimetoprim.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Yersinia enterocolitica, antimicrobial susceptibility, beef meat, chicken.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Serological survey of brucellosis in livestock animals in Sarab City (East Azarbayjan province), Iran

J. Akbarmehr* and M. Ghiyamirad

Abstract: Brucellosis is an infectious and zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution. Despite its control program, the disease is endemic in Iran and remains one of the most important public health problems. The aim of this survey was to determine the seroprovalence of brucellosis in livestock animals in Sarab City, Iran. A total of 1500 animals (600 cattle, 740 sheep and 160 goats) were examined for brucellosis from February 2007 to September 2008. The examined animals were divided into two sex groups (male and female). Moreover cattle were divided into four breed groups (Holstein, Brown Swiss, Native and Mixed). Serological examinations including Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), serum agglutination test (SAT) and 2-mercaptoethanol test (2ME) were performed on serum samples obtained from examined animals. In overall, out of 1500 blood samples 61 (4.06%) were positive for brucellosis. The prevalence of brucellosis in cattle, sheep and goats were found 3.66, 4.18 and 5%, respectively. The prevalence rates of brucellosis in different breeds of cattle, Holstein, Brown Swiss, native and mixed breeds were determined as: 4.72, 2.22, 2.50 and 3.75%, respectively. The prevalence rates of the disease in male and female animals were determined as follows: Male cattle, 1.53%, female cattle, 3.92%, male sheep, 2.8%, female sheep, 4.89%, male goats, 2.22%, and female goats, 6.08%. There were differences in the prevalences of brucellosis in different breeds and sexes of examined animals however statistically were not significant (P>0.05, X2[...] Read More.

Keywords: Brucellosis, Sarab, prevalence, livestock.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Microbiological analysis and screening of lactic acid bacteria from Tunisian date palm sap

Ziadi Manel,*, M’hir Sana*, Kbaier Nedia, Hamdi Moktar and Ferchichi Ali

Abstract: Date Palm sap is a fresh juice called “Legmi” widely produced and consumed in Southern Tunisia. The aim of this research was to study microbiological group’s distribution present in 10 palm sap samples, and to select Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with suitable properties for use as starter cultures in sap lactic fermentation. Microbiological analysis showed high load in fresh palm sap. Mesophilic aerobic bacteria varied from 6.07 to 8.57 log cfu/ml, coliforms ranged from 3 to 6.78 log cfu/ml, yeasts between 3 and 8.47 log cfu/ml and LAB from 5.36 to 8.47 log cfu/ml. Ten strains were chosen randomly to study the acidifying activity when growing in palm sap. These strains, tentatively identified by API 50CHL, were divided into two groups: Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbruckii. All the strains were considered as fast acidifier since pH was higher after 6 h of fermentation. The higher acidifying strains KH3 (L. delbrueckii) and 5B4 (L. mesenteroides), were used to inoculate sap in pure culture. During the fermentation, pH decreased from 6.94 and 6.36 for 5B4 and KH3, respectively, to about 4.0±0.1 after 24 h of fermentation for both strains. Total titrable acidity increase from 0.2 and 0.4% for 5B4 and KH3 respectively to around 3.0%. The application of these strains as starter cultures in the production of fermented palm sap could be investigated on further studies.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Date palm sap, legmi, lactic acid bacteria, starter culture.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Pathogenic and molecular characterization of Pythium species inducing root rot symptoms of common bean in Rwanda

J. Nzungize*, P. Gepts, R. Buruchara, S. Buah, P. Ragama, J. P. Busogoro and J. P. Baudoin

Abstract: A series of 231 samples of bean plants affected by bean root rot were collected from different areas of Rwanda in order to characterize the causal agents. The collected samples were used to isolate 96 typical Pythium colonies which were classified into 16 Pythium species according to their respective molecular sequences of the ribosomal ITS fragments. Inoculation assays carried out on a set of 10 bean varieties revealed that all identified species were pathogenic on common bean. However, the bean varieties used in this investigation showed differences in their reaction to inoculation with the 16 Pythium species. In fact, the varieties CAL 96, RWR 617-97A, URUGEZI and RWR 1668 were susceptible to all the Pythium species while the varieties G 2331, AND 1062, MLB 40- 89A, VUNINKINGI, AND 1064 and RWR 719 showed a high level of resistance to the all Pythium species used in our study. This high level of resistance to Pythium root rot disease found in diverse varieties of common bean grown in Rwanda constitutes a real advantage to be exploited as source of resistance in breeding programs aiming to increase resistance to the disease in the most popular bean varieties grown in Rwanda.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bean, characterization, molecular, Phaseolus, Pythium, root rot.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prevalence of intestinal parasites at Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India: Five-year study

Yogyata Marothi* and Binita Singh

Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in hospitals at Ujjain. A total of 5990 samples were collected in five years: 3580 from Ujjain Charitable Trust Hospital (Urban population) and 2410 from R. D. Gardi Medical College (Rural population). Overall prevalence rate of intestinal parasite was 21.4%. Entamoeba histolytica (10.5%) was the commonest protozoa followed by Giardia lamblia (3.9%). Among the helminths, Ascaris lumbricoides (2.8%) was the commonest. Multiple infections were seen in 70 samples. There was difference in prevalence between urban (20.2%) and rural (23.1%) population. Females (27.4%) were more affected than males (18.2%) and age group 0 to 10 years old had the highest rate of infection. The results indicate that there is a need to implement control measures in form of regular deworming, health education and provision of safe water supply.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Intestinal parasites, prevalence, rural, urban, Ujjain.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antimicrobial activity of Vernonia amygdalina on selected urinary tract pathogens

Uzoigwe C. I.* and Agwa O. K.

Abstract: The aqueous ethanol and acetone-ethanolic extracts of Vernonia amygdalina leaves and stems were investigated for their antimicrobial activities compared to ciprofloxacin, against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp and Staphylococcus sp. The antimicrobial activity of each extract on the isolates was determined by agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods. The acetone-ethanolic extract of the leaf showed the highest antibacterial activity on Klebsiella sp in both methods used, followed by the ethanol leaf extracts on the same organism. E. coli and Staphylococcus sp were not susceptible to any of the extracts even at higher concentrations. The aqueous extracts of both leaf and stem were ineffective on all the test isolates at all concentration. Comparatively, the test isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin in both methods used but the antibacterial effect of acetone- ethanolic leaf extract on Klebsiella sp was higher than that of ciprofloxacin on Klebsiella sp. The results from this research showed that V. amygdalina could be used as raw material in the synthesis of antimicrobial drugs, especially against Klebsiella sp which have been attributed with high level drug resistance in urinary tract infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ciprofloxacin, acetone, urinary tract infections, ethanol.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in treating viral infections among Yoruba tribe of South Western Nigeria

Oladunmoye, M. K.* and Kehinde, F. Y.

Abstract: Ethnobotanical survey of plants used to treat some common viral diseases, such as chicken pox, poliomyelitis, influenza, hepatitis, measles and jaundice was carried out in Ekiti, Ondo, Osun and Oyo States in South Western Nigeria. Questionnaires were distributed among the participants and oral discussions were employed. Two hundred and eight (208) data were collected and tabulated. The Yoruba names, botanical names, methods of preparation and mode of administration of the plants were considered. The research work showed that members of the family Annonaceae (10.3%) were most frequently used, followed by members of Leguminosae (9.9%), and Zingiberaceae (7.9%), for treating chickenpox and measles infections, although all other plants play prominent roles in peoples` health care. Also, knowledge of medicinal herbs was being left in the hands of the elders between the age range of 51-70 years and 71-80 years. The leaves of the plants (45.5%) were mostly used in treating viral infections, followed by the use of stem bark (13.5%). All other parts were less commonly used to treat viral diseases. Mono-prescription was rare in the data collected. Oral application had the highest mode of administration (83.7%), while the combination of both oral and external applications (12.5%) closely followed. Decoction (90.4%) was the most frequently used method of anti- viral herbal preparation, while concoction (0.9%) was least used. Herb sellers (72.6%) constituted the major source of information about the use of anti-viral medicinal herbs, followed by traders, civil servants and herbalists with 17.31, 6.25 and 3.85 respectively. Many plants in the studied area may be a good source of lead molecules needed in viral chemotherapy after extraction of the bioactive components as well as removal of toxic residue following toxicological studies.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Leguminosae, mono-prescription, chickenpox, decoction.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The prevalence of cattle ringworm in native dairy farms of Sarab city (East Azarbayjan province), Iran

J. Akbarmehr

Abstract: Ringworm is a fungal and zoonotic infectious disease, caused by different species of dermatophytes. Lesions of ringworm are usually found on the head, muzzle, ears, neck, and particularly, around the eyes of the infected animals. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of cattle ringworm in native farms of Sarab city in Iran. A total number of 1150 cattle in native dairy farms of Sarab city were examined in this study from July 2007 till June 2008. The animals were classified into two age groups of less than 2 years and more than 2 years. Each animal was thoroughly examined for skin ringworm lesions, then, microscopic and culture examinations were carried out on samples obtained from ringworm lesions of infected animals. According to the results of this study among 1150 cattle, 188 of them (16.34%) were clinically positive for skin ringworm lesions. After microscopic and culture examinations, 150 animals (13.04%) were confirmed for dermatophyte infections. Trichophyton verrucosum was isolated in 100% of positive samples. The prevalence of ringworm among cattle less than 2 years and more than 2 years were 15 and 9% respectively, which showed significant difference between them. This study is the first research on the prevalence of cattle ringworm in Sarab city which indicated the relatively high prevalence of the disease and revealed the dominant role of T. verrucosom in cattle ringworm.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ringworm, dermatophyte, cattle, Sarab.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The bactericidal and fungicidal effects of salicid on pathogenic organisms involved in hospital infections

S. M. E. Rahman, Joong Hyun Park and Deog-Hwan Oh*

Abstract: The study was designed to investigate bactericidal and fungicidal actions of salicid (pH: 6.7, ORP: 760 mV, residual chlorine of 2 to 5 ppm) on hospital infections. Four of the most common opportunistic pathogens (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Rhizopus oryzae, and Aspergillus fumigatus) were used for this study. Cultures were inoculated in 9 mL of salicid and incubated for 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 min at room temperature (23 ± 2°C). A dipping method was followed for this study. Untreated pathogens were treated as control. Compared to the untreated control, a reduction of 1.10 to 6.08 log10 CFU/mL for aforementioned pathogens were recorded as the result of treatment with 2 and 5 ppm salicid, respectively. The highest bactericidal effect was found with S. aureus for 5 ppm salicid with 0.5 min immerse time. Salicid treatment with 0.5 min dipping and 5 ppm residual chlorine also reduced K. pneumoniae, R. oryzae, and A. fumigatus by 5.00, 3.50 and 2.63 log10 CFU/mL, respectively. Our findings showed that in each pathogen, efficacy of salicid decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increased dipping time, from 0.5 to 10 min and there was significant difference (p < 0.05) observed between 2 and 5 ppm salicid treatment in reducing pathogens. The results indicate that salicid may be a useful disinfectant for hospital infections, but its clinical application has still to be evaluated.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Salicid, bactericidal and fungicidal effect, hospital infections.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation and characterization of a novel streptomyces strain Eri11 exhibiting antioxidant activity from the rhizosphere of Rhizoma Curcumae Longae

Kai Zhong, Xia-Ling Gao , Zheng-Jun Xu*, Li-Hua Li, Rong-Jun Chen Xiao-JianDeng, Hong Gao, Kai Jiang, and Isomaro Yamaguchi

Abstract: In the present study, the phylogenetic analysis of the Streptomyces strain Eri11 isolated from the rhizosphere of Rhizoma Curcumae Longae and the antioxidant activity of the broth cultured with Eri11 were investigated. Analysis of 16S rDNA gene sequences demonstrated that the strains Eri11 was most closely related to representatives of the genera Streptomyces. The total phenols and flavonoids contents in cultured broth were detected to be13.59 ± 0.17 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and 9.93 ± 0.83 mg rutin equivalent/g, respectively. The cultured broth showed the antioxidant activity against the ABTS (2, 2’-Azinobis-3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) free radicals and hydroxyl free radicals with IC50 (The half-inhibitory concentration) of 223.81 ± 24.50 μg/ml and 582.42 ± 83.10 μg/ml respectively. So, it was suggested that the isolated Streptomyces strain Eri11 could be a candidate for the nature resource of the antioxidants.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Streptomyces, phylogeny, cultured broth, antioxidant activity.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Determining the knowledge of food safety and purchasing behavior of the consumers living in Turkey and Kazakhstan

Nevin Sanlier*, Ayhan Dağdeviren, Bülent Çelik, Saniye Bilici and Aktolkin Abubakirova

Abstract: Complete and balanced nutrition with reliable food consists of the basis of health and protective health services. Therefore, the current study was carried out to determine the knowledge of food safety level and purchasing behavior of 668 consumers living both in Turkey (n=348) and in Kazakhstan (n=320) and to compare the results. Volunteered consumers for the research were given a face to face interview between March and September 2010. It was found that the knowledge of purchasing behavior (14.43±2.56) of food safety (20.82±4.20) of the consumers living in Turkey was higher compared to those living in Kazakhstan (11.84±2.92, 14.74±3.86 respectively) and that the difference between the two countries was statistically significant (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Purchasing behavior, knowledge of food safety, consumer, Turkey, Kazakhstan.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Comparison of different detoxification methods for corn cob hemicelluose hydrolysate to improve ethanol production by Candida shehatae ACCC 20335

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Corn cob hydrolysis with 1% (v/v) of sulfuric acid yielded 36.49 total reducing sugars (g/l) along with various fermentation inhibitors such as fufural, phenolics compounds and acetic acid. The acid hydrolysate detoxified with overliming plus activated charcoal brought about a maximum decrease in fufural (100%), acetic acid (62.4%) and phenolics compounds (96.6%). Treatment of hydrolysate with overliming caused 99, 51.4 and 16.7% loss in fufural, acetic acid and phenolics compounds, respectively. Fermentation by Candida shehatae ACCC 20335 showed a maximum yield of ethanol (0.31 g/g) and a productivity of 0.152 g/l/h with overliming plus activated charcoal treated hydrolysate.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Corn cob, detoxification, ethanol, fermentation, hydrolysate.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) in clinical isolates from a teaching hospital in Peshawar, Pakistan

Shahina Mumtaz, Jawad Ahmed*, Liaqat Ali and Hamid Hussain

Abstract: Infections caused by ESBL producing members of the enterobacteriaceae have rapidly increased all over the world. ESBL increase the possibility of failure of empiric antimicrobial regimens. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL in bacterial isolates and to look into the options for treating infections caused by these organisms. A total of 4,150 isolates of enterobacteriaceae were studied. ESBL producer isolates were 371 (8.94%) out of which 281 (75.7%) were recovered from admitted patients while 90 (24.3%) were recovered from outdoor patients. ESBL detection was carried out according to Clinical Laboratory and Standard Institute (CLSI) criteria. Majority of the ESBL producing isolates were obtained from urine 282 (76.0%), followed by swabs 69 (18.6%) fluids 12 (3.2%) blood 06 (1.7%) and sputum 02 (0.5%). The ESBL phenotype was detected in 322 (89.5%) of the isolates of E. coli, 20 (5.4%) of Klebsiella spp. 14 (3.8%) Enterobacter and 05 (1.3%) Citrobacter spp. Carbapenems was the drug of choice for serious infection with ESBL – producing organisms in Peshawar. These should not be administered as empiric therapy, because their over use can result in significant resistance in future.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL), cephalosporins, Escherichia coli, phenotype screening.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Identification and characterization of 16 recent Chinese isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 2 (BVDV-2)

Tao J., Zhu l. Q., Lin Y. Q. and Zhu G. Q.*

Abstract: Eighty calf blood samples were collected from different areas of China and were examined. Sixteen non cytopathic isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 2 (BVDV-2) were isolated by specific BVDV-2-directed RT-PCR and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results were verified by the indirect immunofluorescence assay and the ultra-thin sections. Genes of 5'-UTR, E2 and Npro from all the 16 field isolates were sequenced. The sequence identities at the nucleotide and amino acid levels were higher than 99.0%. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the BVDV-2 USA strain, AzSpin, had the highest sequence homology with each of the Chinese isolates.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 2 (BVDV-2), isolation and characterization, phylogenetic analysis.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae infection in the commercial layer flocks of the Centernorth of Iran

Payam Haghighi-Khoshkhoo*, Gita Akbariazad, Masood Roohi, Javad Inanlo, Mehran Masoumi and Pedram Sami-Yousefi

Abstract: This survey was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) infections in commercial layer farms in Centernorth of Iran. A total of 2000 serum samples were collected from 40 commercial layer flocks (50 samples/ flock) mostly > 40-week-old. Sera tested by serum plate agglutination (SPA) method using commercial MG antigen and MS antigen. Positive reactions retested by SPA on 1:8 dilution and the flocks with more than 10% positive reactions considered positive serologically. The results showed that 4 of 40 (10%) flocks were MG positive and the rest (90%) were negative. About MS, 17 of 40 (42.5%) flocks were positive and 33 of 40 (57.5%) were negative. Sera tested for MG were: 125 of 2000 (6.25%) positive, 1821 of 2000 (91.05%) negative and 54 of 2000 (2.7%) suspect. Sera for MS were: 371 of 2000 (18.55%) positive, 1617 of 2000 (80.85%) negative and 12 of 2000 (0.6%) suspect. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between MS positive flocks and strain (LSL flocks compared to Hy-Line flocks) and capacity of the farms significantly (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, seroprevalence, serum plate agglutination test.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

In vitro antimicrobial activity of leaf extract of Berlina grandiflora Hutch. and Dalz.

Akuodor G. C.*, Onyewenjo S. C., Anyalewechi N. A., Essien A. D. Akpan J. L., Okoroafor D. O. and Okere M. O.

Abstract: Antimicrobial properties of Berlina grandiflora Hutch. and Dalz. leaf extract were investigated against both clinical and laboratory isolates. Susceptibility of these isolates to the extract was determined using disc diffusion method. The antimicrobial screening had wide range of activity on Escherichia coli, Stapylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. The diameter of zone of inhibition by the extract was 7, 8.7 and 9 mm respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 32.81, 19.38 and 11.72 µg/ml for E. coli, S. aureus and Streptococcus spp. Based on the current findings, it can be concluded that B. grandiflora has antimicrobial activity against certain microorganisms.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Berlina grandiflora, antimicrobial agent, minimum inhibition concentration, in vitro.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Killing kinetics and bactericidal mechanism of action of Alpinia galanga on food borne bacteria

Siriporn Okonogi*, Waranee Prakatthagomol, Chadarat Ampasavate and Srikanjana Klayraung

Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore the killing kinetics and bactericidal mechanism of action of A. galanga against food borne bacteria in order to promote this plant as a source of natural preservative. The comparison on antibacterial power was firstly done among its essential oil and the crude extracts obtained from various extracting solvents. The essential oil showed the extremely strongest antibacterial activity and more effective killing activity against Gram negative than Gram positive food borne bacteria. The kinetic time of the oil for complete bactericidal action against E. coli was 40 min whereas that of gentamicin was 120 min. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of bacterial morphology after exposed to the oil showed bacterial membrane destruction. It was concluded that the essential oil is the highest potential part of A. galanga against food borne bacteria. Its killing kinetics against Gram negative bacteria was extremely faster than a broad spectrum antibiotic gentamicin. Its mechanism of bactericidal action was along with the bacterial membrane disruption and malfunction leading to cell death.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Alpinia galanga, antibacterial, mechanism of action, essential oil, killing kinetics.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Surface display of multi-epitopes synthetic gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on Salmonella typhi Ty21a using a pgsA anchor protein

Badrul S. M. Zainuddin*, Mustaffa Musa and Zainul F. Zainuddin

Abstract: We have developed a recombinant Salmonella typhi Ty21a vaccine candidate (rSTvacIII) displaying a multi-epitopes mycobacterial antigen called the VacIII (containing ubiquitin and 4 immunogenic mycobacterial epitopes of ESAT-6, PhoS1, Hsp 16.3 and MTB 8.4 genes) on the surface of S. typhi Ty21a (Ty21a) using PgsA protein as a carrier. The expression of VacIII protein on the surface of Ty21a was verified by western blot. Immunization in BALB/c mice with rSTvacIII induced strong Th1-type responses based on high level of in vitro IFN- but low IL-4 secretion. Since the protective immunity against tuberculosis is mediated by Th1-type response, the rSTvacIII have potential as effective vaccine candidate against tuberculosis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: VacIII antigen, PgsA anchoring motif, tuberculosis, Salmonella typhi Ty21a.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Characterization and optimization of agarase from an estuarine Bacillus subtilis

S. Saraswathi*, V. Vasanthabharathi, V. Kalaiselvi and S. Jayalakshmi

Abstract: A bacterium producing agarase was isolated from the vellar estuary and potential strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis. The ideal parameters was found to be of pH 8, temperature of 40°C and 3% of NaCl concentration for optimal growth and agarase activity. Agar as carbon source and yeast extract as nitrogen source was found to be suitable for optimum growth and agarase activity. The activity of enzyme obtained from the cell free filtrate was 15.2 U/L and the activity of the partially purified enzyme was 5.3 U/L and the purified enzyme activity was found to be 2.3 U/L. The stability of the partially purified enzyme on pH profile was found to be pH 8 and thermostability was found to be up to 40°C. The purified enzyme was determined to be homogeneous on the basis of SDS PAGE and had a molecular weight of 20 KDa.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Agarase, Bacillus subtilis, optimization, stability, SDS PAGE.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Virucidal activity of green propolis against avipoxvirus in chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated chicken eggs

Camila O. Vilela, Geferson Fischer*, Clarissa C. de Castro, Cristina F. Nunes, Silvia O. Hübner, Margarida B. Raffi, Simone E. Salles, Marcos A. Anciuti and Gilberto D. Vargas

Abstract: Recent pandemics caused by virus like influenzavirus (H1N1, H5N1) reaffirm the importance of studies aiming at obtaining new virucidal and/or antiviral substances, once its prolonged use can lead to resistance to the active principles. Green propolis, which has several scientifically proven bioactive properties, was evaluated in this study as an ethanol extract regarding its virucidal capacity against avipoxvirus (APV) inoculated in chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryos (CAM). Eggs inoculated with virus and 2400 µg/dose of propolis, previously incubated for four hours, presented reduction in the pox lesions number (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Green propolis, virucidal activity, avipoxvirus, chorioallantoic membrane.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prevalence of typhoid fever in referral hospitals in Umuahia and Aba, Abia State, Nigeria

Elendu C. Onwuchekwa*, Uzochukwu G. Ekeleme, Oliver Onu-Osi, Okonudo, I. Diana

Abstract: The prevalence of typhoid fever in referral hospitals in Umuahia and Aba, Abia State, Nigeria was studied using standard microbiological techniques. A total of 500 subjects within the age range of 1-70 years were enrolled. A total of 229 subjects were infected with a prevalence rate of 45.8%. The males had the highest prevalence rate of 50.9%, while females had a prevalence rate of 41.9%. In Aba, 125 (50.0%) subjects were positive, while 104 (41.6%) were recorded in Umuahia. The age group of 21-30 years had the highest rate of 63.3%. Traders were most affected (62.5%). The stool cultures from males had the highest prevalence of 24.8% in ABSUTH, Aba while females had the lowest of 16.0% in FMC, Umuahia. Hence, health care personnel should not totally depend on widal test alone for the diagnosis of enteric fever but should use other diagnostic methods to differentiate Salmonella infection from other related infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Investigation of the susceptibility of Candida species isolated from denture wearers to different antifungal antibiotics

Ozlem Abaci* and Alev Haliki-Uztan

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the the prevalence of in vitro resistance amongst Candida species isolated from the oral cavity of denture wearers. The in vitro susceptibility of 156 Candida isolates to amphotericin B, fluconazole, 5- fluorocytosine, caspofungin and terbinafine was determined. The Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute’ (CLSI; formally National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) broth microdilution method was used and MIC50 and MIC90 determined. Candida albicans, the most frequently isolated strains, are sensitive to amphotericin (61%) and fluconazole (44%), frequently used agents in the treatment of Candida-associated denture stomatitis. A 100% susceptibility to 5- fluorocytosine was observed among the 109 isolates of C. albicans. Among non C. albicans strains only 1 Candida kefyr strain was determined as susceptible dependent upon dose for 5-fluorocytosine. Among Candida glabrata, the second most common isolate, a 100% susceptibility to caspofungin and 5-fluorocytosine were observed. Since the isolates are sensitive to Caspofungin and 5-fluorocytosine, rarely used in the treatment of oral fungal infections, it is suggested that these antifungal agents be used as alternative medicine in the treatment of oral infections especially caused by strains resistant to amphotericin B and fluconazole.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Candida species, antifungal, denture wearers.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Microbiological analysis and somatic cell counts in raw milk from farms of SÃ£o Paulo State, Brazil

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The objective of the study was to evaluate mesophyle, psychrotroph and somatic cell counts (SCC), and presence of Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk produced in 42 dairy farms of the State of São Paulo. Farms were classified according to milk yield in low (< 400 L/day, n = 17), intermediate (400 - 1,000 L/day, n = 8) and high milk production (> 1,000 L/day, n = 17). Mesophylic bacteria counts were lower (p < 0.05) in high production farms, with no differences (p > 0.05) in psychrotrophic and somatic cell counts between the three categories. S. aureus was more frequent (p < 0.05) in the milk of individual cows in intermediate production farms. Percentage of samples that did not comply with SCC tolerance limits in grade B milk ranged from 29.4 (low production) to 52.9% (high production). Results indicate that the greatest difficulties for dairy farms to comply with milk quality parameters are related to the adoption of hygiene practices during milking and to failures in milk conservation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Milk quality, mesophyles, psychrotrophs, somatic cell counts (SCC), Staphylococcus aureus.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A study on the vegetation recovery and crop pattern adjustment on the Loess Plateau of China

H. Y. Fang, Q. Y. Li,* and Q. G. Cai

Abstract: Low vegetation coverage and irrational land use are regarded as two main factors in influencing soil loss. In order to improve vegetation recovery and to adjust land use pattern on the Loess Plateau, the data of precipitation, net primary productivity of vegetation, and eco- water requirement of main crops of key counties on the Loess Plateau are used in this paper. The concepts of utilization/adaptation capability of eco-water requirement are used and plotted against mean annual precipitation in the 1960s to 1990s for vegetation and crops, respectively. Results demonstrate that in the regions with lower than 400, 400 to 510 and over 510 mm precipitation, the grass/shrub, grass/shrub/forest and forest fit to be planted, respectively. For crops in the regions with less than 300, > 310, > 450 and > 510 mm precipitation, Kaoliang and glutinous, millet, winter wheat, and maize are satisfied, respectively.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Loess Plateau, vegetation, crops, adaptation capacity eco-water requirement.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Predicting the catalytic sites of Streptomyces clavuligerus deacetylcephalosporin c synthase and clavaminate synthase 2

Hong Soon Chin*, Khang Wen Goh, Kah Cheng Teo, Mun Yee Chan, Seong Wei Lee and Lisa Gaik Ai Ong

Abstract: Enzymes categorized under the 2OG-Fe (II) oxygenase superfamily and Taurine catabolism dioxygenase TauD family demonstrated a striking structural conserveness even with low protein sequence homology. It is evident that these enzymes have an architecturally similar to catalytic centre with active ligands lining the reactive pocket. Deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase (DAOCS), isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS), deacetylcephalosporin C synthase (DACS), clavaminate synthase 1 and 2 (CAS1 and 2) are important bacterial enzymes that catalyze the formation of β-lactam antibiotics. With the advancement of protein structural analysis software, it is possible to predict the catalytic sites of protein that shared a structural resemblance. By exploiting the superimposition model of DAOCS-IPNS, DAOCS-CAS1 and IPNS-CAS1, a computational protocol for predicting the catalytic sites of proteins is now made available. This study shows that without the crystallized or NMR structures of DACS and CAS2, the plausible catalytic sites of protein can be forecasted using this structural bioinformatics approach.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS), deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase (DAOCS), deacetylcephalosporin C synthase (DACS), clavaminate synthase (CAS), 2OG-Fe (II) oxygenase superfamily.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prevalence of caprine tuberculosis in Mid- Rift valley area of Oromia, Ethiopia

Ketema Tafess*, Fufa Dawo, Teshale Sori and Gobena Ameni

Abstract: A cross sectional study of caprine tuberculosis was conducted on randomly selected 630 goats at, Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Centre and, smallholder farmers found around the research centre from December 2005 to June 2006. Single intradermal tuberculin test, post mortem examination of suspected goats and bacteriological culture of the pathogen were carried out to confirm the pathogen. Taking the cut off value at 3.5 mm, there was significant difference (p0.05). Goats under smallholder conditions are 3.1 times at risk of acquiring mycobacterial infection than those under on-station condition. Gross tuberculous lesions were detected in two of the eight tuberculin positive (suspected) goats that were slaughtered for confirmation of tuberculosis lesion, sampling and culture for further confirmation of mycobacterial growth. Mycobacterial growth and acid fast bacilli were confirmed in those goats with gross tuberculosis lesions. In conclusion, this study showed the occurrence of tuberculosis in goats in Adami Tulu area. Further studies and confirmation of mycobacterial species and strains which infect goats and probably humans are necessary, especially in areas that consume raw goats’ milk like pastoral and agro-pastoral areas so that at least awareness, concerning the transmission of the disease from goats©milk and meat can be created.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Caprine tuberculosis, goats, prevalence, tuberculin test, post mortem lesion.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Insights on genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) population from symptomatic citrus tree in Tunisia

Hamdi I., Elleuch A., Bessaies N. and Fakhfakh H.*

Abstract: Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) variants from cachexia symptomatic citrus tree were subjected to retro-transcription and DNA amplification (RT-PCR), cloning and sequencing. Here we report genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of HSVd Tunisian isolate. Our study revealed obvious polymorphism within Tunisian isolates and high similarity with Japanese variants. Neighbor-joining analysis was carried out on the new HSVd-citrus sequences together with 44 previously described HSVd isolates from citrus and one from grapevine. The phylogenetic analysis showed that Tunisian isolates were clustered into 4 different groups (CVd-IIa, b, and c and grapevine group). Furthermore, the predicted secondary structure was scrutinized to be more understanding on how the nucleotide change affects variable (V) and pathogenicity domain (P).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), citrus, cachexia, phylogeny, secondary structure, Tunisia.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Assessment of antifungal activity of Rumex vesicarius L. and Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. extracts against two phytopathogenic fungi

Amira M. Abu-Taleb*, Kadriya El - Deeb and Fatimah O. Al-Otibi

Abstract: The preliminary phytochemical screening of extracts of Rumex vesicarius L. and Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. showed the presence of compounds that are biologically active against the two root rot pathogens Drechslera biseptata and Fusarium solani in vitro. The relative efficacy of this action, however, differed according to the extracted plant, solvent used, extract concentration, the target fungus and phase of growth. Ethanolic extract ranked first, followed by the remaining aqueous layer fraction. Eight flavonoid subfractions (rutin, quercetin, myricetin, apigenin, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, luteolin, kaempherol and kaempherol-3-O-robinoside) and six flavonoid subfractions (apigenin-7-O-glucoide, quercitrin, quercetin, isovitexin, rutin and quercetin-3-O lucoside-7-O-rhamnoside) were isolated from the remaining aqueous layer fraction of R. vesicarius and Z. spina-christi, respectively. Generally, spore production and germination as well as cellulolytic and pectolytic activity of F. solani were affected by plant extracts more than that of D. biseptata. F. solani failed completely to produce spores when treated with ethanolic extract of Z. spina-christi at the concentration of 20%. However, growth of D. biseptata was more sensitive to plant extracts than that of F. solani. Maximum activity of plant extracts was observed against spore production. It was evident that plant extracts could provide potential source of antifungal compounds.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Rumex vesicarius, Ziziphus spina-christi, antifungal activity, Drechslera biseptata, Fusarium solani.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Survey role of nano structure surface layer in Bacillus cereus strains resistant to antibiotics (Iran-Azzahra Hospital and Esfahan University)

Shila Jalalpour

Abstract: The most common surface structures bacteria are monomolecular crystalline arrays of proteinaceous subunits termed surface layers or S-layers. Since S-layer-carrying organisms are ubiquitous in the biosphere and because S-layers represent one of the most abundant cellular proteins, it is now obvious that these metabolically expensive products must provide the organisms with an advantage of selection in very different habitats. S-layers have been associated with a number of possible functions that relate to pathogenicity. S-layers can function as adhesins, enabling the bacterium to adhere to host cell membranes and tissue surfaces in order to colonize and protect bacteria from harmful enzymes and antimicrobial agents or changes in pH. Bacillus cereus is one of nosocomial infections bacteria. B. cereus produces several potential virulence factors such as S-layer. A total of 274 strains were isolated from staff hand and hospital surfaces of Azzahra-hospital during 2005 to 2007 years. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of S-layer proteins extracted from B. cereus strains by using Tris-HCl (pH 8) showed that the S-layer proteins of different strains isolate of staff hands and hospital surfaces had subunit molecular weight of 97-kDa. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed according to antibiotic susceptibility standard disc diffusion agar. All the statistical analyses carried out using SPSS version 14. Chi-square and fisher test used for determination of significance of association. The p≤ 0.05 was considered significant. From 247 bacteria, frequency of B. cereus strains was 9.49%. From 13 isolated B. cereus of, staff hand 11 strain (84/6%) and from 13 isolated B. cereus from hospital surfaces, 1 strain (7/7%) production S-layer. According to the antibiogram result, S-layer non producer strains, in comparison with S-layer producer strains, were more sensitive to antibiotics. The result showed high prevalence of S-layer producer of B. cereus strains in hospital; and this point is due to the increased antibiotic resistance of nosocomial infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: S-layer, Bacillus cereus, antibiotic resistant, nosocomial infections.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the Chinese white wax scale Ericerus pela Chavannes (Homopetera: Coccidae)

Pu Yang, Jiaying Zhu, Xiaoming Chen* and Meng Li

Abstract: Eight microsatellite loci were isolated using an enrichment protocol from Ericerus pela Chavannes, representing the first microsatellite loci available for the white wax scale. All loci were polymorphic within E. pela. Allele numbers range from six to eleven with the observed heterozygosity (HO) ranging from 0.0000 to 1.0000. These primers screened in this study provide a foundation for population genetic studies of the white wax scale.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Microsatellite marker, white wax scale, population genetic.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The integrated use of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana with botanical insecticide, neem against Bemisia tabaci on eggplant

Md. Touhidul Islam*, Dzolkhifli Omar, M. A. Latif and Md. Mahbub Morshed

Abstract: In a previous experiment, sweetpotato whitefly was found to be difficult to control with either neem or Beauveria bassiana alone. This earlier research also reported that the combined application of neem and B. bassiana increased mortality of whitefly nymphs when both of these products were applied to eggplant foliage; but a higher concentration of neem (more than 0.5%) was slightly toxic for young eggplant. Therefore, the present research was undertaken with these two products in which neem was applied as soil drench and B. bassiana was applied to foliage. Three concentrations of neem- 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0%; and three concentrations of B. bassiana- 106, 107 and 108 conidia/ml were used to investigate the combined efficacy against sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. The results demonstrate that maximum nymph mortality (92.3%) occurred when 1.0% neem was combined with 108 conidia/ml of B. bassiana. The highest (14.3) mortality ratio (N/Bb; mortality caused by neem/mortality caused by B. bassiana) occurred when 1.0% neem was combined with 106 conidia/ml of B. bassiana; and the lowest mortality ratio (5.7) occurred when 0.25% neem was combined with 108 conidia/ml of B. bassiana. The results showed that neem was compatible with B. bassiana; and suggest that soil application of neem along with foliar application of B. bassiana might be useful for the control of B. tabaci.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Botanical insecticide, compatibility, eggplant, entomopathogenic fungus, integrated pest management (IPM).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prediction of bacterial toxins by an improved feature extraction and IB1 algorithm fusion

Chaohong Song

Abstract: Correctly identifying bacterial toxin is of great benefit to cell biology and medical research. In order to improve predictive accuracy, based on the concept of pseudo amino acid composition, combined with the methods of approximate entropy and IB1 algorithm, a new method is proposed to predict bacterial toxins in this paper. The improved method gives comprehensive consideration of amino acid composition, side-chain mass of the amino acid, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic characteristics of a protein sequence. The total prediction accuracy of our method was 97.52% for bacterial toxin and non-toxin, and 97.33% for discriminating endotoxins from exotoxins, which were much higher than that of the previous methods.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Approximate entropy, IB1 algorithm, bacterial toxin, exotoxins, endotoxins, pseudo amino acid composition.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Evaluation of a new chromogenic selective medium for isolation and enumeration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Hajime Teramura*, Shingo Mizuochi and Hidemasa Kodaka

Abstract: The X-VP agar, chromogenic selective medium for Vibrio parahaemolyticus, was evaluated for inclusivity and exclusivity by using 169 strains including 55 V. parahaemolyticus and compared with Thiosulfate Citrate Bile salt Sucrose (TCBS) and CHROMagar Vibrio media as conventional methods using V. parahaemolyticus inoculated seafood samples. Our results suggested the X-VP agar was useful for isolation and enumeration of V. parahaemolyticus.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Chromogenic selective agar medium, seafood, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, X-VP agar.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Molecular subtyping of multiresistant community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Amal Al-Hazzani

Abstract: A total of 550 subjects from the community and 190 subjects from health care-related facilities in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were evaluated for the prevalence of nasal Staphylococcus aureus colonization and to identify risk factors associated with S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) colonization. Among the community subjects, 1% had nasal MRSA colonization. Subjects from health care-related facilities had a lower S. aureus colonization rate (4.2%) than community subjects (1.2%), but had a significantly higher rate of colonization with MRSA (1.65%). Age (P < 0.001) was a significant risk factor for S. aureus colonization, with subjects under age 21 years or between 52 and 61 years showing higher rates of colonization. Recent gastrointestinal disease (P = 0.010) and hospital admission (P = 0.011) were risk factors for nasal MRSA colonization. Comparison of hospital MRSA isolates with the colonization strains by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) gene typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing revealed that, most MRSA strains carried in the community were SCCmec type IV and that most clinical hospital isolates were type III, while health care facility-related carriage isolates were mainly SCCmec type III and type IV. Two new variant SCCmec types were identified. Six clusters of PFGE patterns were distinguished: two mainly comprised health care facility-related MRSA strains, three mainly comprised community MRSA strains and one comprised mixed community and health care facility-related MRSA strains. In conclusion, a high prevalence of MRSA colonization was observed among people with no relationship to the hospital setting. The high level of multiple-drug resistance among community MRSA strains in association with the previously reported excessive use of antibiotics highlights the importance of the problem of antibiotic selective pressure. Our results indicate that, both the colonial spread of MRSA and the transmission of hospital isolates contribute to the high MRSA in the community.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistance, molecular subtyping.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Dramatic scenario of urogenital Candida albicans in presence of Lactic acid bacteria

Mohammed Sh. Jebur

Abstract: Yeast infections of the vagina are more prevalence and frequently recurring problem of women. Such infections are caused primarily by Candida albicans and apparently occur when the environmental balance in the-vagina is disturbed. Lactobacillus acidopbilus restricts the growth of pathogenic microorganisms per se displayingwide inhibitory spectrum substances. Fifteen (30%) C. albicans isolates were obtained through 50 vaginal swabs from patients who visited the obstetrics and Gynecology clinic departments of hospitals in Baghdad city during the period of March to July 2010. Local isolates of L. acidophilus was evaluated as antifungal activity against vaginal isolates of C. albicans. Such activity was comprised with common four antifungal agents (Nystatine, Fluconazol, Griseofulvin and Amphotricin B). Susceptibility of C. albicans isolates to L. acidophilus bacteria were determined by means of disc diffusion assay. Results of susceptibility were showed in-vitro that all isolates 15 (100%) sensitive to Nystatine after cultivation on ESDA agar at 37°C for 24 h. Sensitivity of C. albicans to L. acidophilus suspension was less than Nystaine but still high with 13 sensitive isolates (86.6%). Fluconazol and Griseofulvin antifungal agents were showed same susceptibility of 10 sensitive isolates (66.6%) against C. albicans growth, while Amphotricin B had relatively low sensitivity with 7 isolates (46.5%). All results of susceptibility are being detected by the importance of L. acidophilus bacteria in re equilibrium normal flora of vagina that prevent or reduce the chances of vaginal infection especially recurrent vaginal candidiasis (RVC) cases. Also the findings of the study suggest that using of yoghurt as local application can be an important role to reduce or prevent RVC cases, and this can be verify by continuous efforts to make sure of probiotic effects of lactobacilli species.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Candida albicans, vaginitis.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Influence of dietary thymol and carvacrol preparation and/or an organic acid blend on growth performance, digestive organs and intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens

Hasan Akyurek and Adem Yel

Abstract: This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of supplementation with plant extract, either alone or in combination with an organic acid on growth performance, intestinal organ measurements and intestinal microbiology. One-day-old male Ross 308 strain broiler chicken (n=96) were allocated to 4 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. Dietary treatments were: (i) basal diet (as a control) (C), (ii) basal diet + organic acid mixture feed (OA), (iii) basal diet + plant extract (PE) and (iv) basal diet + organic acid mixture + plant extract feed (OA+PE). Body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not improved by supplementation of OA or PE to the diets. Proventriculus, gizzard, hearth, liver, pancreas, abdominal fat and bursa of Fabricious weights were not significantly affected by dietary treatments. OA and PE diets resulted in increased weight and length of duodenum, jejenum, ileum and caceum. However, differences between treatments were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Supplementation of organic acid has positive effect on ileal microbiology. In ileal digesta, LAB and yeast counts were significantly (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Broiler, plant extract, thymol, carvacrol, organic acid.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Application of extracts of Henna (Lawsonia inamis) leaves as a counter stain

Chukwu O. O. C.*, Odu C. E., Chukwu D. I., Hafiz N., Chidozie V. N. and Onyimba I. A.

Abstract: Aqueous (cold and hot) and ethanol extracts solutions of the Henna plant (Lawsonia inamis) leaves was adapted for the first time as a counter stain in Gram staining reaction. Different extracts of L. inamis leaves were formulated into various staining solutions of different concentrations and modified with hydrogen peroxide, ferric chloride, potassium alum and potassium permanganate. These staining solutions were used to stain both known Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial isolates using Gram staining technique. The experimental Henna plant extracts solutions were used with usual counter stains (neutral red, safranine and dilute carbol fuchsin) as positive controls. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of tannin (hennatonic acid or Lawsone) and saponin. The aqueous extracts of the Henna plant (cold and hot) oxidized with potassium permanganate (pH 7.00 to 7.16) gave a better staining reaction with Gram negative bacteria, while the ethanol extract oxidized with potassium permanganate (pH 6.55) had no staining reaction with Gram negative bacteria. Hence the aqueous Henna leaves extracts (cold or hot) when oxidized with potassium permanganate can be a substitute to the usual counter stains used in Gram staining procedure. The results of staining ability of the various henna leaves extracts solutions are discussed.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lawsonia inamis, extracts, bacteria, Gram staining, counter stain.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Screening and characterization of new potentially probiotic lactobacilli from breast-fed healthy babies in Pakistan

Muhammad Nawaz, Juan Wang, Aiping Zhou, Chaofeng Ma, Xiaokang Wu and Jiru Xu*

Abstract: Probiotic bacteria are used for the protection and improvement of human intestinal microflora with added health effects. In search of new probiotics, 61 lactobacilli isolates were screened for survival in acidic conditions and simulated gastrointestinal juices, tolerance to ox-gall and antimicrobial activity. Selected strains (NWS09, NWS11, NWS14, NWS19 and NWS29) were identified by sequencing their 16S rRNA gene and 16S-23S rRNA gene spacer region, and further characterized by the absence of transferable antibiotic resistance, adhesion to Caco-2 cells and survival in gastrointestinal tract of BALB/c gnotobiotic. NWS09 had transferable resistance to erythromycin conferred by erm(B) gene, while NWS14 was resistant to tetracycline. NWS29, identified as Lactobacillus fermentum showed remarkable tolerance to simulated gastrointestinal juices and bile and highest antimicrobial activity against 5 food borne pathogens by producing heat (100°C) and pH resistant bacteriocins. L. fermentum NWS29 was also found to be highly adhesive to human caco-2 cells in vitro as compared to NWS11 and NWS19 and was isolated in highest numbers from BALB/c gnotobiotic after 24, 48 and 72 h of orogastric inoculation. L. fermentum NWS29 was identified as a probiotic strain that can be incorporated in functional foods for human use.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Probiotic, Lactobacillus, acid and bile resistance, antimicrobial activity, Caco-2 cells.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antifungal and biochemical effects of pseudoguaianolide sesquiterpenes isolated from Ambrosia maritima L.

S. A. M. Abdelgaleil*, M. E. I. Badawy, T. Suganuma and K. Kitahara

Abstract: Five pseudoguaianolide sesquiterpenes, namely neoambrosin, damsinic acid, damsin, ambrosin and hymenin isolated from the aerial parts of Ambrosia maritima, were tested for their antifungal activity against the most economic plant pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum which cause grey mold and root rot diseases, respectively. In mycelial radial growth inhibition assay, neoambrosin and damsin were the most potent, while hymenin and damsinic acid were the lowest effective among the tested compounds. F. oxysporum was more sensitive for inhibition than B. cinerea. On the other hand, the sesquiterpenes caused significant reduction in spore germination of both fungi at 50, 100 and 200 mg/L compared with the control. Complete inhibition was observed when the spores treated with damsinic acid and ambrosin at 200 mg/L. In vivo activities of polyphenol oxidase, polygalacturonase and pectin-lyase in both fungi that treated with 0.5 and 1 fold of the EC50 value were also carried out in order to investigate the biochemical influences of the tested compounds. The compounds showed significant inhibitory effects on the enzyme activities compared with the control however; the activity was not consistently related to the in vitro inhibitory effects.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Sesquiterpenes, Ambrosia maritime, antifungal activity, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, biochemical effects.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prevalence of Ä±ntestinal parasites in Bursa Province of Turkey

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: This study was designed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in relation to personal and environmental risk factors in Bursa province of Turkey and to compare wet mount + Lugol's iodine, formalin ethyl acetate concentration, trichrome staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) methods used in Entamoeba histolytica/ Entamoeba dispar diagnosis. For this purpose a total of 176 faecal samples from people were randomly collected from regions of the Bursa City Centre, where crowded families of low socio- economic levels reside. All faecal samples were examined by wet mount + Lugol's iodine formalin ethyl acetate concentration, trichrome staining methods and ELISA. 66 faecal samples were infected with one or more parasite species and the overall prevalence rate was 37.5%. Nine species of intestinal parasites, including six protozoon and three helminth species were found. The most prevalent species was Blastocystis hominis (17.04%) and others were found with the following frequencies: 9.09% Enterobius vermicularis, 7.38% Giardia intestinalis, 5.68% Entamoeba coli, 2.27% E. histolytica/E.dispar, 1.13 % Entamoeba hartmani, 1.13% Taenia spp., 0.56% Hymenolepis nana. 6.2% of examined samples had mixed infections. Overall prevalence of the detected parasites did not differ significantly in different demographic groups. Except for B. hominis and G. intestinalis, there was no evidence for sex, age and other demographic- related differences in the prevalence of these parasites. Statistically, B. hominis and G. intestinalis were higher in 20 to 49 and in 1 to 19 year age groups, respectively than in any other age group. Microscopical examination and ELISA revealed that one sample (0.5%) was found to be positive using all 4 methods, and 162 samples (92%) were found to be negative with all 4 methods applied. E. histolytica/E. dispar complex was detected in 0.56% (1); in 0.56% (1), in 0.56% (1) and in 2.27% (4) of the fecal samples examined by wet mount + Lugol's iodine, formalin ethyl acetate concentration, with trichrome staining, and ELISA respectively. The wet mount + Lugol's iodine, formalin ethyl acetate and trichrome staining methods had a sensitivity of 25% each, a specificity of 94.1, 99.4 and 98.2%, compared to the results of the E. histolytica/E. dispar ELISA, respectively.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Entamoeba histolytica/ Entamoeba dispar, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), intestinal parasites, microscopy, prevalence.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Optimization of a cryoprotective medium and survival of freeze-dried Bifidobacterium infantis 20088

Shamekhi Fatemeh, Shuhaimi Mustafa*, Arbakariya Ariff, and Yazid A. Manap

Abstract: Supplementations of formulae with synbiotic compounds of human milk have shown to be able to decrease several gut-related diseases in formula fed infants. This study was carried out to develop a synergistic cryoprotective drying medium for infant formulae probiotic application. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the concentrations of skim milk and prebiotics for improvement of the cell survival of Bifidobacterium infantis 20088, during freeze-drying. The optimal composition was found to be 2.8% prebiotics blended with 16.1% skim milk which could protect 47.63% of cells’ viability. No significant difference (p > 0.05) between the predicted and experimental values validated the model adequacy. Then, the protective effects of optimal composition on the survival of freeze-dried cells were evaluated through different conditions of rehydration, storage and simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) as compared to cells dried in phosphate buffer (control). After 120 days storage of freeze-dried stationary phase cells at 4°C, there was 2.33 log (CFU/ml) improvement in the viability of cells as compared to control. With increasing temperature to 25°C, the protective effect of optimized medium was more apparent. Direct rehydration with water led to 0.65 log (CFU/ml) increment in the mortality rate of freeze-dried cells as compared to rehydration with skim milk solution. Also, the mortality rate of cells after sequential incubation in simulated GIT conditions including gastric conditions (pH 3.0 and 4.0, 90 min) and intestinal conditions (pH 7.5, 5 h) were reduced by 1.81 and 0.35 log (CFU/ml), respectively, as compared to the control.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis 20088, freeze-drying medium, response surface methodology, storage, infantile gastrointestinal conditions.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Assesment of some microbiological and chemical properties of pismaniye sweet

Lutfiye Yilmaz-Ersan*, Arzu Akpinar-Bayizit, Tulay Ozcan, Oya Irmak Sahin and Pinar Aydinol

Abstract: The objective of this research was to determine some microbiological and chemical properties of pismaniye sweet. A total of 47 plain and with cacao pismaniye samples were purchased from retail markets in the Marmara region, Turkey. Mean moisture, ash, fat and total sugar contents were found as 3.16 to 3.31, 0.18 to 0.23, 11.67 to 11.87 and 37.10 to 35.72%, for plain and with cacao, respectively. The microbial counts were in the range of 3.05 to 3.12 log cfu g-1 for total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB). 2.19 to 2.51 log cfu g-1 for yeast and mould, 0.17 to 0.59 log cfu g-1 for total Coliform group bacteria. It was observed that 51.06% of samples were contaminated by Staphylococcus types, 42.55% by Salmonella-Shigella and 10.64% by Escherichia coli. The microbiological findings showed the presence of high counts of microorganisms depending on poor sanitary practices due to empiric traditional manufacturing procedures.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Pismaniye sweet, quality characteristics.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of mixing urea with zeolite and sago waste water on nutrient use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.)

Latifah Omar, Osumanu Haruna Ahmed* and Ab Majid Nik Muhamad

Abstract: The efficiency of urea is poor due to the substantial amount of N lost to the atmosphere by ammonia volatilization. Thus, the objectives of this greenhouse study were to evaluate the effectiveness of mixing urea with zeolite and sago waste water on N, P and K uptake and their use efficiency in maize cultivation, and soil exchangeable ammonium, available nitrate, pH, exchangeable K, and available P contents. The treatments evaluated were: No fertilizer (T0), 2.02 g urea (T1), 2.02 g urea + 30 g zeolite + 7 L sago waste water (T2), 2.02 g urea + 40 g zeolite + 7 L sago waste water (T3), and 2.02 g urea + 7 L sago waste water (T4). Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) and Muriate of Potash (MOP) were used as sources of P and K for all the treatments except for T0. These fertilizers were applied twice that is 10 and 28 days after planting. Phosphorus and K requirements of the test crop were met by applying TSP and MOP (standard rate for the test crop) to plants of all the treatments except T0. The mixtures of sago waste water, and zeolite, with urea had significant effect on dry matter, N, P, K uptake and N, P, K use efficiency compared with urea without additives. These mixtures also significantly increased soil exchangeable ammonium, K, Ca, Mg, available P, and nitrate contents compared with urea without additives. Amending urea with sago waste water and peat soil water can reduce ammonia loss by encouraging formation of ammonium and nitrate over ammonia. Additionally, the mixtures ensure N, P, K uptake and their use efficiency while at the same time making soil ammonium, K, Ca, Mg, P, and nitrate available for plant use.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Urea, ammonia volatilization, zeolite, sago waste water, exchangeable ammonium, available nitrate, maize.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Studies on the bioutilization of some petroleum hydrocarbons by single and mixed cultures of some bacterial species

Anene Moneke* and Chika Nwangwu

Abstract: The ability of four bacterial species (Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., Klebsiella sp. and Proteus sp.) to utilize some petroleum hydrocarbons (kerosene, engine oil and automotive oil) was studied. Laboratory experiments were conducted over a five day period in Erlenmeyer flasks containing mineral salt medium (MSM) under aerobic conditions using the hydrocarbons as carbon sources. A bacteria consortium capable of utilizing the hydrocarbons was prepared from the bacterial cultures. All the bacterial species utilized the hydrocarbons as sole carbon and energy sources showing increases in cell number and optical density with decreases in pH of the culture media, and carbon dioxide (CO2) evolution. Data from statistical analyses showed significant difference (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Biodegradation, bioremediation, mixed bacterial cultures, hydrocarbons, bacterial consortium.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Enhanced production of mycelial biomass and ganoderic acid in submerged culture of Ganoderma applanatum ACCC-52297 elicited by feeding rutin

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: In this study, it was found that supplementation of 0.6 g/L rutin could improve the fermentation performance of Ganoderma applanatum ACCC-52297 in terms of mycelial growth and ganoderic acid (GA) production. Albeit retarded mycelial growth was detected at the first 36 h in the submerged culture of G. applanatum ACCC-52297 with the addition of rutin, kinetic model analysis revealed that rutin could improve mycelial growth and GA synthesis at the later phase of the fermentation (after 36 h). As such, rutin post-feeding strategy was proposed to elevate the final GA titer and at the same time minimize the inhibitory effect of rutin on mycelia growth. As a result, higher GA production (293 mg/L) and dry mycelia weight (DCW) (30.5 g/L) were achieved, GA were increased by 102.1 and 7.32%, and DCW were increased by 200 and 130% compared with those culture without addition of rutin and addition of 0.6 g/L rutin at the beginning of fermentation, respectively. Rheology analysis showed that addition of rutin was adversely related with the broth consistency coefficient and apparent viscosity, possibly due to the inhibitory effect of rutin on the biosynthesis of some macromolecules such as proteins and polysaccharides, which could partially account for the improved production of mycelia and GA during G. applanatum ACCC-52297 fermentation. Quericean, a metabolite of rutin, was also found to accumulate within the mycelium. It was concluded that rutin does not participate in the synthesis of GA as a precursor but rather facilitates the synthesis of GA and mycelia biomass by increasing the dissolved oxygen concentration during fermentation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ganoderma applanatum, rutin, ganoderic acid, dry cell weight, rheology.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Effect of Tai Chi exercise on older people with nephritis

Cao Yun and Niu Aijun*

Abstract: To evaluate the effect of Tai Chi exercise on older people with nephritis, 124 older people with nephritis were asked to practice Tai Chi exercise for 40 min once every day. Results showed that Tai Chi” quan exercise significantly decrease high-shear whole blood viscosity, low-shear whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hematocrit (HCT), usea nitrogen, creatinine and creatinine scavenging rate during 12 months of practice. This indicates that Tai Chi exercise is beneficial to prevent and delay nephritis deterioration.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Tai Chi, nephritis, old people, hematocrit (HCT).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The prevalence, antibiogram and characterisationof methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among the patients from the Doon Valley hospitals

Sachin Sharma and Anju Mall*

Abstract: In 1880, Staphylococcus aureus was first discovered by a surgeon named Sir Clifton Smithin pus from surgical abscesses in Aberdeen, Scotland. Methicillin, as the first beta-lactamase resistant penicillin, was used to treat S. aureus infection in 1961. The first methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was identified in the United Kingdom in the same year. It appeared in the United States in 1981 among intravenous drug users. MRSA is an important agent of hospital-acquired infection. Two hundred patients who were admitted in the Doon valley hospitals were screened for nasal colonization of MRSA. Morphological and biochemical identification was also done. Out of 200 nasal samples, 97 S. aureus were recovered. Crome agar was used in order to detect MRSA, only 23 S. aureus were recovered out of total 97 isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by using the disk diffusion technique on Mueller-Hinton agar. A total of 12 antibiotics were used. Our study reveal the presence of MRSA in the Doon valley hospitals this might also be prevalent in other parts of India as antibiotic misuse is equally common there. This will help in treating this problem in referral hospitals.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Doon valley, prevalence, antibiotics.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Bacteriophage specific to nisin producing-Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis TFF221, a starter culture inThai fermented food

Parichat Phumkhachorn and Pongsak Rattanachaikunsopon*

Abstract: A lytic bacteriophage fTFF221, specific for nisin- producing Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis TFF221, was first isolated from kung-jom, a Thai traditional fermented shrimp paste. The plaques were clear and round-shaped on the lawn of bacteria, indicating its lytic activity. Restriction analysis indicated that genome of phage fTFF221 was double-stranded DNA. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that it had an icosahedral head with a contractile tail and a baseplate, and might be tentatively classified as a member of the Myoviridae family. Structural protein profile of phage fTFF221 by SDS-PAGE showed five bands with molecular masses estimated at, 45.3, 39.8, 26.8, 16.5, and 8.9 kDa. One-step growth experiment of its lytic activity appeared latent, and burst periods of 30 and 120 min, respectively, with a burst size of about 60 PFU/infected cell. The phage was highly specific to its host. None of the tested LAB strains was sensitive to phage fTFF221. Phage was stable over a wide pH range of 4 to 10 at 30°C for 1 h, and survived after heating at 70°C for at least 3 min. Phage had more survivals in 1 to 5% of NaCl than in 10% of NaCl. Kinetic monitoring of L. lactis subsp. lactis TFF221-GFP+ starter, which was containing pN014-GFP and had a fluorescent ability, and phage fTFF221 in food model, demonstrated the considerable decrease in the number of the starter in the presence of phage. Knowledge of these basic properties of this phage might be important for the development of using starter fermentation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacteriophage, fermented food, Lactococcus lactis.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation and screening of -glucosidase enzyme inhibitor producing marine actinobacteria

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: a-Glucosidase enzymes are responsible for hydrolyses of carbohydrates thereby converting dietary disaccharides into absorbable monosaccharide. Inhibitors of such enzymes can be used as clinical tool for treating diabetes. Conventionally such inhibitors are reported from plant and microbial sources. However, microbial inhibitors are considered to be the most important as they are capable of producing micro molecular compounds. Hence the present study was conducted to test actinobacteria for their ability to produce yeast and rat α-glucosidase inhibitors. a-glucosidase inhibitor producing ability of 30 strains of marine actinobacteria was characterized. The strains showed significant inhibitory activity against yeast and mammalian a-glucosidase. Of the 30 strains, only four strains showed significant yeast a-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Among the four, PSG-22 showed 90% significant inhibitory activity. Similarly, six strains showed above 50% of inhibition of mammalian α-glucosidase enzyme in the rat system. Among the six strains, PSG-22 showed significant activity of about 80% inhibition activity. Interestingly strain PSG-22 was looking like an indigenous marine form as it required seawater for its growth.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Actinobacteria, a-glucosidase inhibitor, marine, enzyme inhibitor.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Evaluation of the correlation between Aflatoxin B1 production and Aspergillus contamination in rice bran from northern Iran

Fatemeh Zaboli*, Alireza Khosravi and Hojjatollah Shokri

Abstract: Aflatoxins are potent mycotoxins, which are produced by toxigenic Aspergillus species including Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The goals of this study were to characterize Aspergillus fungus isolated from rice bran and to determine the correlation between Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production and Aspergillus contamination in the samples. Thirty rice bran samples were collected from different regions of Mazandaran province, northern Iran. Samples containing 15 specimens were conserved for one year in the storage and the other one was not subjected to storage. Mycological analysis of rice bran was performed and AFB1 was purified from the samples and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with fluorimetry detection. The results of this study showed that almost all collected samples contained AFB1. The averages of AFB1 in new and old rice bran samples were found to be 5.07 and 6.81 µg/kg, respectively. No significant difference was obtained between AFB1 value in new and old samples. In addition, the correlation between culture results and aflatoxin production were significantly observed only in old samples (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aflatoxin B1, rice bran, toxigenic Aspergillus species.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Identification of some Penicillium species by traditional approach of morphological observation and culture

Suhaib A. Bandh*, Azra N. Kamili and Bashir A. Ganai

Abstract: Ninety six samples of water collected from Dal Lake, Kashmir at eight different sites for a period of one year from April 2010 to March 2011 were tested for the presence of Penicillium species. Five different species of the said genus were isolated from the samples by serial dilution technique. Out of total 122 fungal colonies isolated, five species of Penicillium viz, Penicillium olivicolor, Penicillium commune, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium funiculosum and Penicillium dimorphosporum were obtained. Among the isolated species P. funiculosum was the most abundant (28.7%) followed by P. chrysogenum (27.04%), P. dimorphosporum (23.77%), P. olivicolor (16.40%) and P. commune (4.09%). Maximum percentage of fungal colonies (27.7%) was observed at site PKB followed by TBN (21.13%), DLG and GB (13.15%) each, NL (8.45%), BHN (7.04%), HB (5.63%) and BD (3.76%).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Macroscopic, microscopic, Dal Lake, serial dilution, water, Penicillium.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Comparison of the VersaTrek and BACTEC MGIT 960 systems for the contamination rate, time of detection and recovery of mycobacteria from clinical specimens

Pelin Yuksel*, Suat Saribas and Yasar Bagdatli

Abstract: The most commonly used conventional Lowenstein Jensen (L.J) culture method requires at least 6 to 10 weeks of incubation due to the slow growth rate of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Today, there are liquid automated systems to detect mycobacteria than faster conventional LJ culture method. In this study, we aimed to compare of the VersaTrek system and BACTEC MGIT 960 system for the contamination rate and recovery of mycobacteria from clinical specimens. The recovery rates of mycobacteria were detected as 4% (2/50) for both of the VersaTrek and MGIT 960 systems. No statistically significant difference was detected for the recovery rates of mycobacteria in both of the systems (p>0.05). Two strains were detected on 12 and 15 day in MGIT 960 system. Two strains were detected on 15 and 20 day in VersaTrek system. No statistically significant difference was detected for the time of detection of mycobacteria in both of the systems (p>0.05). The contamination rates were found as 10% (5/50) and 6% (3/50) in MGIT 960 and VersaTrek, systems respectively (p>0.05). No statistically significant difference was detected for the contamination rates for both of the systems. Antituberculosis resistance tests were performed using with antituberculosis agents in MGIT 960 and VersaTrek systems. The two strains were found sensitive against to streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol in MGIT 960 system. The two strains were found sensitive against to isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol in VersaTrek system. Streptomycin was not used in VersaTrek system because there is no standardization for streptomycin. We also examined the time of detection of 5 confirmed M. tuberculosis complex members in MGIT 960 and VersaTrek systems. When the time of detection in MGIT 960 and VersaTrek systems were compared, no statistically significant difference was found (p>0.05). In conclusion, no substantial difference has been observed between MGIT 960 and VersaTrek systems for M. tuberculosis isolation and contamination rate. We believe that VersaTrek media, which is going to be put into use in Turkey, is easy for application and follow up, gives rapid and sensitive results and that it can be used in routine alike MGIT media.[...] Read More.

Keywords: VersaTrek, MGIT 960, M.tuberculosis.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Bacteremia due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Acinetobacter baumannii

Abdollah Bazargani and Zahra Hashemizadeh*

Abstract: Bacteremia due to Acinetobacter baumannii is a common problem in hospitals worldwide. Physicians in the intensive care units (ICUs) encountered a serious challenge of finding a drug to cure the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing and multi-drug resistant (MDR) A. baumannii bacteremia. Our aim was to determine the frequency of A. baumannii bacteremia in an Iranian hospital ICUs, their antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and the frequency of ESBLs by a cross-sectional study. A total of 340 patients admitted to ICUs during a 6 month period of study were investigated for bacteremia due to A. baumannii. Bacteria isolates from blood specimens were identified as A. baumannii by API 20NE system. Antimicrobial susceptibility was studied with disk diffusion method. Detection of ESBLs was done by double disk synergy test. Of the 340 patients investigated, bacteremia was found in 114 cases (33%). A. baumannii was diagnosed as the etiological agent of bacteremia in 69 cases (60.5%). All the isolates were multi-drug resistant. Except one, all the remaining isolates (98.6%) were resistant to at least 7 of 13 tested antibiotics. Pandrug-resistance was observed in 4 isolates (5.6%). Of all the isolated A. baumannii, 49 (71%) were found to be resistant to cephalosporins by screening tests and among them 27 isolates (39%) were found to be ESBL producing. Our study showed a high frequency of A. baumannii bacteremia occurrence in our hospital ICUs. An urgent intervention is needed to reduce the MDR bacterial load in these critical units.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii, bacteremia, multi-drug resistant, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Soluble proteome analysis of male Ericerus pela Chavannes cuticle at the stage of the second instar larva

Pu Yang, Jiaying Zhu, Meng Li, Junmin Li and Xiaoming Chen*

Abstract: Shotgun liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC -MS/MS) were employed to character the soluble proteome of male Ericerus pela cuticle at the stage of the second instar larva. A total of 278 protein groups (2584 peptides) were identified that involved in a wide spectrum of biological process and molecular function. The proteins were classified into seven categories according to their corresponding functions. Molecular weight (MW) of these identified proteins range from 11 kD to above 110 kD. (isoelectric point) pI were distributed in a range of pH 3.5 to 11.0. Gene ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that the proteins involved in binding, catalytic, cellular process, metabolic process, biological regulation and protein folding, sorting and degradation are highest. Many important functional proteins related to cell motility and cytoskeleton, stress response, DNA transcription translation and signal transduction were identified. Most heat shock proteins were identified in the proteome of E. pela cuticle at this stage. Chitin deacetylase, gasp and chemosensory protein (CSP) was also identified. The results were expected to provide a better understanding of the development of E. pela.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Shotgun liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, proteome, cuticle, biological process, pathway, metabolism.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Molecular cloning and extracellular expression of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase gene from Bacillus sp. NR5 UPM

Norhayati Ramli, Suraini Abd-Aziz*, Mohd Ali Hassan, Noorjahan Banu Alitheen, Kamarulzaman Kamaruddin and Zoolhilmi Ibrahim

Abstract: The cloning of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) gene fragment from Bacillus sp. NR5 UPM isolated from the soil in Malaysia into an Escherichia coli expression vector was successfully carried out. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences revealed the presence of an open reading frame of 2112 bp which encoded a protein containing 704 amino acids with a putative molecular weight of 78.6 kDa. The deduced amino acids sequence showed about 98% homology with the CGTase from Bacillus sp. KC201. Compared to the wild type, the CGTase that was produced in E. coli cells only required one-fourth of culture time and neutral pH to produce CGTase. After 12 h of cultivation, the CGTase activity in the culture medium reached 29.6 U/ml, which was approximately 2.5-fold higher than the CGTase from the parental strain. The CGTase was produced extracellularly by E. coli (94%) indicating the signal peptide was functional in E. coli.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, Bacillus sp. NR5 UPM.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Emergence of extensive drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in North of Jordan

Ghulam N. Dhabaan, Hamimah H and M. A. Shorman*

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Acinetobacter baumannii and the contribution of the insertion sequence upstream of ampC -lactamase on the susceptibility profile of 64 A. baumannii clinical isolates collected from a Jordan hospital. A total of 64 consecutive clinical isolates of A. baumannii were recovered (between March 2005 and December 2006) at the King Abdullah University Hospital (KAUH). The antimicrobial susceptibility profile against 11 different antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these antibiotics against all isolates was determined using Etest. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening was carried out to identify the presence of ampC gene and its adjacent insertion sequence. A. baumannii showed high resistance profile to -lactam antibiotics (cefotaxime 92.2%, cefuroxime 98.4%, ceftazidime 89.1%) and ciprofloxacin 89.1%. imipenem and meropenem showed increased resistant rates (70.1 and 71.6%, respectively) with nearly half of the isolates being resistant to amikacin (52.5%). All isolates were susceptible to colistin. AmpC gene was detected in all isolates and only -lactam including carbapenems and -lactamase inhibitor resistant isolates were found to carry the IS-AmpC gene. Our present study confirms the essential role of the insertion sequence which could represent a gene regulatory system, able to regulate various genes in A. baumannii. Finally, inappropriate infection control measures and inaccurate antibiotic usage are highly potential factors that might increase the prevalence and spread of antibiotic resistant A. baumannii isolates.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii, Antimicrobial susceptibility, IS-AmpC

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Scrutiny for a disaccharide oxide reductase from filamentous extracellular pathogens

Monica A. Calderon Oropeza*, Raul A. Mendoza Martinez , Georgina Reyna Lopez, Gustavo Santoyo, Alberto Flores Garcia and Mauro M. Martinez-Pacheco

Abstract: World demand to find microorganism producers of enzymes with a potential biotechnological use is increasing daily. Therefore, the objective of this study was to find one or more microorganisms capable of oxidizing sugars. Of the thirteen strains tested AFG2 Colletotrichum lindemuthianum was the one who showed the best results concerning oxidant capacity against a variety of disaccharides. This fungus was selected for the time course of production of an extracellular oxide-reducing enzyme in liquid minimal medium. A disaccharide-oxidizing peak was obtained on the tenth day of incubation. It was found that the oxide-reducing activity is of enzymatic nature given that the extracellular extract is exposed to enzyme inhibitors and various denaturing agents. Additionally, it was possible to visualize the oxide-reducing activity by zymogram which allowed us to identify a band of enzyme activity with a calculated molecular mass of 79.43 kDa. Thus, C. lindemuthianum AFG2 wild fungal isolate is a candidate to study the production of these enzymes under optimized growth conditions that can increase performance.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, disaccharide oxide reductase activity relative zymogram.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation and characterization of Acinetobacter sp. ND12 capable of degrading nicotine

Hongjuan Li, Yanqing Duan, Guanghui Ma, Liping Lei, Ke-Qin Zhang and Jinkui Yang*

Abstract: A bacterium strain ND12, was isolated from the tobacco plantation soil and identified as Acinetobacter sp. based on its morphology, physiology, and 16S rRNA gene sequence. The isolate could utilize nicotine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen, and completely degrade 1.0 g/L nicotine within 14 h at 28°C and pH 6.0. The optimum nicotine concentration for the growth of strain ND12 was 2.5 g/L. Strain ND12 grew at a broader pH range than other reported nicotine-degrading bacteria and showed higher nicotine-degrading activity than those bacteria at acidic environment (pH 4.0). The resting cells of Acinetobacter sp. ND12 could decompose 90% of the nicotine in upper tobacco leaves after treating for 11 h. Moreover, the nicotine metabolites of strain ND12 were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and compared with Arthrobacter sp. HJ2-3 and Pseudomonas sp. Nic22. Our results suggested that strain ND12 could be useful for reducing nicotine concentration in nicotine-polluted environments and tobacco wastes.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nicotine, biodegradation, Acinetobacter sp. ND12, resting cells, tobacco leaves.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

In vitro assessment of Inula spp. organic extracts for their antifungal activity against some pathogenic and antagonistic fungi

Faten Omezzine*, Mejda Daami-Remadi, Asma Rinez, Afef Ladhari and Rabiaa Haouala

Abstract: Inula viscosa, Inula graveolens and Inula crithmoïdes (Asteraceae) leaf and flower organic extracts (hexane, chloroform and methanol) were assessed for their antifungal activity against two Trichoderma species (Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride) and three formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum. I. viscosa organic extracts showed an important inhibitory activity against all target fungal isolates. Growth inhibition percentage ranged between 17-61, 77-100, and 55-100% in presence of hexane, chloroform and methanol I. viscosa leaf extracts, respectively. Flower organic extracts reduced mycelial growth of all fungi by 32-66, 30-75, and 8-70%, respectively. For I. graveolens, Stem + leaf organic extracts showed more or less important inhibition depending on solvent nature, though, flower organic extracts were found to be the most effective against tested fungi: a total inhibition of growth was recorded with methanol fraction against all target fungi and with hexane fraction against F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis (FOM) and T. viride. In presence of I. crithmoïdes leaf organic extracts, a total growth inhibition was noted with the three extracts against T. harzianum, with hexane and methanol fraction against T. viride and with chloroform fraction against FOM. I. crithmoïdes flower extracts caused a highly significant growth inhibition of about 57-100, 66-100, and 100-100% with hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts, respectively. Therefore, I. viscosa, I. graveolens and I. crithmoïdes could be an important source of biologically active compounds useful for developing environmentally safe antifungal products.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antifungal activity, organic extracts, Inula, radial growth.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Physiological studies of cellulase complex enzymes of Aspergillus oryzae and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulase

Ghada A. Youssef

Abstract: Investigation of the production of cellulase complex enzymes by the fungus Aspergillus oryzae on soluble bio- cellulosic waste like cheese whey was the goal of this work. The effects of incubation period, substrate concentration, initial pH and temperature on the production of endoglucanase, exoglucanase and cellulase (filter paper activity FPA) activities, were investigated. Seven days incubation period with an initial pH value of 6 and temperature of 40°C, and cheese whey concentration of 10% yielded the highest specific activities with 1.5 fold increases for endoglucanase and 1.4 fold increases for exoglucanase. Cellulase specific activity represented as FPA showed no fold increase at all. The optimum temperature of endoglucanase was observed at 55°C, and the enzyme activity has abroad pH range between 3.8 to 8.0 and 24.91% of the original activity was retained after heat treatment at 90°C for 30 min. Analysis of the partial purified enzyme preparation by SDS – PAGE revealed one protein band showing cellulolytic activity, The molecular weight of this band was estimated to be around 45.000 Daltons.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cellulolytic enzymes, Aspergillus oryzae, cheese whey, dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS), fermentation variables.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation and characterization of EST-SSRs in the Ramie

Jian-Hua Chen, Ming-Bao Luan, Shu-Feng Song , Zi-Zheng Zou, Xiao-Fei Wang, Ying Xu, and Zhi-Min Sun

Abstract: In order to develop the more EST-SSRs, 320 ESTs of ramie from NCBI were analyzed. 76 SSR primer-pairs developed from 320 ESTs were tested among 62 ramie individuals, and 27 SSR loci were polymorphic. Among the 27 primers, the numbers of alleles per locus ranged from two to five, in which 19 primers amplify two alleles, seven primers amplify three alleles, and only one primer amplifies five alleles. Observed heterozygosity (HO) of overall loci among the 27 primer pairs ranged from 0.16 to 0.93 and expected heterozygosity(HE) ranged from 0.21 to 0.66.Of the 27 loci, 14 displayed significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations (P < 0.05). No significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) was detected among the 27 loci. The 27 primers have been used in the ramie molecular linkage map and genetic diversity analysis successfully.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Microsatellite marker, ramie, EST, EST-SSR.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Evaluation of gastric ulcer model based on gray-scale image analysis

Wang Shuai, Bao Yong-rui, Diao Yun-Peng, Meng Xian-Sheng* and Kang Ting-Guo

Abstract: Absolute alcohol, stress, pyloric ligation and others are well-rounded experimental gastric ulcer models widely used to evaluate the anti-ulcer activity of drugs (Wang et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2007; Huang et al., 2004; Oyagi et al., 2010). In the model evaluation process, ulcer index is a more important indicator. So in this experiment, the absolute alcohol gastric ulcer model is taken as an example to discuss a model of gastric ulcer index, which can be used as a new method to calculate the reduction of the systematic errors that exist in the experiment. The oral ethanol approach was used to establish an absolute alcohol gastric ulcer model, and impose certain medication, while traditional methods and the establishment of grayscale image analysis methods were used for calculating its ulcer index respectively, before comparing the differences between the two methods. Grayscale image analysis methods and traditional methods have significant correlation (r = 0.819, P＜0.01) and similarity (r = 0.951). A grayscale image analysis method not only proves to be a more scientific approach to measure rat gastric ulcer area, but also provide a new method to evaluate drug efficacy to some extent.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Gastric ulcer, ulcer index, gray-scale image analysis, image J.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation and characterization of a biosurfactant-producing bacterium from Daqing oil-contaminated sites

Tong Liu, Jumei Hou, Yuhu Zuo*, Sining Bi and Jing Jing

Abstract: Biosurfactants are biodegradable, non-toxic and ecofriendly compounds released by microorganisms. Most of the microorganisms were isolated from contaminated sites by petroleum hydrocarbon and industrial wastes. In this study, a biosurfactant-producing strain was isolated from Daqing oil-contaminated sites in China by enrichment culture, hemolytic activity assay, hydrolyzing oil activity assay, improved degreasing effect assay, and emulsification activity measurement. The strain was identified as Pseudomonas sp. BS1 based on its physiological characteristics and analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence. The identified isolate is capable of producing glycolipids or other anionic surfactants as determined in our analysis of a phenotypic assay using CTAB. The biosurfactant was isolated from the culture supernatant and identified as dirhamnolipids (Rha-Rha-C10-C10) by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The culture filtrate and cell-free supernatant produced by this isolate were found to be highly effective in oil displacement from oil sand, suggesting that the isolate has potential use in enhanced oil recovery.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Biosurfactant, Pseudomonas sp., dirhamnolipids, microbial enhanced oil recovery.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Comparison of cELISA and IFA tests in the serodiagnosis of anaplasmosis in cattle

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: This study was performed to compare indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA) test with competitive ELISA (cELISA) for detection of antibodies to Anaplasma marginale in cattle. In this study, a total of 484 cattle were examined on farms that had a positive history of anaplasmosis. Thin blood smears were prepared from each examined cattle and the cELISA and IFA tests were performed. Samples in which the results of microscopic examination and cELISA were compatible were used as a “gold standard” to define sensitivity and specificity of IFA test and these were used to give “real diagnosis”. According to the test result; 62 of 69 samples found positive in “real diagnosis” were positive in IFA test, and all of the 187 samples that were negative in the real diagnosis were defined as negative in IFA test. When compared to gold standard the sensitivity and specificity of the IFA test were 88.95 and 100%, respectively. In conclusion, both IFA and cELISA tests can be used in the diagnosis of A. marginale.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Anaplasma marginale, IFA test, cELISA.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

In vitro larvicidal action of Paecilomyces marquandii crude extract

Filippe E. F. Soares, Fabio R. Braga, Hugo L. A. Geniêr, Jackson V. Araújo, Lucas B. Campos and José H. Queiroz*

Abstract: The aim of this present work is to produce Paecilomyces marquandii crude extract and its in vitro larvicidal action. Saccharose, glucose, coffee residue, soluble starch, insoluble starch, soybean meal and wheat bran were the carbon sources tested. NaNO3, NH4Cl, soybean meal, (NH4)2SO4, yeast extract, casein peptone, tryptone and NH4NO3 were the nitrogen sources tested. Central composite design was applied to determine the optimal concentration of the tested significant variables. The best carbon sources were glucose and soybean meal, while the best nitrogen source observed was tryptone. The greatest value for proteolytic activity was 246.58 U/ml due to the concentration of tryptone and pH value. Results showed that the optimum pH was 8.0, while the optimum temperature was 60°C. The optimized extract obtained from P. marquandii exhibited in vitro larvicidal activity with 60.1% reduction. Tryptone and pH optimized the production of proteases by fungus P. marquandii.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nematophagous fungi, Paecilomyces marquandii, crude extract, larvicidal action, surface response.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Streptomyces sannurensis sp. nov., a new alkaliphilic member of the genus Streptomyces isolated from Wadi Sannur in Egypt

Wael N. Hozzein,*, Mohammed I. A. Ali, Ola Hammouda, Ahmed S. Mousa and Michael Goodfellow

Abstract: The taxonomic position of an actinomycete isolated from a soil sample collected from Wadi Sannur in Egypt was established using a polyphasic approach. The isolate, which was designated WS 51T, was shown to have chemical and morphological properties typical of streptomycetes. An almost complete 16S rDNAgene sequence of the strain was generated and compared with corresponding sequences of representative streptomycetes. The resultant data confirmed the classification of the strain in the genus Streptomyces but also showed that it formed a distinct phyletic line within the 16S rDNAStreptomyces gene tree. The organism was most closely associated to the type strains of Streptomyces hygroscopicus, Streptomyces malaysiensis and Streptomyces yatensis but was readily separated from them using a range of phenotypic properties. It is proposed that strain WS 51T (= CCTCC 001032T = DSM 41834T) be classified in the genus Streptomyces as Streptomyces sannurensis sp. nov.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Streptomyces sannurensis sp. nov., polyphasic taxonomy, alkaliphilic streptomycete.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The use of a high resolution melt real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the environmental monitoring of Vibrio cholerae

Wouter Jacobus le Roux* and Gerhardus Nicolas van Blerk

Abstract: A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay utilizing high resolution melt (HRM) curve analysis was developed and tested for the monitoring of Vibrio cholerae in water samples. The assay utilized previously published primers that are specific to regions of the V. cholerae ompW and ctxAB genes, allowing it to differentiate between toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains. The ompW and ctxAB primers amplify target regions of 588 and 564 bp in length (respectively) and the amplicons could be accurately identified using HRM curve analysis. High resolution melt curve analysis provided additional accuracy for the determination of amplicon melting temperatures, and allowed amplification of the two targets in a multiplex reaction. Two laboratories employed the assay to analyse 178 water samples obtained from diverse environmental water sources, for the presence of V. cholerae. The assay was found to be a rapid, highly accurate, sensitive and cost effective method for the detection and distinction between toxigenic and non-toxigenic V. cholerae strains in water.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Vibrio cholerae, high resolution melt, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Trichosporon identification methods for isolates obtained from different clinical specimens

Noha El-Mashad*, Mohamed Taha Mahmoud and Heba allah El-Shewehy

Abstract: Trichosporon is a medically important genus that includes the causative agents of both deep- seated, mucosa-associated infection and superficial infection. In this study, we aimed to present data on the phenotypic and molecular identification of Trichosporon species recovered from various clinical specimens representing both superficial and systemic infections. 397 samples (65 blood cultures, 192 nail scrapings, 140 skin scrapings) were included for isolation, phenotypic and genotypic identification of Trichosporon species. Cases of hematological malignancies, onychomycosis, and Tinea pedis were positive for yeast isolates with percentage of 10.7, 16.6, 20.7%, respectively. Based on the morphologic characters of isolated colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), microscopic examination of colonies on rice agar, and stained smears, yeasts identified as Trichosporon were: 9(4.68%) from nail samples, and 5(3.6%) from skin samples and 0(0.0%) from blood cultures. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using Trichosporon genus specific primers for 68 yeast isolates was positive in 16 samples (14 were previously identified by morphology and 2 nail scrapings were falsely diagnosed negative) at 170 bp. We subsequently performed 2 PCR runs on the identified 16 samples using specific primers for each of T. asahii and T. mucoides. Their sequences included ITS1, ITS2. They yielded specific amplification of a DNA fragment at 430 bp in 13(16) samples, which is specific for Trichosporon asahii, and 0(0.0%) sample was positive for Trichosporon mucoides specific primers. Occurance of trichosporonosis is not rare in human. T. asahii species is common in our locality. Molecular methods for identification of Trichosporon are more precise. The standardization of laboratory methods for trichosporon identification and antifungal susceptibility tests are necessary to investigate for both superficial and systemic trichosporonosis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Trichosporon asahii, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Trichosporon mucoides.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Osmoadaptation and plant growth promotion by salt tolerant bacteria under salt stress

Aisha Waheed Qurashi* and Anjum Nasim Sabri

Abstract: Establishment of biofilm, production of exopolysacharides (EPS) and accumulation of endogenous osmolytes under varying stress conditions are significant strategies adopted by bacterial strains for their successful survival in plant rhizosphere. Our studies focus on determining the osmoadaptation strategies used by two native salt-tolerant strains Oceanobacillus profundus (Pmt2) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (ST1) and their plant growth promoting abilities. The ability of these strains to be used as inoculants for Lens esculenta Var. masoor 93 under salt stress was tested in the laboratory. We found that unlike the bacterial growth, biofilm formation, exopolysaccharide production and endogenous osmolyte (proline and glycine betaine) accumulation increased at higher salt stress. Biofilm formation and endogenous osmolytes increased with increasing salt concentrations. The maximum increase in EPS accumulation was observed at maximum NaCl stress for ST1. Bacterial inoculation improved growth parameters and endogenous osmolytes accumulation of plants under salt stress compared to noninoculated control plants. The ST1 strain in this work efficiently produced biofilm and exopolysacharide and accumulated osmolytes in response to NaCl stress. It could be speculated that these strategies reverse the detrimental effects of high osmolarity in soil and helpful for improving crop under salt stress.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Biofilm, exopolysaccharide, endogenous osmolytes, Lens esculenta, salinity.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Species distribution and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of coagulase-negative Staphylococci other than Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from various clinical specimens

O. Bouchami*, W. Achour, and A. Ben Hassen

Abstract: This study was undertaken to determine the species distribution and antibiotic resistance patterns of coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) other than Staphylococcus epidermidis. A total of 142 CoNS (except S. epidermidis) strains were isolated from a variety of clinical specimens in neutropenic patients at the Bone Marrow Transplant Centre of Tunisia between 2002 and 2004. All CoNS isolates were further identified by Api ID32 STAPH and ITS-PCR and antibiotic sensitivity was performed by disc diffusion method. Staphylococcus haemolyticus was the commonest species (38%) followed by Staphylococcus hominis (36%). All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and 8 (6%) strains showed a reduced sensitivity to teicoplanin. Resistance to penicillin G and methicillin was 84 and 60%, respectively. Methicillin-resistant CoNS strains were determined to be more resistant to antibiotics than methicillin-susceptible CoNS strains. The mecA gene was detected by PCR in 65% (92/142) CoNS isolates. Out of 92 mecA-positive isolates, 90 were phenotypically methicillin-resistant and two were methicillin-susceptible. Phylogenetic analysis, carried out to study the evolution of mecA genes between different Staphylococcal species, revealed a high homology for such genes among Staphylococci.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Coagulase-negative Staphylococci, methicillin-resistance, mecA gene.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Enzymatic characterization of Malassezia pachydermatis isolates from dogs

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The yeast Malassezia pachydermatis is part of the normal cutaneous microflora of most homoeothermic vertebrates. However, under certain conditions as high humidity, seborrheic skin, corticotherapy and immunodeficiency, it can become pathogenic and cause dermatopathies. The pathogenic role of the genus Malassezia seems to be related to physical, chemical and immunological disturbances and to the production of enzymes, including lipases, phospholipases and hydrolases. The Api-Zym® system is a semi quantitative method designed for the study of 19 enzymatic activities of tissues, cell suspensions, biological fluids, microorganisms, soil and others. Herein, the use of the Api-Zym system in 30 M. pachydermatis isolates detected the presence of the phosphohydrolases: acid phosphatase and naphtol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase among all isolates, independently of the clinical sign associated to the animal. The knowledge of the enzymatic profile of M. pachydermatis aims to contribute to the comprehension of the role of each enzyme in the pathogeny of this yeast.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Malassezia pachydermatis, enzymes, Api-Zym®, enzymatic profile, dogs.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prevalence and antibiotics susceptibility patterns of some bacterial isolates from a street vended fruit product

Kalsoom Farzana*, Muhammad Rouf Akram and Seema Mahmood

Abstract: The study is aimed to evaluate the food safety status of a street vended fruit product locally known as fruit chat. Sample collection was carried out from four groups of vendors which were discriminated based on their mobility, vending practice and storage facility. The extent of prevalence for Enterobacter species, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Salmonella species, Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis was assessed in fruit chat samples. Bacterial isolates were identified through biochemical characterization. The degree of susceptibility of these isolates was evaluated against six different antibiotics that is, amikacin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, ceftriaxone and co-trimoxazol using disc diffusion method. Results indicated a higher (105 to 1010 CFU/g) total plate count (TPC) and total coliforms count (TCC) ranged from 104 to 109 CFU /g in samples collected from mobile vendors without covering. Mobility of vendors and, use of no covering, resulted in significant (P≤0.05) contamination. However, fruit chat samples collected from stationary vendors with refrigeration facilities exhibited considerably lower bacterial count. The study clearly indicated that consumption of fruit chats from street vendors can be a potential risk for food borne outbreaks because of their contamination level by pathogenic bacteria. Bacterial species had shown variable susceptibility and resistance patterns in response to different antibiotics used in the study. However, all bacterial species had shown greater sensitivity for amikacin, whereas, bacterial strains appeared to develop resistance against other commonly used antibiotics. The mounting resistance against antibiotics is currently one of the foremost challenges to treat food borne infections. Therefore, both preventative and effective curative measures should be adopted. Firstly, the safety status of street vended food products can be enhanced by improving hygienic conditions during the preparation of food stuff. Secondly, the use of effective antibiotics will be of significant importance to cure food borne infections as well as to avoid growing resistance in pathogenic bacteria.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Safety status, street vended fruit product, bacterial prevalence, antibiotics susceptibility.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

In vitro anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activity of Drymoglossum piloselloides L. Presl. against several fungi responsible for Athleteâ€™s foot and common pathogenic bacteria

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Drymoglossum piloselloides (DP) is a small epiphytic fern commonly seen on trunks of older trees. The antimicrobial activity of water, ethanol and chloroform extracts of DP was tested against Trichophyton rubrum ATCC 40051 and Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 40004 which are the two most commonly cause of Athlete’s foot, Candida albicans ATCC 14053, Candida tropicalis ATCC 14056, Microsporum canis (clinical isolate) and Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 14109. The chloroform and ethanol extracts only had mild activity against the Trichophyton spp. and the water extract was devoid of any activity. The anti-fungal activity was statistically less potent than griseofulvin and fluconazole or itraconazole. The anti-bacterial activity of DP extracts was also tested against four bacterial strains using the disc diffusion and microdilution methods. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella enteritidis (clinical isolates). The antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria was detected only in water extract minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 12.5 mg/ml against S. aureus. The minimum bactericidal concentrations of 25 mg/ml against S. aureus. This antimicrobial activity was compared to standard antibiotics (ampicillin and chloramphenicol). The water extract had statistically less potent anti-bacterial activity when compared to ampicillin and chloramphenicol. The anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activity of DP was minimal this may be due to the testing of crude extracts. Future studies of purified or semi purified samples may produce better results and may potentially be used in the treatment of Athlete’s foot and the related secondary bacterial infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Drymoglossum piloselloides, antifungal, antibacterial, in vitro.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Pollen germination, tube growth and longevity in some cultivars of Vitis vinifera L.

Yavar Sharafi* and Ali Bahmani

Abstract: The grapevines (Vitis vinifera, L.) are cultured widely in Maragheh and are made one of the most important commercial fruit crops of its regions. Most of the cultivars are growing with their fruits or are used in rasine, juice and fresh fruits forms. However, pollination is the main factor affecting fruit set and knowledge about pollen traits of cultivars is necessary to plan the vineyards establishment and breeding programs. This study was accomplished to investigate pollen traits of 15 main grape cultivars ('Fakhri', 'Hosaini', 'Khalili', 'Keshmeshi' ('Sefide bidaneh), 'Lale bidaneh', 'Garmian', 'Gizil uzum', 'Sahebi', 'Jigh jigha', 'Shahani', 'Soltanin', 'Rish baba', 'Syahe malahi', 'Razeghi' ('Peikami') and 'Tabarzeh') which are grown in Maragheh. Pollens of cultivars gathered and cultured in the in vitro medium contained sucrose, boric acid and agar. Pollen germination percentage and tube growth were studied by light microscope. Experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design was (CRD) and data were analyzed with SAS software. Pollen germination percentage and tube growth rate showed significant differences among all of the studied cultivars. Finally, cultivars 'Fakhri', 'Khalili', 'Keshmeshi' 'Lale bidane' and 'Rish baba' showed the highest range of pollen germination, tube growth rate, longevity and selected for vineyards establishment and breeding programs.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Grapevine, vineyards, pollen germination, pollen tube growth, pollen longevity, breeding programs

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Seroprevalence of bovine foot and mouth disease (FMD) in Awbere and Babille districts of Jijiga zone, Somalia Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia

Abdulahi Mohamoud, Esaya Tessema and Hailu Degefu*

Abstract: A cross-sectional seroprevalence study of cattle foot and mouth disease (FMD) was conducted in Somalia Regional State (Awbere and Babille Districts) Western, Ethiopia. 384 blood samples were collected in the period of October 2009 to March 2010 from 384 animals and tested for antibodies against non-structural protein of FMD virus by using the 3ABC-ELISA. The overall individual animal antibody seroprevalence was 14.05% (95% CI = 11.2 to 18.13%). Statistically no significant variation (P > 0.05) was observed in the prevalence of FMD in Awbere (14.2%) and Babille (15.1%) Districts. Similarly there was no significant variation (P>0.05) in seroprevalence among male (19.4%) and female (13.6%) animals. Seroposetivity recorded for calves (Zero), young (13.2%) and adult (18.9%) age groups of animals showed a significance variation (χ2 = 8.45, DF = 2, P = 0.01). The results of this study showed that FMD is an important cattle disease in the study areas. This fact justifies the need of attention and subsequent study for identification of the FMD virus circulating in the area, which helps in the implementation of an effective control measures.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cattle, Ethiopia, foot and mouth disease (FMD), Jijiga, Seroprevalence, 3ABC-ELISA.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Optimization of bacteriocin production by Lactobacillus plantarum YJG, isolated from the mucosa of the gut of healthy chickens

Bing Han, Zhanqiao Yu, Baosheng Liu, Qingshan Ma and Rijun Zhang*

Abstract: The objective was to develop an optimal, albeit low-cost medium for bacteriocin production, thereby facilitating industrial production. Soybean meal and peptide, two low-cost nitrogen sources often applied in industrial fermentation, were used to replace their expensive counterparts in De Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS). Two factors were first chosen from the 11 considered in the Plankett-Burman (PB) design. Then, the path of steepest ascent and central composite design (CCD) were used to approach the optimum region of the response and determine the maximum activity of the bacteriocin. Optimal concentration of glucose (36.3 g/l) and NaCl (1.41 g/l) stimulated the production of bacteriocins. And the optimal equation was then verified by 50 L fermentor. Under optimized conditions, Lactobacillus plantarum YJG produced a 1.4 fold higher production of bacteriocin than the common MRS, with 40.6% cost savings relative to non-optimized conditions.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lactobacillus plantarum YJG, bacteriocin, response surface methodology, central composite design, optimization.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antiviral activity of Vit-org, 2-nitromethyl phenol and Thuja extract against eggplant blister mottled virus (EBMV)

Rakib A. Al-Ani, Mustafa A. Adhab* and Kareem A. Hassan

Abstract: Eggplant (Solanum melongena) is an important vegetable and widely cultivated in polyethylene covered houses in Iraq. A new virus, Eggplant blister mottled virus (EBMV), was isolated in previous study, from naturally infected eggplant and was characterized as potyvirus. The virus is considered now as the most important virus infecting eggplants and causing heavy damage to yields. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of three products, Vit-org nutrient, 2-nitromethyl phenol, and Thuja extract on the multiplication of EBMV in eggplants. Results of the study showed that the application of the three products on EBMV-inoculated eggplants at 2.5 and 1 mlL, and 6 gL caused a reduction in ELISA reactions absorbance to 0.073, 0.091, and 0.092, respectively, which reflect a reduction in virus concentration. The application of the products on eggplants at the same concentrations followed by virus inoculation, after 24 h of protecting the plants against virus infection for 18, 10 and 12 days, respectively accompanied by retardation of symptoms development in 26, 16 and 20 days for the three products, respectively. The treated eggplants neither developed visible symptoms nor contained detectable concentrations of virus during these periods. Vit-org nutrient was found to be more efficient in protecting the plants against EBMV in both post and pre-applications.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Eggplant blister mottled virus (EBMV), eggplant, Thuja extract, Vit-org, 2-nitromethyl phenol.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Potential of Beauveria bassiana as a biological control agent against two important and destructive stored pestsâ€™ C. maculatus and S. granarius adults

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: This research was carried out to evaluate the suppressive efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana against adults of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and Sitophilus granarius (L.) on stored grains in darkness (27±2°C and 65±5% RH) . The insects were inoculated by following immersion in five aqueous suspensions with concentrations determined with preliminary tests and compared with untreated wheat and cowpea as control. Probit analysis showed that the lowest LT 50 values in suspensions with highest concentrations (2.3 × 107 conidia ml-1) were 6.63 and 10.45 days for C. maculatus and S. granarius, respectively. On the other hand, the LC50 values on day 9 post-treatment were 3.17 × 106 and 6.08 × 107 con.ml-1 for C. maculatus and S. granarius, respectively. Comparison of Lc50, LT 50 values and mortalities indicated that in both assays, B. bassiana was consistently more virulent for C. maculatus than S. granarius. The overall results showed that these two pests were controlled successfully with entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Callosobruchus maculatus, Beauveria bassiana, Sitophilus granarius, stored grain.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Multi-drug resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical specimens from three hospitals in Tehran-Iran

Sepideh Mostofi, Reza Mirnejad* and Faramaz Masjedian

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate multi-drug resistance in A. baumannii strains that was isolated from clinical samples of three highly large hospitals in Tehran-Iran. This descriptive-cross sectional study was performed in three large hospitals in Tehran on 70 samples of Acinetobacter which were isolated from patients during April to November 2010. After identifying the species level by using culture and biochemical methods, in order to determine sensitivity of 50 isolates of A. baumannii to 13 antibiotics, standard methods according to CLSI guidelines were performed. In this study, resistance to three or more of three classes of antibiotics multidrug resistance was defined. In this study, 50 A. baumannii strains, 12 A. lwoffii strains and other Acinetobacter species were isolated from patients. The majority of isolates were from blood specimens. Isolates of A. baumannii showed the highest resistance to cefepime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and amikacin. Tobramycin and meropenem considered as effective drugs in this study. Multi-drug resistance in these strains was respectively 55.4%. Multi-drug resistant Acinetobacters are growing and considered as important threat for hospitalized patients, so change in consumption patterns of antibiotics and control of hospital infections seems to be necessary.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii, nosocomial infection, multi-drug resistance, antibiogram.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Biodegradation of 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidone by three soil bacteria strains and their isolation and identification

Q. F. Li*, L. F. Wang, C. J. Hao, G. M. Zhao and J. H. Wang

Abstract: In order to isolate and characterize 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidone (TMPD)- degrading bacteria and to select the optimal degrading conditions, different bacterial types which can degrade TMPD were isolated from soil samples. Three strains (LF-1, LF-2 and LF-3) showed strong biodegradation ability by UV-visible spectrophotometer analysis. Morphological and biochemical analyses, as well as 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons of three strains were further carried out. They were identified as Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus pasteur and Bacillus flexus, respectively. K. oxytoca, S. pasteur and B. flexus had degrading capabilities for TMPD in mineral salt medium of 80.9, 69.8 and 64.9%, respectively, during 24 days of incubation. Maximum degrading rates were obtained by an initial concentration of the TMPD of 200 mg/L, an incubation temperature of 30°C, and constant aeration (180 rev/min). In conclusion, K. oxytoca, S. pasteur and B. flexus show their potentials in TMPD detoxifying and in protecting the TMPD contaminated environment.[...] Read More.

Keywords: 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidone (TMPD), biodegradation, Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus pasteur, Bacillus flexus.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A simplified system without purification for selection of aptamers against Vibrio alginolyticus

Jumin Hao, Jiang Zheng*, Xuemin Tang, Qingpi Yan, Yubao Li and Zhongbao Li

Abstract: We have explored a simplified system without purification for systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) against Vibrio alginolyticus to select single-stranded DNA ligands (aptamers) from a random 82-nt library. The DNA content was quantified by agarose gel electrophoresis and follow-up image analyses with the BandScan 5.0 software. Anti-digoxigenin/HRP system was used to determine the binding activity of aptamers for V. alginolyticus. The results showed that the affinity of aptamers increased gradually with the increase of screening rounds, indicating that the lack of purification did not affect screening results but rather made SELEX screening much more convenient and significantly increased the efficiency.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Aptamers, purification, systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), Vibrio alginolyticus.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticle on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Zarrindokht Emami-Karvani* and Pegah Chehrazi

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to determine the antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were used as test microorganisms. The effects of particle size and concentration on the antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles was studied using bacteriological tests such as disc and well diffusion agar methods, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). These tests were performed in nutrient broth and nutrient agar following standard methods. In addition, the effect of different concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles on the growth of E. coli and S. aureus was measured with respect of time. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined using seven different concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles including 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 and 0.5 mg/ml. The MIC value for E. coli and S. aureus was 1 and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. The results showed that ZnO nanoparticles have antibacterial inhibition zone of 29 and 19 mm at the concentration of 10 mg/ml against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Gram-negative bacteria seemed to be more resistant to ZnO nanoparticles than Gram-positive bacteria. It was found that the antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles increased with decreasing particle size and increasing powder concentration. The antibacterial effect of ZnO nanoparticles was time dependent and takes effect gradually. ZnO bulk powder showed no significant antibacterial activity. Key word: ZnO nanoparticle, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).[...] Read More.

Keywords: ZnO nanoparticle, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Insecticidal effect of diatomaceous earth against Callosobruchus maculates under laboratory conditions

Golnaz Shams*, Mohammad Hassan Safaralizadeh and Sohrab Imani

Abstract: Laboratory experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the insecticidal effect of diatomaceous earth against adults of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and Sitophilus granarius (L.), two important stored grain pests in darkness (30°C and 65% RH). Wheat and cowpea were treated with the diatomaceous earth formulation Silicosec® (Biofa, Germany), at five concentrations determined with preliminary tests and compared with untreated wheat and cowpea as control. Dead adults were counted 24, 36 and 48 h later. Results showed that increasing the concentration of Silicosec® and days after treatment (DAT) significantly increased the mortality rates of adults to above 90% in both experiments. Regarding Lc50 and Lc95 values, it was observed that C. maculatus adults are more susceptible to Silicosec® than S. granarius. The results showed that these two pests could be controlled successfully with diatomaceous earth.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Callosobruchus maculatus, diatomaceous earth, Silicosec®, Sitophilus granarius, stored grains, cowpea, wheat.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of some culture substrates (date-palm peat, cocopeat and perlite) on some growing indices and nutrient elements uptake in greenhouse tomato

Ahmad Mohammadi Ghehsareh*, Hassan Borji and Mehrdad Jafarpour

Abstract: In recent years, a wide range of soilless culture techniques have been developed and commercially introduced for intensive production of horticultural crops, particularly in greenhouses. Reasons for replacing soils as growing media arise from plant protection problems with soil-borne pathogens and environmental regulations against groundwater pollution with nitrate and pesticides. The aim of this study was to compare some growing indexes of greenhouse tomato that were cultivated in some substrates, such as perlite, date-palm peat and coco peat. The research was conducted in a completely randomized design with 6 replications. The treatments were coco peat + perlite (v/v=50%)‚ date-palm peat + perlite (v/v=50%)‚ perlite (100%) and date-palm peat(100%). Papadopolus formula was used for nutrient solution during plant growth with fertigation method. Also temperature, humidity and irrigation rate was constant for all treatments. Comparison of means showed that the media had no significant effect on concentration of nutrient elements in fruit such as N, P, K and yield in all treatments. Minimum and maximum amount of fruits yield was in date-palm peat and perlite treatments respectively. That had no significant difference with other treatments. Higher amount of total soluble solids (TSS) related to coco peat + perlite treatment that has not any significant difference with date-palm peat + perlite, perlite and date-palm peat treatments. Also, culture substrates had no significant difference on the amount of ascorbic acid. The results showed that date-palm peat is an appropriate media for soilless culture with suitable physical and chemical properties, availability and low cost. Therefore, it can be a new substrate that is introduced for replacing other media. Key word: Soilless, substrate, date-palm peat, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Soilless, substrate, date-palm peat, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Identification of lipase producing thermophilic bacteria from Malaysian hot springs

H. Zuridah,*, N. Norazwin, M. Siti Aisyah, M. N. A. Fakhruzzaman and N. A. Zeenathul

Abstract: Lipase enzyme is an important group of biocatalyst for biotechnological application. One of the major industrial microorganism is the Bacillus species which are in abundance in the hot springs. The aim of this research was to isolate and characterize lipase producing bacteria from five hot springs in Malaysia. Eight bacterial strains from five hot springs were characterized by both biochemical and molecular techniques. Four strains were lipase producing thermophilic bacteria (coded as A1, A3, A4 and A14). The presence of lipase enzyme was confirmed by an orange fluorescence halos around the bacteria in rhodamine B olive oil agar plate. Based on molecular analysis, A1, A3 and A4 were assigned to the Bacillus and Geobacillus sp., and isolate A14 is found to be a nucleoside permease gene from Anoxybacillus flavithermus WK1.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lipase enzyme, rhodamine B olive oil, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), hot springs, thermophilic bacteria.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Variability in antimicrobial activity of latex from two varieties of Ficus carica

Houda Lazreg Aref*, Bel Hadj Salah Karima, Abdelwaheb Fekih, Rachid Chemli, Massoud Mars, Mahjoub Aouni, Jean Pierre Chaumon and Khaled Said

Abstract: Fig latex has been a typical component in the health -promoting Mediterranean diet for millennia. To study its potential constituents, two varieties differing in color of fruit [Bidhi Bither: (BB); Kahli Bither: (KB)] and their growth area were analyzed for their organic extracts against sixteen microbes. The capacity of extracts was evaluated based on the inhibition zone, using the disc-diffusion assay, minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) for bacteria and yeasts, the method of calculating the inhibition percentage (I%) and Agar punched wells method for fungi, respectively. Extracts of (BB1) variety from Chott Meriam showed the highest antimicrobial activities against the studied microorganisms when compared to (KB) variety and those from Mahdia. Ethyl acetate extracts had inhibition effect on the multiplication of Enterococcus faecalis, Citobacter freundii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Escherchia coli. For the opportunist pathogenic yeasts, ethyl acetate and chloroformic fractions showed a very strong inhibition (100%) and an MIC of 0.082 and 1.25 µg/ml for (BB) and (KB), respectively, while ethanolic fraction had a total inhibition against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis. Microsporum canis was strongly inhibited with ethanolic extract (75%) and totally with ethyl acetate extract at a concentration of 500 µg/ml.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ficus carica, latex, organic extracts, fungi, yeasts, bacteria, antimicrobial activity.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Chinese pulsatilla extracts eliminate resistance of Escherichia coli to streptomycin

Wang Chun-guang*, Zhang Tie, and Zhang Jian-lou

Abstract: Drug resistance is widely distributed in Escherichia coli coli, and related technology is urgently required to control its transmission. The Chinese pulsatilla extracts containing crude drug of 12.5 mg/ml was used to eliminate resistance plasmid against streptomycin in chicken E. coli. After screening and identification, plasmids were extracted from resistance-eliminated strain and electrophoresed in order to compare plasmid profiles before and after elimination. After the drug resistance was eliminated, the diameter of inhibition zone became larger and the minimum inhibitory concentration declined. These results indicated that Chinese pulsatilla extracts makes E. coli strain that was sensitive to streptomycin become resistant to this antibiotic. The alimentation rate was 15.8% (79/500). Compared with the control bacteria, the resistance-eliminated strain lost an approximately 20 kbp plasmid band, which showed that the Chinese pulsatilla extracts may convert drug resistance by eliminating plasmid against streptomycin.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Chinese pulsatilla, Escherichia coli, streptomycin, resistance plasmid.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Screening and induction of laccase activity in fungal species and its application in dye decolorization

Vaidyanathan Vinoth Kumar, Selvaraj Dinesh Kirupha, Premkumar Periyaraman and Subramanian Sivanesan*

Abstract: A great deal of works has been carried out assessing dye-decolorization capabilities of fungi, but only few species were investigated. In this present study, ten fungal species were screened for laccase activity by indicator plate method, of which five species were found to be laccase-positive. Laccase activity varied during growth and maximal laccase activity was observed during the 9th day, except for Agaricus bisporus. Pleurotus ostreatus gave the highest laccase activities, showing average value around 570 U/L, which were higher than other strains. Addition of 1 mM copper sulphate induced the laccase production efficiently by 60 to 80%, while veratryl and benzyl alcohol induced laccase production in all the laccase positive species except for A. bisporus. Constitutive expression of laccase was observed in F. solani in the presence of copper sulphate. In addition, the extracellular laccase from the P. ostreatus could decolorize reactive dyes, which suggests the potential application of laccase in textile effluent treatment.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Dyes, decolorization, inducer, laccase, Pleurotus, textile.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Endophytic Fusarium spp. from wild banana (Musa acuminata) roots

Short Communication

Abstract: Endophytic Fusarium species were isolated from roots of wild banana (Musa acuminata) collected randomly in several locations in Penang Island, Malaysia. A total of 54 isolates of Fusarium were recovered from 100 root fragments. Based on morphological features of macroconidia, microconidia and conidiogenous cells, three Fusarium species were identified in which the most common species was F. oxysporum (41.5%) followed by F. solani (32.1%) and F. semitectum (24.5%). The present study showed that there are diverse endophytic Fusarium species in the roots of wild banana and has the potential to be used as biological control agents.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Endophyte, Fusarium, root, wild banana.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Production of recombinant cellulase enzyme from Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. (type NRRL-0366)

Ayman S. Daba, Ghada A. Youssef*, Sanaa S. Kabeil and Elsayed E. Hafez

Abstract: Successful utilization of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. (type NRRL-0366) mushroom as a type of edible locally isolated mushroom in Egypt at the Mushroom Research Center (Mubarak City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications), to produce extensive hydrolyzing cellulase complex enzymes. This hydrolysis was approached in submerged culture supplemented with avicel PH101 as a substrate for endo-,exoglucanase production. The avicel concentration 6% yielded the maximum enzyme activities (2.46, 1.80 U/ml) for both endo-and exoglucanase activities on basal medium at 27°C, initial pH value of 5.5 for 12 days on rotary shaker (180 rpm) incubation period. Cellulase enzyme was amplified using specific PCR and the amplicone was cloned using TOPO TA cloning vector. The cellulolytic activity of the recombinant protein was examined and high activity was obtained compared with the standard ones. The avicel was used as a sole carbon source in the fermentation medium and the results revealed that, avicel induced the cellulolytic activity of the examined organism compared with those grown on medium deficient of avicel.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Pleurotus ostreatus, mushroom, avicel, recombinant cellulolytic enzymes.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antibiotic sensitivity of microorganisms isolated from explanted sclera buckles

Liwei Zhang, Baihua Chen, Ming Wang and Luosheng Tang*

Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the current microbiological spectrum of culture-positive explanted scleral buckles and their sensitivity to antibiotics. A retrospective, consecutive case series was performed in this study. 38 patients with scleral buckle removal that occurred between January 2003 and December 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Cultured bacteria were identified using the API system. Susceptibilities of the bacteria were tested using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. 38 of 50 (76%) explanted scleral buckles were positive by culture. A total of 40 microorganisms were isolated from the 38 buckles. Thirty isolates (75%) were Gram positive and 10 (25%) were Gram negative. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) was the most common isolate (62.5%) while 10 cases (40%) of CNS were methicillin-resistant CNS (MR-CNS). 100% of the Gram-positive isolates were sensitive to Vancomycin, 69% to Clindamycin, 59.3% to Gentamicin, 39.3% to Ciprofloxacin and 42.3% to Ofloxacin. MR-CNS was sensitive to Vancomycin and Rifampin, while 80% of the Gram-negative isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and 75% to Ofloxacin. This study demonstrated a change in bacterial isolates of the explanted scleral buckles and their antibiotic sensitivities, compared with previous reports. No single antibiotic can cover all of the microbes isolated from explanted scleral buckle. A combination of various antibiotics is recommended for the treatment of perioperative infection and initial empiric treatment.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Microorganism, sclera buckle, antibiotic sensitivity, infection.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A recombinant E0 gene of bovine viral diarrhea virus protects against challenge with bovine viral diarrhea virus of sika deer

Yugang Gao, Yajun Wang, Rui Du, Quankai Wang, Pengju Zhang*, Shuzhi Wang and Lianxue Zhang*

Abstract: Eukaryotic expression plasmid (PVAX 1/E0) of E0 gene was constructed from an isolated strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) from sika deer and transfected into the BHK-21 cells to detect E0 gene transcription expression level and protein expression level. It was found that E0 gene could express in BHK-21 cells by RT-PCR and ELESA results. The humoral and cellular immune response levels were detected in rabbits immunized with PAVX1/E0 and inactivated vaccine by ELESA technology, which reached the peak after 42 days immunization and PVAX1/E0 immune rabbits could produce specific higher cells immune responses level in comparison to inactivated vaccine group. This is the first report demonstrating and “immunogenicity” of BVDV E0 gene on “sika deer”, indicating a new vaccine target for BVDV.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Sika deer, bovine viral diarrhea virus, E0 gene, eukaryotic expression, immune response.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effects of different light treatments on the natural transformation of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803

Zongjuan Long, Jiaohong Zhao, Jingsong Zhang, Lanzhen Wei, Quanxi Wang and Weimin Ma*

Abstract: Although many factors that affect the frequency of natural transformation of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis have been extensively reported, little is known regarding the effects of changes in the spectral quality and intensity of light on its natural transformation. The frequency of natural transformation was significantly enhanced or inhibited by the treatments with low light (LL) or high light (HL) under the incubation condition of cells and DNA before plating and/or on the plates in comparison with that by the treatment with growth light (GL); the changes in the spectral quality of light did not remarkably affect the transformation efficiency of Synechocystis. Further, the lengths of the appearance time of transformants were shortened or retarded by HL or LL illumination when cells and DNA were incubated on the plates relative to that by GL illumination. Further, the transformation efficiency of Synechocystis was closely associated with the permeability of the cell membranes. Treatment with LL significantly enhances the frequency of natural transformation whereas HL illumination remarkably shortens the appearance time of Synechocystis transformants. These phenomena can be extensively applied to future studies according to the specific demands of the transformation experiments. Possible mechanisms underlying these phenomena are discussed.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Appearance time of transformants, light treatments, natural transformation, Synechocystis, transformation efficiency.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Does borna disease virus (BDV) have a role in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia?

Karakose A. R., Yuksel P., Turan N., Ziver T. , Sariba S., Nihat Alpay, Balcioglu I., Aslan M., Helps C. R., Yilmaz H. and Kocazeybek B.*

Abstract: In human, certain serological and molecular trials estimated an association between psychiatric diseases, particularly schizophrenia, mood disorders and borna disease virus (BDV). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether BDV has association with etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia. A total of 207 patients who were diagnosed with residual schizophrenia and 51 patient control grop with 134 healthy control group were included in the study. RNA of borna disease virus (BDV p24 and p40) in the peripheral blood was investigated by using real-time RT-PCR. A highly significant difference was detected between patient and healthy control group cases in terms of BDV IgG seropositivity (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Borna disease virus, schizophrenia, ELISA.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antimicrobial activity of Mirabilis Jalapa and Dichrotachys cinerea against biofilm and extended spectrum of beta lactamase (ESBL) producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli

P. Poovendran, N. Vidhya and S. Murugan*

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Mirabilis jalapa and Dichrotachys cinerea against biofilm and extended spectrum of beta lactamase (ESBL) producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). M. jalapa and D. cinerea are widespread medicinal plants traditionally used to treat infectious diseases. Aqueous, acetone and ethanol extracts of leaves of M. jalapa and D. cinerea were tested for antimicrobial activity invitro by the agar well diffusion method. Ethanol extract of M. jalapa leaves exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested biofilm producing UPEC strains, whereas it inhibited only the ESBL producing UPEC strains 42 and 96. Similarly, the acetone extract of M. jalapa leaves inhibited the growth of biofilm producing UPEC strains 1, 17 and 82, whereas it inhibited only the ESBL producing UPEC strains 42 and 96. Ethanol extract of D. cinerea leaves exhibited inhibitory activity against all tested biofilm producing UPEC strains, whereas it inhibited only the ESBL producing UPEC strain 87. Similarly, the acetone extract inhibited only the growth of biofilm producing UPEC strain 82, whereas it inhibited the growth of ESBL producing UPEC strains 87 and 96. The aqueous extracts of M. jalapa and D. cinerea leaves failed to show any inhibitory effect against both biofilm and ESBL producing UPEC strains. These antimicrobial properties seem to be related to the presence of alkaloids, tri-terpenoids and tannin contents in M. jalapa and D. cinerea. The present study shows that crude extracts of M. jalapa and D. cinerea especially the acetone and ethanol extracts exhibited significant activity against biofilm and ESBL producing Uropathogenic E. coli strains.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Biofilm, extended spectrum of beta lactamase (ESBL), Escherichia coli, Mirabilis jalapa and Dichrotachys cinerea, antimicrobial activity.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A new cost-effective staining method for rapid identification of Cryptococcus

Rugen Wan, Maofeng Wang*, Sheng Zhao, Guogang Li, Yangxiao Zhou, Jiajun Li and Jinkan Du

Abstract: Cryptococcosis is a life-threatening fungal disease that usually presents as an opportunist infection in immunocompromised hosts, and Cryptococcus neoformans is the major opportunistic pathogen of cryptococcosis. Rapid diagnosis of C. neoformans and other opportunistic Cryptococcus pathogens is required to meet the clinical need for immediate treatment. Historically, negative staining with India ink has been used to identify Cryptococcus. Another staining method utilizes Alcian blue, a dye that reacts selectively with C. neoformans, but not other Cryptococcus species. To overcome these limitations, we developed a new staining method for rapid identification of Cryptococcus using a novel, patent pending staining reagent for clinical laboratory diagnosis. Cryptococci stained with this new reagent can be conveniently counted directly via bench-top light microscopy. We also compared our novel stain with India ink and Alcian blue. Our results demonstrated that the new staining technique was superior to India ink stain for the rapid identification of Cryptococcus in clinical (and clinically mimicking) samples. Our stable and cost-effective staining reagent specifically stained Cryptococcus, highlighting its clinical applicability, particularly in developing countries due to its low cost.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cryptococcus, cryptococcosis, specific staining, India ink staining, rapid identification.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Media optimization for extra cellular tannase production by Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC 7162 using response surface methodology

Karthikeyan Sivashanmugam and Gurunathan Jayaraman*

Abstract: Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC 7162, isolated from tannery effluent was used for the production of extracellular tannase. Central composite design (for nutritional parameters) and Box Behnken design (for physicochemical parameters) were used to arrive at conditions for maximal tannase production. Box Behnken design was statistically significant and indicated that pH is a significant factor for tannase production. A 6.5 fold increase of extra cellular tannase (22.7 U / ml) production was observed at the optimized conditions. The yield of extra cellular tannase obtained in this study, from a bacterial source, is the highest compared to that of the earlier reports.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Klebsiella pneumoniae, extra cellular tannase, central composite design, Box Behnken design, response surface methodology.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Review

A note on hierarchy evolutionary game

Xiao-xing Liu

Abstract: Stochastic evolutionary game dynamics in hierarchy are very popular in economics and in management sciences. This study extends the model of stochastic evolutionary game dynamics. This paper highlights hierarchy selection model and we show that the hierarchy selection games are more stable without structures in this paper. Furthermore, an example in industrial organization is given to rationally explain the theory in this work.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fitness, fixation probability, invasion, game theory, economics, hierarchy, evolutionary game.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Demonstration of antibiotic resistance genes strA, blaTEM, tetA, tetC and sul2 in Avibacterium paragallinarum

Byarugaba D. K.*, Minga U. M., Gwakisa P. S., Katunguka-Rwakishaya E., Bisgaard M., Christensen H. and Olsen J. E.

Abstract: Avibacterium paragallinarum causes a highly contagious disease in chickens called infectious coryza. We have previously isolated A. paragallinarum from diseased chickens and demonstrated their virulence in experimental infection in different poultry species. In the present study, the isolates were screened for selected resistance genes for clinically relevant antibiotics. The study demonstrated resistance genes for sulphamethoxazole, tetracycline, streptomycin and ampicillin resistance in the isolates. Multiple resistance and resistance genes to streptomycin (strA), ampicillin (blaTEM), tetracycline (tetC and tetA) and sulphamethoxazole (sul2) in isolates of A. paragallinarum are reported. The demonstration of these genes in A. paragallinarum, similar to what has been demonstrated in other respiratory pathogens, is a concern for potential horizontal spread of multiple drug resistance leading to treatment failures in different respiratory diseases.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antibiotic resistance genes, Avibacterium paragallinarum.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Production and characterization of cellulolytic enzymes by Pleurotus florida

Meenakshi Goyal* and Giridhar Soni

Abstract: Three Pleurotus spp., Pleurotus florida, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus sajar-caju, were screened for cellulolytic enzyme production under submerged fermentation conditions. Of these, P. florida, was studied for optimizing medium composition, incubation period, initial pH and incubation temperature to maximize cellulolytic enzyme production. Malt extract at 0.5%, 12 day of incubation period and 1% CMC as carbon source supported maximum production of cellulases. The optimum temperature and pH for maximum production of enzymes were 35 to 40°C and 5.0 for exo-and endoglucanases and 30°C and 4.5 for b- glucosidase.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Endoglucanase, exoglucanase, fermentation conditions, b-glucosidase, medium composition.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Freshwater fungi isolated from eggs and broodstocks with an emphasis on Saprolegnia in rainbow trout farms in west Iran

Firooz Fadaeifard*, Mehdi raissy, Hamidreza Bahrami, Ebrahim Rahimi and Ahmad Najafipoor

Abstract: Fungal diseases of fresh water eggs and fishes are known to be a problematic disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the aquatic fungal flora specially oomycete fungi in rainbow trout hatcheries from west part of Iran during fall and winter 2008, an attempt to isolate fungi from the eggs and broodstocks showing fungal infection at the three rainbow trout farms. A total of 150 randomly selected eggs and 15 broodstocks were obtained. A sterile swab was taken from outer surface of body (skin, gills, fins), as well as eggs. sabouraud dextrose agar, glucose yeast agar and Hemp seed in sterile tap water was used for fungi isolation. Identification of the fungi was based on their vegetative organs, including hyphae shape and size, asexual reproduction organs, shape of sporangium and spores, and generative organs, structure of oogonium, oosporangium and antheridium. In this study eight genus and species were identified and the most common were Penecillium sp., Acreomonium sp., Alternaria sp., Fusarium solani, Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp., Saprolegnia sp. and Cladosporium sp. Among the above species Penecillium sp. with 23% and Saprolegnia sp. with 3% have more and less occurrence, respectively. Identification of Saprolegnia sp. which is an important pathogen in aquaculture needs further study in the future.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fungal infection, fish, Saprolegnia, Iran.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Alteration of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in the liver and serum level of HBV DNA in chronic hepatitis B patients after interferon treatment

Zheng Rui-dan*, Su Ya-yong, Lu Yan-hui, Meng Jia-rong and Zhang Min-feng

Abstract: To investigate the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in the liver and serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA level in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients before and after interferon (IFN) treatment, a total of 51 CHB patients were recruited and treated with IFN- 1b for 6 months. The expressions of ICAM-1 and serum HBV DNA were determined at baseline and after 6-month treatment by using immunohistochemistry and real time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expression of ICAM-1 in the patients with moderate to severe CHB was markedly higher that that in mild CHB patients (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Interferon, hepatitis B, intercellular adhesion molecule-1.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

In vitro activities of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Eucalyptus torelliana F. Muell. against non-tuberculous mycobacteria species

Temitope O. Lawal*, Bolanle A. Adeniyi, Olakunle S. Idowu and Jones O. Moody

Abstract: The extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Eucalyptus torelliana F. Muell. (Myrtaceae) were screened against four non-tuberculous mycobacteria species: Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 684, Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 19420, Mycobacterium phlei ATCC 19240 and Mycobacterium abscessus. The agar diffusion method was used to investigate the activity of these plants at 1 and 2 mg/ml concentration. The methanol extracts exhibited the highest activity against the test organisms, the most susceptible being M. fortuitum ATCC 684. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value for the bioactive extracts ranged between 1 to 2 mg/ml while minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was 2 to 4 mg/ml. Bactericidal activity of the methanol extracts of E. camaldulensis on M. fortuitum ATCC 684 was investigated using the viable counting technique. The leaf extracts at 4 mg/ml (4 × MIC) and 8 mg/ml (8 × MIC) gave 80.49 and 100% kill of the organism respectively at 24 h exposure time while the stem bark extracts at the same concentrations afforded 67.35 and 100% kill respectively after 24 h of exposure. The activities demonstrated by these plants support their use in the treatment of cough associated with most pulmonary diseases; and suggest that these plants may be of therapeutic importance for the treatment of infections caused by the non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM).[...] Read More.

Keywords:

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Phtyochemical screening and comparative study of antimicrobial activity of Aloe vera various extracts

Yebpella G. G., Adeyemi Hassan M. M., Hammuel C., Magomya A. M., Agbaji A. S. and Okonkwo E. M.

Abstract: The phytochemical screening and comparative study of antimicrobial activity of Aloe vera extracts was carried out. The phytochemical screening revealed the following metabolites: saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, protein, and flavonoids. While cardiac glyocosides and steroids were absent. The antimicrobial activities of the gel in 10% DMSO, methanol and aqueous extracts of green rind and leaf pulp were carried against some pathogenic clinical isolates, namely, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Candida albicans. The DMSO extract of the gel and the methanol extract of the green rind showed greater potency against tested microorganisms in the order B. Subtilis> S. aureus> C. albicans and S. aureus>C. albicans>B. subtilis>P. mirabilis respectively with different zones of inhibition ranging from 18 to 35 mm gel, 15 to 18 mm for leaf pulp methanol, 20 to 32 mm green rind methanol, also 12 to 14 mm and 14 to 23 mm for leaf pulp aqueous and green rind aqueous respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts against organisms ranged from 6.25 to 25 mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was within the range of 12.5 to 50 mg/ml. The study revealed that the green rind methanol extract and gel have greater medicinal potential against B. subtilis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimicrobial, gel and green rind extract, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and phytochemical screening, Aloe vera.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate rind peel extracts

Hany M. Yehia*, Manal F. Elkhadragy and Ahmed E. Abdel Moneim

Abstract: The pomegranate, Punica granatum L., is an ancient, mystical, unique fruit borne on a small, long-living tree cultivated throughout the Mediterranean region. Pomegranate is used in several systems of medicine for a variety of ailments. The synergistic action of the pomegranate constituents appears to be superior to that of single constituents. P. garantum, have been reported to have antimicrobial activity against a range of Gram positive and negative bacteria. Pomegranate formulations containing ferrous salts have enhanced although on short-term. The aim of this experiment is to determine the antimicrobial activities of combinations of pomegranate rind extract with range of metal salts with the addition of vitamin C. Phytochemical analyses was made to determine the active inhibitors in rind extract, including phenolics and flavonoids.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, pomegranate rind extract, phenolics, flavonoids.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antimicrobial and nematicidal screening of anamorphic fungi isolated from plant debris of tropical areas in Mexico

Manuela Reyes-Estebanez, Elizabeth Herrera-Parra, Jairo Cristóbal-Alejo, Gabriela Heredia-Abarca, Blondy Canto-Canché, Irma Medina-Baizabal and Marcela Gamboa-Angulo*

Abstract: Forty seven fungal strains were isolated from plant debris in the tropical regions of Mexico, where fifteen of them were identified to species and twenty two to genus level. All isolates were grown in fermented rice and their EtOAc extracts screened against ten targets, four bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Erwinia carotovora, Staphylococcus aureus and Xanthomonas campestris), the yeast Candida albicans, three phytopathogenic fungi (Alternaria tagetica, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Fusarium oxysporum), the Oomycete Pythium aphanidermatum and the nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Antimicrobial activity was detected in 18 isolates against at least one of the target strains tested. Seven of these isolates with broad spectrum activity, which were defatted and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by microdilution assay. The greatest antagonistic action was produced by Cylindrium elongatum with broad spectrum activity while Corynespora cassiicola and Memnoniella sp. MR33 showed moderate antimicrobial properties. On other hand, in vitro nematotoxic activity was clearly detected only in Selenosporella sp. GH26 with 91 (LD50) and 147 µg/ml (LD90). This is the first report on the isolation and biological evaluation of anamorphic fungi from some Mexican tropical regions, demonstrating their potential as a source of biologically active natural metabolites for use in future applications in agriculture or pharmacy.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Anamorphic fungi, antimicrobial, Corynespora, Cylindrium, fungal extracts, nematicide, Selenosporella, Yucatan peninsula.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Hepatitis C virus infection in uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis: A follow up study for 150 months

Chen Yuqiang, Wang Niansong*, Sheng Xiaohua, Zhang Xiaoguang, Yan Yan, Yu Gang, Cui Yongping and Tang Lingquan

Abstract: We aimed to delineate the incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV seroconversion (SC) in maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients and to evaluate the effect of isolation measures on HCV in HD unit. From June 1998 to June 2010, 2465 maintenance HD patients in our HD unit were enrolled in, and the anti-HCV ELISA and HCV nucleic acid testing were consecutively performed every six months. The results showed the prevalence rates of HCV antibody detected consecutively every six months were 54.7, 53.8, 52.6, 53.0 , 51.2, 45.9, 45.5 and 48.2% before 2002 (without isolation measures) and 35.6, 33.7, 33.7, 31.7, 30.4, 28.4, 27.2, 24.5, 20.8, 19.4, 16.6, 14.4, 15.3, 15.2, 12.5, 11.9 and 10.0% since 2002 (with isolation measures), respectively. HCV SC occurred in 238 patients during the follow-up period. 1077 patients were followed for 1 to 12 months, of which 49 (4.5%) had SC for HCV. The SC rate increased to 75% in 8 patients followed for 139 to 150 months. Taken together, we conclude that the dialysis environment is responsible for transmission of HCV either due to common usage of the machines or to the fact that the HCV positive patients are not isolated. The application of isolated hemodialysis of anti-HCV positive patients plus strict supervised universal infection control techniques significantly effect on the long-term prevalence of HCV antibody and SC in HD patients.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Hemodialysis, hepatitis C virus, seroconversion, blood transfusion, nosocomial transmission.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The impact of electrode reuse on the biofilm community and performance of whey-fuelled H-type microbial fuel cell

J. Kassongo and C. A. Togo*

Abstract: Humankind has always been engaged in a relentless quest for energy to drive daily activities. However, most of the existing conventional strategies of tapping the environment are expensive and polluting. A nascent microbial fuel cell technology, relying on the degradation of wastewater such as cheese whey with the subsequent release of electricity, is thus the focus for sustainable energy. It is therefore important to gain an in-depth knowledge of the biology in these devices and possible avenues of enhancing power generated from them. In an effort to increase power from whey-driven microbial fuel cells (MFCs), graphite sheet anodes were incubated in whey for two months then reused in four cycles of seven days each in MFCs. The concomitant remediation was additionally determined. Highest power density (390 ± 21 W/m2) was obtained during the third reuse cycle with a coulombic efficiency of 0.25%. The highest tCOD removal (44.6%) was however, noted during the second cycle. The performance of reactors depended on the number of reuse cycles with the third cycle proving to be the best after which there was a decline in power density. In addition, molecular analyses of anodophilic microorganisms showed the presence of three species related to strains from Lactobacillus helveticus (85% identity), Proteus mirabilis (96%) and Escherichia coli (96%). Therefore the necessity of biofilm build up should take into account the limitation of maximum number of reuse cycles where the flora will be performing at its best.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cheese whey, green power, microbial fuel cell, biofilm, bioremediation.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prevention of emergence of fusidic acid and rifampicin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus using phytochemicals

Bhone Myint Kyaw, Shuchi Arora, Khaing Nwe Win and Lim Chu Sing Daniel*

Abstract: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the major causes of nosocomial and community infections. It has shown resistance to most of the currently available antibiotics and nicknamed ‘super bug’. Anti-staphylococcal activities of tannic acid, quercetin and gallic acid ethyl ester in combination with fusidic acid and rifampicin were determined against five strains of S. aureus, including three clinical strains. Tannic acid and quercetin were found to be synergistic with fusidic acid and rifampicin. The effects of these combinatory pairs on the adaptive resistance of S. aureus were also studied. The strains were studied for ten incubation cycles under continuous influence of fusidic acid/rifampicin alone and in combination with fixed dose of phytochemicals. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the exposed strains were determined after every cycle to study their resistance to the antibiotic. Based on the results at the end of the tenth cycle, the fusidic acid/rifampicin exposed strains gradually selected for resistance at higher MIC values. On the other hand, the combination exposed strains demonstrated stable MIC values for the antibiotics. The results suggested prevention or delay of fusidic acid and rifampicin resistance by adding synergistic phytochemicals.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotic resistance, antibiotic combination, phytochemicals.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Status of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in Peninsular Malaysia

Kavous Ayazpour, Kamaruzaman Sijam*, Ganesan Vadamalai, Hawa Jaafar

Abstract: Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is the most important viral disease of Citrus spp. and has a worldwide distribution. Results of ELISA and PCR showed that all Citrus varieties including Fortunella sp., Citrofortunella microcarpa and Citromelo in major citrus growing areas of Malaysia had a high infection rate with CTV. In most areas, pomelo however was free of infection, but in Cameron Highlands, we found some strains of CTV that were severe to Citromelo and pomelo. Phylogeny studies revealed that these strains were similar to CTV isolates from China and Japan and were very different from CTV isolates from USA and New Zealand.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Citrus tristeza virus, phylogeny analysis, strain, CP gene, Malaysia.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Growth and exopolysaccharide production by Weissella sp. from low-cost substitutes for sucrose

Chintana Tayuan*, Gerald W. Tannock and Sureelak Rodtong

Abstract: Homopolysaccharides produced from sucrose by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are of interest as natural additives to improve textural properties of foods. The production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) by WEISSELLA strains, which had been isolated from a traditional Thai food (plasom), was investigated using sugarcane molasses and white sugar from sugarcane as substrates in comparison to analytical grade sucrose. EPS production was evaluated at 30°C for 48 h. EPS production and bacterial growth were influenced by the type of carbon source used in culture medium. The highest EPS concentration was obtained in the medium supplemented with white sugar from sugarcane as a sole carbon source by WEISSELLA sp. PSMS4-4. The optimal concentration and factors affecting the production of EPS, that is, cultivation temperature and initial pH of medium, were determined. The highest EPS production of 8.65 g/l was attained in culture with an initial pH of 7.0, temperature of 30°C, and white sugar concentration of 5%. This study shows the first report on the production of WEISSELLA EPS using low-cost substitutes for sucrose and provides knowledge of factors influencing the production of the polymer.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Exopolysaccharide, sucrose, white sugar from sugarcane, lactic acid bacteria, Weissella.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Review

An overview of honey: Therapeutic properties and contribution in nutrition and human health

Christy E. Manyi-Loh, Anna M. Clarke and Roland N. Ndip,*

Abstract: Honey, a natural product of very high nutritive value is made when the nectar (floral) and sweet deposits from plants (non floral) are gathered, modified and stored in the honeycombs by honeybees of the genera Apis and Meliponini. Its composition and quality vary greatly with the botanical source of nectar as well as environmental and climatic conditions. Depending on its quality, honey can contribute to the health and nutritional status of humans. These beneficial actions have been ascribed to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant potential. Interestingly, honey is gradually receiving attention as a complementary and or an alternative source of treatment in modern medicines. It is active against antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant strains of micro-organisms and has the potential not to select for further resistant strains.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Honey, natural product, drug, food.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Epidemiology of entamoeba infection in Sudan

Amir Saeed, Hadi Abd, Birgitta Evengård and Gunnar Sandström*

Abstract: The epidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica infection in Sudan is poorly understood. This is due to the inability to differentiate E. histolytica from the non pathogenic, Entamoeba dispar. Old methods used such as direct microscopy and culturing are insensitive compared to polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this study, light microscopy and PCR were utilized to study the prevalence of Entamoeba infection in patient attending University of Medical Science and Technology (UMST) hospital, in Khartoum, Sudan. By microscopy 196 stool samples were reported as positive for E. histolytica. PCR detected infections caused by E. histolytica in 54% (106 of 196), and Entamoeba dispar in 51% (100 of 196) of stool samples. By PCR also mixed infections were detected with both E. histolytica and E. dispar in 5% (10 of of stool samples. All 50 negative stool samples examined by microscopy were negative by PCR. The inability to distinguish E. histolytica from the morphologically similar E. dispar in stool samples is the main limitation of microscopic methods used mainly all laboratories in Sudan. All the 196 samples tested were reported positive for E. histolytica by microscopy but in this study it is shown that only 54% (106 of 196) were positive for E. histolytica. The other 51% (100 of 196) were positive for E. dispar, which were misdiagnosed as E. histolytica infections and mistreated with anti-amoebic drugs. Thus, PCR is recommended for detection and accurate identification of Entamoeba species in stool samples.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Sudan.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Outer membrane proteins and morphological alterations of Shigella spp. under starvation in seawater

Ali Ellafi*, Fethi Ben Abdallah, Rihab Lagha and Amina Bakhrouf

Abstract: In this study, we incubated four strains of Shigella in seawater microcosms (at room temperature and at 4°C) for eight months and we studied the alteration of their morphologic and outer membranes proteins. The starved cells showed an evolution to the filterable minicells state capable to pass membrane pore size 0.45 µm. In addition, the atomic force micrographs showed a reduction of the cells size and an evolution to coccoid-shapes. Outer membrane proteins patterns of stressed bacteria did not changed too much and these modifications were manifested by the appearance of one new band.[...] Read More.

Keywords:

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of ESCHERICHIA COLI O157 isolated from traditional cheese, ice cream and yoghurt in Iran

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Verotoxin-producing of ESCHERICHIA COLI O157 is an increasingly common cause of severe gastrointestinal illness, enlisted among the most important emerging pathogens. The present study was conducted to investigate the presence of E. COLI O157 and E. COLI O157: H7 strains and to detect the presence of the STX1, STX2, EAE and EHXA insolates derived from 290 samples (120 samples from traditional fresh cheese, 120 samples from traditional ice cream and 50 samples from yoghurt). The samples were purchased from the Isfahan, Chaharmahal, Bakhtyari and Khuzestan provinces in Iran, over a period 6-month from August 2010 to February 2011. Standard cultural method and polymerase chain reaction were applied for these analyses. E. COLI O157 was detected in nine of the 290 (3.1%) samples tested (five isolated from traditional cheese and 4 isolated from traditional ice cream samples), whereas E. COLI O157: H7 was not detected in any samples. The genes STX1 and STX2 were detected in three E. COLI isolated obtained from traditional cheese samples none of the STX1, STX2, EAE and EHXA was detected in the E. COLI isolates obtained from traditional ice cream samples. Susceptibilities of nine E. COLI O157 isolates were determined for ten antimicrobial drugs using the disk diffusion assay. Resistance to ampicillin and gentamycin was the most common finding (44.4%), followed by resistance to erythromycin (33.3%), amoxicillin (11.1%), tetracycline (11.1%) and nalidixic acid (11.1%). All E. COLI O157 isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, cefuroxime, and streptomycin. Thus, traditional cheese and ice cream manufactured from unpasteurized milk have appositional risk as a result of E. COLI O157 existence.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Escherichia coli O157, cheese, ice cream, yoghurt.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Screening and evaluation of antiphytopathogenic activity of endophytic fungi from live foliages of Ginkgo biobla L.

Zhengyan Guo, Rimao Hua*, Yu Bai, Xiaowen Wu, Haiqun Cao, Xuede Li, Xiangwei Wu and Jun Tang

Abstract: Twenty-four strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from 50 fresh leaves samples of Ginkgo biobla L collected using the cultivation-dependent method from the campus of Anhui agricultural university in Hefei of China. Out of 24 endophytes investigated, 12 strains can produce in vitro substances that are inhibitory to all or a few of tested phytopathogens whereas the rest yielded nothing active, while all fermented broths of endophytes showed activities against one and more tested phytopathogens. These results indicated that endophytic fungi could play an important role in protection of G. biobla L from disease as well as an excellent resource for searching for natural antifungal compounds.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Endophytic fungi, Ginkgo biobla L, antimicrobial activity.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Survey frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from urinary tract infection in Iran

Shila Jalalpour

Abstract: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are defined as β-lactamase capable of hydrolyzing third generation cephalosporin's and inhibited by β-lactamase inhibitor. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a one of the most prevalent infection in worldwide and is the second most common infection. Most of UTI are due to Escherichia coli. Antibiotic resistance in ESBLs strains is one of the emerging health related problem in the world nowadays. The present study was performed at Tow Tertiary Care Hospitals in Isfahan, Iran during a 14 month period (7th June, 2008 to 6th July, 2010). Standard microbiological methods were performed. In order to validate the ESBLs producing strains, the ceftazidim, ceftazidim clavulanic acid, cefotaxim, cefotaxim clavulanic acid (according to CLSI, 2010) were used by disk diffusion method. Results from 91 samples showed that the frequency of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains was 84/6 and 15/4% respectively, while the Frequency of ESBLs in E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains was obtained in 27 samples as 35/06% and 5 samples as 35/71%), respectively. According to result, there is high prevalence of ESBLs in E. coli and K. pneumoniae because the third generation cephalosporins are usually in the first line against too many severe infections. Justifiable use of this method will be an effective means of controlling and decreasing spread of ESBLs strains.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Extended spectrum beta lactamase, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Preparation of rabbit anti-Ganoderma sinensis immunomodulatory protein polyclonal antibody

Qizhang Li, Shengbo Zheng, Xuefei Wang, Tingwen Bao and Xuanwei Zhou*

Abstract: Ganoderma sinensis immunomodulatory protein (FIP-gsi) was a new protein in fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP) family. Based on the recombinant FIP-gsi expressed in Escherichia coli, the New Zealand white rabbits were immunized with the purity protein to prepare anti-FIP-gsi polyclonal antibody. The efficacy of polyclonal antibody was detected by ELISA and Western blot. The results showed that the anti-FIP-gsi polyclonal antibody with high efficient value and specificity has been successfully preparation, and its efficient value was 1:625,000 detected by indirect ELISA, and a special band had been observed by Western blot method. This study established a method to identify FIP-gsi by immunoblotting, and will lay a foundation for further exploring the immunologic function of FIP-gsi.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ganoderma sinensis fugal immunomodulatory proteins (FIP-gsi), polyclonal antibody, ELISA, Western blot.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The prevalence of methicillin and vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in large teaching hospital personnel

Hosain Zadegan, H.*, and Menati, S.

Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most prevalent pathogens in nosocomial infections. We designed this cross-sectional study for evaluation of methicillin and vancomycin resistance in S. aureus strains that have been harbouring in the nasal nars of Shohadaie Ashayers hospital personnel (khorramabad, Iran). Samples were obtained by sterile cotton-wool swab moistened with normal saline rotation inside interior nares of 300 personnel and immediately point cultured on a section of mannitol salt agar. Suspected colonies confirmed by biochemical methods. Methicillin and vancomycin resistance of isolated strains was carried out by agar dilution according to recommendations of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Sixty-four (21.33%) out of 300 samples were nasal carriers for S. aureus; 16 (25%) and 4 (6.25%) of the carriers were methicillin resistant S. aureus and vancomycin intermediate S. aureus, respectively. One (0.33%) of the personnel was carrier for a strain that concurrently was methicillin and vancomycin resistant. No correlation was found between carriage with sex, age, ward and length of occupation, and predisposing diseases. Kind of occupation and level of education were significantly related with carrier state. This is the first report of S. aureus resistant strains from lorestan provinces of Iran. Percentage of S. aureus carriage in hospital personnel was consistent with other published reliable documents. Isolation of 4 vancomycin intermediate S. aureus and 1 vancomycin resistant S. aureus strains from studied personnel was the interesting findings of this study. Because of carrying of such resistant strains in hospital personnel and risks of transmission to patients it needs further attention of health officials.[...] Read More.

Keywords: S. aureus, nosocomial infections, methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA), vancomycin intermediate S. aureus (VISA).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Renal tissue damage due to Eimeria coecicola infection in rabbits

Mahmoud S. Metwaly, Mohamed A. Dkhil,* and Saleh Al-Quraishy

Abstract: Coccidiosis causes considerable economic loss in the poultry industry. The study was designed to investigate the induced damage in renal tissue of rabbits infected with Eimeria coecicola sporulated oocysts. Animals were divided into two groups. The first group acted as the non-infected control group while the second group was infected with 50,000 E. coecicola sporulated oocysts. Infection which induced a weight loss and rabbits output were approximately 1.2 billion oocysts/g faeces on day 7 postinfection. Histological examinations revealed that the renal tissues of the infected animals were damaged, where the urinary space appeared wider, and some kidney tubule cells were vacuolated and the nuclei appeared to be slightly swollen than normal. Both carbohydrates and protein content in the infected renal tissue were reduced. Also, the level of both of urea and glucose in blood plasma were elevated due to infection with E. coecicola sporulated oocysts and reached 25.7 ± 1.1 and 143.8 ± 7.1 mg/dl, respectively. The results obtained from this study suggest that E. coecicola infection induced renal tissue damage.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Coccidiosis, renal tissue, rabbit.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A simple and rapid differentiation method for combating therapeutically challenging planktonic and biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus

Salman Sahab Atshan,*, Mariana Nor Shamsudin, Leslie Than Thian Lung, Zamberi Sekawi and Chong Pei Pei

Abstract: The aim of the current study is to establish a simple and fast method that can be easily applied in hospitals for the differentiation of biofilm and planktonic Staphylococcus aureus strains. To achieve the objective, two reference strains, methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) were examined using three types of methods; adhesion capacity of bacteria on polystyrene surfaces was verified using the quantification method followed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) in order to confirm the production of biofilm. In addition, to make a meaningful comparison of biofilm cells in stationary phase with a planktonic phase, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method was used. The results from this study demonstrated that the cells of the biofilm and planktonic cells can be differentiated by the simple MIC method. This study led to the development and improvement of methods for differentiation and detection of biofilm production of S. aureus.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Biofilm, methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant S. aureus, microtiter plate, scanning electron microscope, minimum inhibitory concentration, vancomycin.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Statistical optimization of cultural conditions for chitinase production from shrimp shellfish waste by Alternaria alternata

Khaled M. Ghanem,*, Fahad A. Al-Fassi and Reem M. Farsi

Abstract: Alternaria alternata, a local isolate from fishery polluted soil, was used successfully for the biodegradation of shrimp shellfish waste in favor of the production of highly active chitinase enzyme. Chitinase production was noticeably influenced by the culture medium and the highest enzyme production was attained through the log growth phase (96 h). Pronounced increase in chitinase production was concomitant with the finest waste size. Stagnant culture conditions were more adequate than shake cultures. Statistically based experimental designs were applied to optimize the production of chitinase by A. alternata. Plackett-Burman factorial design revealed that concentrations of glucose, MnSO4.H2O and CoCl2 were the most significant factors affecting the process of enzyme production. Maximum enzyme activity (8.12 U/min), which is approximately 1.8 folds the activity expressed in the basal medium, has been assayed at concentrations (g/l): glucose, 9; MnSO4.2H2O, 3.2 and CoCl2, 2, after only 90 h of fermentation, when the second optimization step of Box-Behnken design was applied. The crude chitinase was characterized and maximum activity (19.53 U/min) was attained in reaction mixture of 50°C incubation temperature, 1.5 ml crude enzyme, 0.5 ml of 1% colloidal chitin, pH5 and reaction time of 10 min. The enzyme is thermostable and lost 20% of its activity when heated at 60°C for 60 min. The effect of metal ions in enzyme activity revealed that the enzyme have specific requirement of Ca and K ions for its activity. The results indicated that A. alternata is highly efficient fungus to produce highly active chitinase when grown in statistically optimized medium containing shrimp shellfish waste.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Alternaria alternate, chitinase, shellfish, statistical optimization.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of Soymilk Kefir

Harun KESENKAẞ, Nayil DĐNKÇĐ, Kemal SEÇKĐN, Özer KINIK, Siddik GÖNÇ, Pelin Günç ERGÖNÜL* and Gökhan KAVAS

Abstract: The physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characterization of kefir samples produced from cow/soy milk mixtures was carried out during storage at refrigerated conditions. Gross composition of samples was very closely related except lactose contents. Tyrosine levels of kefirs were also very similar. Leucine contents were increased with the raised soymilk ratio. Serum separation increased during storage for all samples. The lowest viscosity value was obtained when the soymilk were mixed to cow milk in a ratio of 50:50. Lactic acid was the highest one among the other organic acids. Microbiological population was not affected with addition of soymilk significantly. Generally sensory scores decreased with increasing soymilk ratio.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fermentation, LAB, organic acid, soymilk kefir, yeast.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Estimation of genetic parameter in Iranian Holstein crossbred dairy cattle

Ghorbani A.*, S. Miraii Ashtiani, Salamatdoust Noubr, Agdam shahriar H. and Nikzad S.

Abstract: The performance of Holstein × Indigenous (H×I) crossbred dairy cattle in Iran was considered between 1991 and 2003. Milk, fat yield and fat percentage traits were considered in this research. Variance components were estimated using animal model (single trait) and derivative-free restricted maximum likelihood method for different traits. Crossbred animals with 50 to 70% of Holstein gene ratio have shown higher performance. The average performances for the mentioned traits were 2722.68, 122.97 and 3.97%, respectively. The estimation of the heritability for milk yield, fat yield, and fat percentage were 0.332, 0.3277 and 0.145. The research results showed that production potential has been increased by crossbreeding.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Genetic parameter, crossbreeding, Holstein.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The impact of industrial effluent discharge on physico-chemical and microbial parameters of Orogodo River, Agbor, Nigeria

Idise, Okiemute Emmanuel* and Maduka, Kate

Abstract: The microbiological and physico-chemical analyses of water samples obtained from the Orogodo River, Agbor, at point of industrial effluent discharge (Location 2) and at 100 m before (Location 1) and 100 m after (Location 3), were carried out using standard methods to determine the impact of the discharge on the water quality. While the temperature, conductivity, biological oxygen demand, and coliform counts increased from Stations 1 to 3 and pH, hardness, alkalinity and dissolved oxygen decreased from Stations 1 to 3, the solids (total, suspended and dissolved) and nitrates increased from Station 1 to 2 and decreased thereafter to Station 3 while heterotrophic bacterial counts increased from Station 1 to 2 and 3 and sulphate, which was equal for Stations 1 and 2, decreased in Station 3. Most of the parameters were above set limits by regulatory bodies. Thus, the industrial effluents contained much solids and oxygen-demanding materials with deleterious effects on the water quality, to the extent that it may not be potable without treatment. There is the paramount need to treat these industrial effluents prior to discharge into the River Orogodo.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Water, analyses, effluent, treatment, discharge, potable.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Short Communication

Antibiotic resistance of some lactobacilli isolated from the gut microflora of broiler

Behira Belkacem* and Kihal Mebrouk

Abstract: To evaluate the impact of the antibiotic use in poultry and the development of the resistance in the gut microflora of broiler. Microbiological methods were used to investigate the susceptibility of ten lactobacilli stains isolated from digestive tract of broiler. The isolates were tested against the ten most used antibiotics in veterinary and human medicine in Algeria. The isolates exhibited high resistance to all antibiotics tested in the range 70 to 100%. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC’s) also were evaluated for each isolates. Lactobacilli of broiler’s microflora are a reservoir of resistance genes able to dispread the antibioresistance phenomenon through the food chain and the environment. Further studies need to be performed to understand the mechanisms and the causes responsible for this phenomenon. This study shows the need to find alternatives and emergency measures to avoid repercussions on public health.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lactobacilli, antibiotics, resistance, broiler, microflora.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Assessment of sensitivity, specificity and species discriminatory power of four culture-based isolation methods of Arcobacter spp

Shah A. H., Saleha A. A.*, Murugaiyah M. and Zunita Zakaria

Abstract: A total of 142 samples including beef (n = 52), fresh milk (n = 45) and rectal swabs of cattle (n = 45) were collected from various wet markets (beef) and dairy cattle farms (milk and rectal swabs) in the vicinity of Selangor, Malaysia. All samples were examined for the presence of Arcobacter species using four different isolation methods. The organisms were first identified on the basis of phenotypic tests and later the suspected isolates were confirmed using multiplex PCR (mPCR). Method I (MI) and Method II (MII) detected Arcobacter in 43.7 and 75%, respectively from beef, but were unable to detect microbe from milk and rectal swabs. On the other hand, Method III (MIII) detected Arcobacter in 100, 60 and 40% of beef, milk and bovine rectal swab samples respectively; Method IV (MIV) detected 93.7, 60 and 40% in beef, milk and cattle rectal swabs respectively. The discriminatory power among the isolation methods for Arcobacter species was evaluated and MIII was found to be the best as it identified A. butzleri (72.7%); A. cryaerophilus (22.7%) and A. skirrowii (4.5%) while A. butzleri (61.1%), A. cryaerophilus (22.7%) and A. skirrowii (9%) were isolated from MIV.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Arcobacter; isolation methods, mPCR, beef, milk, cattle.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prokaryotic expression and purification of grass carp reovirus capsid protein VP7 and its vaccine potential

Yongxing He, Qian Yang, Hongxu Xu, Hao Wu, Fangyuan Wu and Liqun Lu*

Abstract: The 11 dsRNA fragmental genome of grass carp reovirus (GCRV) is enclosed in five inner core proteins and two outer capsid proteins. The Glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein expression vector pGEX-4T-3 was employed to clone and expression of GCRV outer capsid gene vp7, which was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT - PCR) from infected Grass carp. The recombinant GST-fusion protein rVP7 was induced by 1 mM IPTG in Dh5 and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot assays using both anti-GST-tag and anti-VP7 monoclonal antisera. An expected 52-kDa rVP7 was highly expressed, and was mainly exhibited in the formation of the inclusion body. After purification, rVP7 was intraperitoneally injected to the experimental mice to produce anti-rVP7 polyclonal serum. In vitro microneutralization assay indicated that polyclonal antibody against rVP7 could neutralize GCRV, and suggested that rVP7 had the potential to be used as subunit vaccine against GCRV infection. The present study paved the way for further characterization of the immunogenicity of viral outer capsid protein VP7 in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus and could be based to develop antibody or antigen detection assays for GCRV pathogen.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Grass carp reovirus, VP7 protein, prokaryotic expression, western blot, microneutralization.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of crude ethanolic extracts of WALTHERIA INDICA Linn.

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The antibacterial activity and phytochemical properties of WALTHERIA INDICA Linn. was investigated, the result obtained showed that the ethanol extracts from the roots, stem and leaves were active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. The qualitative phytochemical screening of these different parts indicated the presence of saponins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, tannins, phenols and cardiac glycosides at varied degrees. All the extracts showed antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The highest antibacterial activity was obtained from the root extract, followed by the stem extract while the leaf extract was the least. The susceptibility of the different strains of Enterobacteriaceae to each extract varied with different parts investigated. This study indicated the potential efficacy of the WALTHERIA INDICA Linn. in the treatment of infections caused by the test organisms.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Phytochemical screening, enterobacteriacea, phytochemicals, antibacterial activities, Waltheria indica extracts.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Detection of Mycoplasma agalactiae by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods from Iranian goats

Babak Kheirkhah, Seyed Ali Pourbakhsh*, Mohammad-gholi Nadalian, Mansour Banani and Abbas Ashtari

Abstract: Mycoplasma agalactiae is the etiological agent of contagious agalactia that is a serious disease affecting sheep and goats. It is characterized by mastitis and subsequent failure of milk production, arthritis and keratoconjunctivitis. The aim of the study was to detection of M. agalactiae by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods from infected Iranian goats. For detection, a total of 57 samples were taken from conjunctiva (n=11), joint exudates (n=35) and milk secretion (n=11). After enrichment in PPLO broth media, identification of the Mycoplasma species was carried out by cultured and PCR method. Of the 57 samples in 9 samples (16%) fried egg colony appeared on the agar media. The PCR with mycoplasmal 16S rRNA was applied for detection of a variety of Mycoplasma species. PCR identification of genus was successful in 31 isolates (54%) and showed specific amplicon at 163 bp. From this positive samples, 19 isolates were examined (61%) were positive for M. agalactiae that showed specific amplicon at 375 bp. Of the total samples, only in 3 samples both culture and genus PCR tests were positive and in 20 samples were negative. Whereas in 6 PCR negative samples Mycoplasma colony appeared on the agar media and this colonies did not observed in 28 PCR positive samples. This paper reported detection of M. agalactiae from goats for the first time in Iran. PCR can be used as trusty and supersede test in the detection of M. agalactiae from affected goats. Among different collecting sites, milk secretion samples are suitable for PCR detection of M. agalactiae.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Mycoplasma agalactiae, goat, polymerase chain reaction, culture, Iran.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The immune-response enveloped-virus treatment for H22 ascitic tumors in mice

Mintao Zhong, Min Huang*, Lei Liu, Xiaoli Wang, Xingyun Li, Anhong Ning and Jing Cao

Abstract: In addition to the standard therapies of chemotherapies and surgical interventions, viral therapy for tumor treatment has provided a new option for cancer patients. Whether the effects are safe, however, remains to be fully evaluated. Accordingly, we explored the immunological mechanisms of viral action against the H22 ascitic tumor, using both the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and the parainfluenza virus (PIV). We measured IL-2 levels, Natural killer (NK) cell activity, lymphocyte proliferation rates, and the CD4+/CD8+ cell numbers' ratio. All indicators were superior in the virus-treatment group compared with the control group. Tumor cells infected by either virus induced the expression of the tumor-associated antigen, which stimulated the host immune system.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Immunologic mechanism, tumor immunity, viral immunotherapy, tumor-associated antigen.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Management of ufra disease of rice caused by Ditylenchus angustus with nematicides and resistance

M. A. Latif, *, M. W. Ullah, M. Y. Rafii and M. I. Tajul

Abstract: The effects of nematicide application timing and type on the management of ufra disease of rice caused by Ditylenchus angustus were investigated in the rain-fed and irrigated rice ecosystems. A broad range of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes were also screened for resistance to D. angustus. Ufra infestation was significantly reduced when 1 kg ai/ha furadan 5G was applied up to 20 d before transplanting of infested seedlings in the field. Three granular nematicides, sunfuran 5G, edfuran 5G and forwafuran 5G, all applied at 1 kg ai/ha were evaluated against ufra in comparison with 1 kg ai/ha furadan 5G and a non-treated control. In both the ecosystems, all the 3 nematicides significantly reduced the number of damaged-tillers and total ufra infestation compared to the non-treated control. Similarly, sunfuran 5G, edfuran 5G, and forwafuran 5G treated plots had 45.3 to 52.7% healthy panicles with 3.89 to 4.02 t/ha yield in rain-fed rice and 47.6 to 53.0% healthy panicles with 3.85 to 3.97 t/ha yield in rain-fed and irrigated rice, respectively. These yields were similar to furadan-treated rice in 2 ecosystems. Yield losses due to ufra disease were 49.1 and 42.4% in the rain-fed and irrigated rice, respectively. Soil application of the nematicides, forwafuran, edfuran and sunfuran was cost-effective especially in fields of endemic areas. A total of 53 rice entries were tested, only 4 entries, fukuhonami, hyakikari, akiyu taka and matsuhonami showed highly resistance reactions to D. angustus.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cost-effective, Ditylenchus angustus, management, nematicides, rice ufra disease, resistance reaction.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Role of autophagy in inhibition of brucella-containing vacuole-lysosome fusion in murine macrophages

Fei Guo, Zhen Li, Chuangfu Chen*, Yuanzhi Wang, Hui Zhang, Penyan Wang, Jun Qiao, Yong Wang, Ke Zhang and Guoqing Du

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the role of autophagy in the inhibition of Brucella-containing vacuole (BCV) and lysosome fusion in BRUCELLA SUIS 1330 infected murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Autophagosome induction was observed following B. SUIS 1330 infection. The autophagic pathway was inhibited pharmacologically by 3-methylademine (3-MA) treatment or by RNAi-mediated depletion of the autophagy related gene, LC3. Compared with controls, suppression of the autophagic pathway was associated with a significant decrease in B. SUIS 1330 internalization (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Brucella suis 1330, autophagy, BCV-lysosome fusion, colocalization.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Evaluation of the currently used polymerase chain reaction assays for molecular detection of Brucella species

Moussa I. M., Omnia M. E., Amin A. S., Ashgan, M. H. and Selim S. A.

Abstract: The diagnosis of brucellosis is the corner stone in any control and eradication program. Therefore, the main objective of the present study was to apply more advanced techniques for rapid and accurate diagnosis of brucellosis that can overcome the draw backs of the traditional diagnostic techniques. Different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were applied in the present study, either singly or in a multiplex format, that enable to detect and differentiate most of Brucella species. The PCR assay detection limit was evaluated in a preliminary study. The obtained results recommend the PCR assay as a valuable, rapid, very specific, highly sensitive and safe laboratory diagnostic test that can be used not only for detection of Brucella antigen either in culture or in clinical samples but also in differentiating most of the virulent and vaccinal strains.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Brucella species, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, diagnosis, vaccinal strains, Brucella antigen.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Synonymous codon usage bias of spike genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

Cao H. W., Zhang H., Liu, Y. and Li D. S.*

Abstract: Synonymous codons are not used randomly. Rather, some codons are used more frequently than others. Investigating codon usage bias is essential to the understanding of viral evolution. However the factors shaping synonymous codon usage bias and nucleotide composition in animal viruses have been studied only to a limited extent. In our study, using the 19 complete CDS sequences of Spike (S) genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), we analyzed synonymous codon usage bias. The relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) was used to estimate codon usage variation in each gene, and the results indicated that preferentially used codons were A-ended, G-ended, and U-ended codons. Effective number of codons (ENC) values varies from 48.15 to 49.52, which suggested that the codon usage bias in PEDV S genes was very slightly. Correspondence analysis (COA) was further performed to study the major trend in codon usage variation, and the plot of ENC values against GC3s (at synonymous third codon position) revealed that mutational pressure rather than translational selection was the main factor determining the codon usage bias in PEDV S genes. Moreover, correlation analysis indicated that aromaticity and hydrophobicity of S genes also influenced the codon usage variation in a minor way. Our study provides the most comprehensive analysis to date of PEDV S genes’ codon usage patterns and provides a basic understanding of the mechanisms for codon usage bias.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Spike gene, relative synonymous codon usage, effective number of codons, correspondence analysis, correlation analysis.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Molecular detection of Vibrio spp. in lobster

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The occurrence of various Vibrio species in lobster hemolymph from the Persian Gulf was studied. A total number of 60 lobsters (Panulirus homarus) were caught from south coast of Iran and were studied to identify Vibrio spp. in hemolymph. Four Vibrio species including Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio mimicus were identified using biochemical and molecular methods. Six lobsters (10%) contained one or more Vibrio spp. as 4 samples contained V. alginolyticus, one contained V. vulnificus and one species contained both V. harveyi and V. mimicus and none of samples contained V. parahemolyticus and V. cholera. Key word: Persian Gulf, vibriosis, Panulirus homarus.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Persian Gulf, vibriosis, Panulirus homarus.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Identification of thirteen up-expressed sequence tags from Monascus pilosus mutant MK-1

Mingyong Zhang, Xing Yang, Tsuyoshi Miyake, Yaqing Wang* and Kuaifei Xia

Abstract: Monascus pilosus MK-1 is a mutant of M. pilosus IFO4520, which is used to brew the red yeast rice for food industry as functional food additives or food colorants. The obvious phenotypes of the mutant MK-1 showed a high productivity of lovastatin and red pigments, slow growth of the fungal mycelia comparing with the wild type IFO4520. Through the suppression subtractive hybridization, we identified 30 up-expressed sequence tags (up-EST) (AB193486 to AB193498) from the mutant MK-1. Among them, 10 of the up-ESTs were homologues of the known-functional genes. Two up-ESTs (AB193498 and AB193494) are the transcript factor-related gene homologues, and they were homologous with the phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase and the transcription factor respectively. Three up-ESTs (AB193487, AB193496 and AB193497) were homologous with pyruvate carboxylase, glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and ATP-dependent protease respectively, and the three genes are involved in the carbon metabolism. Four up-ESTs (AB193486, AB193488, AB193491 and AB193495) were homologous with the ADP-ribosylation factors. An up-EST (AB193490) was a homologue of penicillin-binding protein. These up-ESTs might indicate to explain the phenotypic differences between the wild type IFO4520 and the mutant MK-1.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Monascus pilosus, lovastatin, EST, red pigment.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Deoxynivanol (DON) and fumonisins B1 (FB1) in artisanal sorghum opaque beer brewed in north Cameroon

Djoulde Darman Roger

Abstract: The production and consumption of artisanal home-brewed sorghum beer (Bil-bil and Kpata) is a widespread traditional practice in the northern Sudan-Sahelian zone of Cameroon. Deoxynivanol (DON) and fumonisins B1 (FB1) in these home-brewed artisanal opaque beer samples extracted by HPLC method, before analysis by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) procedure, showed a wide range of levels. All samples were positive for DON and FB 1. DON levels varies from 140 to 730 ng/ml with a mean of 450 ±90 ng/ml for Bil bil and from 0.0 to 680 ng/ml with a mean of 520±70 ng/ml in Kpata. The recorded levels of fumonisin B1 varies from 0.0 to 230 ng/ml with a mean of 150±24 ng/ml in Bil-bil and from 0.5 to 340 ng/ml with a mean of 210±10 in Kpata. On the basis of published data for the consumption of artisanal home-brewed sorghum beer (Bil-bil and Kpata) in Cameroon, the fumonisin and deoxynevanol exposure in these regions among the consumers was found to be well above the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fumonisins, mycotoxins, North Cameroon, beer, sorghum, Fusarium.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Survey of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) in Iran-Tehran: A retrospective study

Hadizadeh Tasbiti A. R., Yari S. H.*, Karimi A., Fateh A., Bahrmand A., Saifi M., Jabarzadeh E., Masomi M., Noor Nematolahi A., Khanipoor S., Ebrahimzadeh N., Ghazanfari M, Sakhaii F, Blori F, Balmeh H., Vahidi E., Abdolrahimi F. and Poorazar Sh.

Abstract: The emergence and spread of multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR) has raised public health concern about global control of TB. Our objective was to estimate the incidence of XDR-TB as compared to susceptible controls from TB patients in Tehran-Iran between 2006 and 2009.Sputum culture and drug susceptibility testing (DST) was done for patients with known or suspected TB. The strains that were identified as MDR were subjected to susceptibility testing for second-line drugs. Of 1126 culture-positive cases with first line drug susceptibility test, 91(8.08%) were Non-tuberculosis (Atypical) isolates, 8(0.7%) M. BOVIS and 1027(91.2%) M. TUBERCULOSIS. We detected MDR-TB in 26 patients (2.5%), of whom 2(7.7%) had XDR-TB. One of the XDR-TB patients with positive HIV infection died. This study cannot give an indication of XDR-TB rates in Iran. However, the results of this study document the existence of XDR-TB in Iran and indicate a need for surveillance data to define the magnitude and trends of this serious, contagious disease.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), extensively drug-resistant (XDR-TB), tuberculosis

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Molecular detection of Vibrio spp. in lobster hemolymph

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The occurrence of various Vibrio species in lobster hemolymph from the Persian Gulf was studied. A total number of 60 lobsters (Panulirus homarus) were caught from south coast of Iran and were studied to identify Vibrio spp. in hemolymph. Four Vibrio species including Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio mimicus were identified using biochemical and molecular methods. Six lobsters (10%) contained one or more Vibrio spp. as 4 samples contained V. alginolyticus, one contained V. vulnificus and one species contained both V. harveyi and V. mimicus and none of samples contained V. parahemolyticus and V. cholera. Key word: Persian Gulf, vibriosis, Panulirus homarus.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Persian Gulf, vibriosis, Panulirus homarus.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Common bacterial isolates associated with semen of men attending the fertility clinic of the university of Benin teaching hospital (U.B.T.H), Benin City, Nigeria

Ekhaise, F. O.* and Richard, F. R.

Abstract: Fifty seminal samples were studied to determine the microbial influence in male infertility as well as the qualitative and quantitative features of the semen. Among the three bacterial isolates obtained from the sample, Staphylococcus aureus 7(77.8%) was found to be the most predominant isolate, other isolates were Escherichia coli 1(11.1%) and Citrobacter spp. In relation to semen concentration S. aureus was observed to be most frequently distributed among the characterized semen. The recovery frequency of organisms associated with the semen types revealed that 2(40%) of organisms were recovered of azoospermia, 6(20.68%) oligozoospermia and 1(6.25%) normozoospermia. The motility of the semen was greatly influenced by the presence of the isolated bacterial. The motility of semen was recorded to be 20, 10 and 45% for S. aureus, E. coli and Citrobacter sp., respectively, as against the normal semen motility of 50% or more. The presence and profound influence of microorganisms in semen is evidence that microorganisms played significant role in male -infertility.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Semen, bacterial isolates, men, infertility and Benin teaching hospital (UBTH), Benin City.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation and identification of N-acylhomoserin lactone degrading bacteria from potato rhizosphere

Esmaeil Mahmoudi*, Nader Hasanzadeh, Badraldin Ebrahim Sayed Tabatabaei and Vittorio Venturi

Abstract: In many Gram-negative bacteria, including a number of pathogens such as Pectobacterium carotovorum, virulence factor production and many functions are linked to the quorum sensing (QS) systems that use diffusible N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) as intercellular messenger molecules. A number of organisms also contain genes that hydrolyze AHLs into inactive products, thereby blocking the quorum-sensing systems. In this study, the diversity of bacteria that inactivate N -AHL signal in soil and potato rhizoshere was investigated. Among 139 isolated strains, eighteen N-AHL degrading isolates were finally identified as genera Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Mesorhizobium, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces using polyphasic approaches. All these isolates were capable to degraded both synthetic and natural N-AHL produced by Pectobacterium atrosepticum strain SM1. In quenching experiments selected isolates, especially Bacillus sp. EM84, were markedly reduced the pathogenicity of PaSM1 in potato tubers and totally suppressed tissue maceration on potato tubers. These results reveal the diversity of the QS interfering bacteria in the rhizosphere and demonstrate the validity of targeting QS signal molecules to control pathogens with natural bacterial isolates.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Quorum sensing, acyl-homoserin lactone, quorum quenching, biocontrol.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Comparison and evaluation of steroid alkaloid solasodine on IN VIVO and IN VITRO cultures of SOLANUM SURATTENSE Burm L.

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Steroid alkaloid solasodine is a nitrogen analogue of diosgenin that is used as a raw material for synthesis of steroid drugs. Plant medicinal SOLANUM SURATTENSE (SOLANACEAE) is a rich source of solasodine. The purpose of this study was production and maintenance of callus from leaves and comparison of solasodine steroid alkaloid production in outdoor plants and IN VITRO calli. The leaves were collected, sterilized and placed on MS medium supplemented with BAP (1 to 2 mg/l) and NAA (1 to 3 mg/l). The samples were kept in a growth chamber at 25°C with 16/8 (day/night) photoperiod and irradiance of 3000 to 2000 lux. The methanol extracts was performed to obtain solasodine from 2 g dry weight of each leaves and calluses and then injected into the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. The results showed that solasodine produced by leaves was 0.3316 mg/g whereas, the solasodine content obtained from calluses were 0.3951 mg/g (in 1 mg / l BAP + 2 mg / l NAA) and 0.3908 mg/g (in 1 mg / l BAP + 3 mg / l NAA). Plant tissue cultures have been suggested as a potential tool for solasodine production.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Callus induction, Solanum surattense Burm, in vitro, in vivo, Solasodine, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The prevalence of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in local cheese produced in Sarab city, Iran and its public health implication

J. Akbarmehr

Abstract: Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by different species of Brucella. The main sources of human brucellosis for general population are dairy products prepared from raw milk. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in unpasteurized cheese produced in Sarab city. For this purpose, a total of 1000 cheese samples were collected from Sarab city and its rural area from September 2006 till September 2007. Samples were cultured on selective Brucella agar and incubated at 37°C for a period of 2 weeks. Brucella species were confirmed by biochemical tests and then serological screening was performed by specific Brucella antisera. Overal, among 1000 samples which were examined by bacteriological tests, Brucella organisms were isolated from 22 samples (2.2%), seven of which (0.7%) were B. melitensis and the rest 15 positive samples (1.5%) were B. abortus. The prevalence rates of Brucella organisms in examined cheese samples in autumn, winter, spring, and summer were determined 2.42, 1.39, 2.5 and 2.62% respectively. This study revealed the public health hazard of local cheese produced in Sarab city.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Brucella, cheese, Sarab.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of amino acid requirements on the growth and lactic acid production of PEDIOCOCCUS ACIDILACTICI culture

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The aim of this research was to investigate essential groups of amino acids and effect of amino acid supplementation. P. ACIDILACTICI culture was grown in chemically defined medium (CDM) with initial pH 6.35 and at 30°C. To minimize the number of experiments, the experimental design was based on grouping the metabolic amino acid pool. The selected amino acid groups were the following: a) phenylalanine and tyrosine; b) lysine, methionine, isoleucine; c) leucine and valine and d) histidine. The concentration of each selected amino acid in original CDM was 50 mg/l while its concentration in the modified CDM was reduced to 25 mg/l. Concentrations of biomass, lactic acid, glucose, and selected amino acids were measured. It was found that amount of Ile, Met, and Lys added in CDM-grown P. ACIDILACTICI was directly affected lactic acid production rate. Limitation of Phe, Tyr, Leu, Val, and His concentration added had the largest effect on cell growth and lactic acid production. The maximum specific growth rate (µmax) and the lactic acid production rate obtained from fermentation in modified CDM with 25 mg/l of Phe and Tyr (Run # A) and Leu and Val (Run # C), as compared with fermentation in original CDM, were improved by a factor of 3.4 and a factor of 2.7, respectively. The sub-optimal composition of amino acids in modified CDM was 25 mg/l of Phe, Tyr, Leu and Val at pH 5.5-5.8.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lactic acid bacteria, Pediococcus acidilactici, lactic acid, amino acid.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Nasal carriage and methicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in patients and hospital staff in a tertiary referral center setting

S. Citak*, F. N. Bayazit and F. Aksoy

Abstract: The prevalence of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were studied from June 2006 – 2007 among in patients and hospital staff in a tertiary referral center setting in Ankara, Turkey. Methicillin resistance was evaluated by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Of 438 people, 106 (24.2%) were nasal carriers of S. aureus. The prevalence of nasal carriers for S. aureus were not significantly different between the hospital staff, in-patients and out-patients (p>0.05). The overall prevalence of MRSA was 23.6%. The prevalence of MRSA carrier hospital staffs and in-patients was not significantly different (p>0.05). However, the prevalence of MRSA was higher in the medical staffs and in-patients compared to out-patients (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Nasal carrier, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients and hospital staff.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Evaluation of psychiatric morbidity and quality of life in inactive HbsAg carriers

Abdulkadir Küçükbayrak*, Fatih Canan, Aytekin Alçelik, Gülali Akta, Esra Koçoğlu and Tekin Ta

Abstract: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection develops in forms from asymptomatic carrier to cirrhosis. There are several studies examining the quality of life of patients with HBV in literature. However, only two studies have investigated the psychiatric morbidity in hepatitis B patients. In this study, we evaluated psychiatric morbidity and quality of life in inactive HbsAg carriers. This case-controlled study was performed among 26 healthy volunteers as control group and 31 inactive HbsAg carriers. Seven (22.5%) of our Hepatitis B patients were found to have an Axis I psychiatric diagnosis. For the carriers, the diagnoses made were major depression (3 patients), major depression with conversion disorder (1 patient), moderate depressive disorder (1 patient), cyclothymic disorder (1 patient), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (1 patient). No significant difference was found between carriers and controls in terms of quality of life scores and anxiety and depression scores. According to these findings, the patients with hepatitis should undergo psychiatric evaluation by a specialist. Also, physicians should be aware that emotional and psychiatric support is not necessary for all of the patients with hepatitis B.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Inactive HbsAg carrier, psychiatric morbidity, quality of life.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Seroprevalence of caprine brucellosis and associated risk factors in South Omo Zone of Southern Ethiopia

Tigist Ashagrie, Yosefe Deneke and Tadele Tolosa*

Abstract: A cross - sectional study was conducted in Hammer and Dasenech Districts of South Omo Zone to determine seroprevalence of caprine brucellosis and its potential risk factors. Simple random sampling method was used to select 384 adult goats with no previous history of vaccination against brucellosis in the two districts. Modified Rose Bengal Plate Test (mRBPT) and complement fixation test (CFT) were used as screening and confirmatory tests, respectively. The results revealed that 16 goats (4.2%) were found seropositive for caprine brucellosis by mRBPT test and CFT. Seroprevalence of caprine brucellosis was not significantly affected by sex, age and flock size while it was significantly associated with abortion rate and parity number. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that brucellosis is prevalent at a low rate in South Omo Zone and appropriate control measures should be employed to prevent the spread of the infection to other animals.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Caprine brucellosis, seroprevalence, South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Characterization of an exopolysaccharide-producing marine bacterium, isolate PSEUDOALTEROMONAS sp. AM

Al- Nahas, M. O., Darwish, M. M., Ali, A. E.* and Amin, M. A.

Abstract: A marine exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing bacterium was isolated from a sponge sample at about 16 m depth in red sea (Huraghada, Egypt). Phenotypic characterization demonstrated that, the bacterium is a gram negative rod motile by means of single polar flagellum, showing wide range of carbohydrate utilization. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S Ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) sequence revealed 99% homology with PSEUDOALTEROMONAS sp., accordingly the name PSEUDOALTEROMONAS sp. AM was proposed. Maximum EPS productivity was achieved after 7 days at pH 7, agitation of 150 rpm in a fermentation medium containing glucose, meat extract and 3% NaCl. The partially purified EPS had emulsifying activity about 78% and retained its stability for about 13 days. Extended emulsion stability for up to 22 days was shown by increasing the concentration of EPS from 0.01 to 0.1% w/v. The EPS elicited a marked antiviral activity against herpes simplex (HSV-I) and showed lysis of plasma clots comparable to pentosan sulphuric polyester as a standard. Preliminary characterization of EPS by complete acid hydrolysis then analysis on paper chromatography revealed the presence of a single brown spot equidistant with authentic glucose indicating that EPS is mainly composed of glucose units. Further investigations will be carried out to realize the full structure and chemical composition of the produced EPS and other possible biotechnological potential.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Exopolysaccharide, Pseudoalteromonas sp., emulsifying activity, antiviral activity, fibrinolytic activity.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Review

Fungal sinusitis in immunocompromised hosts

Tayfun Apuhan*, Abdulkadir Küçükbayrak and Ismail Hakyemez

Abstract: The term “immunocompromised host” is generally applied to a variety of patients with various immune defects. Invasive rhinosinusitis is defined by the presence of local inflammation, with vascular and osseous necrosis with extensive soft tissue extension, and occurs almost exclusively in immunocompromised patients. Fungi have been increasingly recognized as important pathogens in severe acute and chronic sinusitis in immunosuppressed hosts. Earlier recognition of the disease, medical attention specific to the patient’s needs are required. After medical remission, significant complications of invasive fungal infection may be seen. Patients should be followed in the long-term, until remucosalization of the sinuses. Key word: Fungal sinusitis, immunocompromised hosts, rhinosinusitis, immune defects.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Fungal sinusitis, immunocompromised hosts, rhinosinusitis, immune defects.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Incidence and antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from mobile phones of food handlers in Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria

*Y.U. Dabai, A.H. Kawo and R.M. Aliyu

Abstract: This research was aimed to determine the incidence and antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from mobile phones of food handlers in Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi state Nigeria, using aseptic swab technique. Hundred swab samples from mobile phones of food handlers were collected. Bacteria Isolated were enumerated using pour plate method and overall mean aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts of 2.70x106CFU/ml was obtained. Bacterial isolates (n=111) belonging to three genera; S. aureus (n=88) Escherichia coli (n=19) and Salmonella spp (n=4) were identified. Antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates indicated that the highest sensitivity of 40mm against S. aureus was ciprofloxacin, 30mm against E. coli and Salmonella spp has 26mm. However, Salmonella spp was resistance to nitrofloxacin and chloramphenicol with 0.0mm. The highest zone of inhibition was recorded against ciprofloxacin with 30 and the least resistant drug was chloramphenicol with 0.0mm respectively. The findings are of public health concern since mobile phone may serve as a vehicle for transmission of various bacterial diseases. Since using mobile phones become day to day activities, food vendors and other common people should be sensitized to adhere to infection control measures, such as hand washing, to avoid possible cross-contamination between mobile phones and food items. Keywords: Antibiotic susceptibility, S. aureus, Mobile phones, zone of inhibition, food handlers. Full Length Research Paper Incidence and antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacteria [h1] isolated from mobile phones of food handlers in Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria *Y.U. Dabai1, A.H. Kawo2 and R.M. Aliyu3 1Department of Public Health And Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, U[h2] smanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria. 2Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria. 3Department of microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayero University, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria. Accepted 23 May, 2019 This research was aimed to determine the incidence and antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from mobile phones of food handlers in Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi state Nigeria, using aseptic swab technique. Hundred swab samples from mobile phones of food handlers were collected. Bacteria Isolated were enumerated using pour plate method and overall mean aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts of 2.70x106CFU/ml was obtained. Bacterial isolates (n=111) belonging to three genera; S. aureus (n=88) Escherichia coli (n=19) and Salmonella spp (n=4) were identified. Antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates indicated that the highest sensitivity of 40mm against S. aureus was ciprofloxacin, 30mm against E. coli and Salmonella spp has 26mm. However, Salmonella spp was resistance to nitrofloxacin and chloramphenicol with 0.0mm. The highest zone of inhibition was recorded against ciprofloxacin with 30 and the least resistant drug was chloramphenicol with 0.0mm respectively. The findings are of public health concern since mobile phone may serve as a vehicle for transmission of various bacterial diseases. Since using mobile phones become day to day activities, food vendors and other common people should be sensitized to adhere to infection control measures, such as hand washing, to avoid possible cross-contamination between mobile phones and food items. Keywords: Antibiotic susceptibility, S. aureus, Mobile phones, zone of inhibition, food handlers. [h1]Change to lower case “i” [h2]Add U Full Length Research Paper Incidence and antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from mobile phones of food handlers in Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria *Y.U. Dabai1, A.H. Kawo2 and R.M. Aliyu3 1Department of Public Health And Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria. 2Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria. 3Department of microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayero University, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria. Accepted 23 May, 2019 This research was aimed to determine the incidence and antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from mobile phones of food handlers in Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi state Nigeria, using aseptic swab tech

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Bacterial community associated with bovine tripe sold in Mafikeng Municipality, South Africa

Ndeddy Aka R. J. and Babalola Olubukola O.*

Abstract: Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from tripe purchased from five butcher shops within the Mafikeng Municipality. Samples were subjected to bacteriological examination using standard methods. Mean counts (log10 cfu/g) obtained from bleached and unbleached tripe samples for aerobic plate counts (5.62 and 7.00), Enterobacteriaceae (4.09 and 4.61), Pseudomonas (4.20 and 4.57), lactic acid bacteria (2.15 and 2.35) and Micrococci/Staphylococci (3.82 and 5.61) were noted. Enterobacteriaceae on Violet Red Bile Agar were identified as; Enterobacter spp., Escherichia spp., Klebsiella spp., Serratia spp., Providencia stuartii (0.85%), Hafnia alvei (7.63%), Citrobacter spp., Salmonella arizonae (3.39%), Erwinia spp. (0.85%), Moellerella wisconsensis (3.39%), Pantoea spp. (0.85%), and Yersinia kristensii (0.85%). A large percentage of Enterobacteriaceae (98.48%) strains tested against nine antibiotics showed resistance to one or more. Some species from the genera Serratia, Enterobacter and Escherichia coli were resistant to seven out of the nine antibiotics. Highest resistance patterns were observed against nalidixic acid (96.4%) and ampicillin (75%). All isolates were susceptible to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. Inadequate processing of bovine tripe sold at some butcher shops in Mafikeng poses a potential health risk to consumers due to their poor bacteriological quality and high frequency of antibiotic resistant agents. Resistant strains can be passed to the human population via consumption of such products.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Enterobacteriaceae, bacteriological quality, tripe, bleached, unbleached, antibiotic resistance.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Isolation and evaluation of antibacterial activity of bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus bulgaricus from yogurt

Maria Tufail, Shahzad Hussain*, Farnaz Malik, Tahira Mirza, Ghazala Parveen, Shazia Shafaat, Amina Wajid, Rashid Mahmood, Rafique A. Channa and Alia Sadiq

Abstract: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) commonly used in food, as starter cultures are known to produce antimicrobial substances such as bacteriocins and have great potential as food bio-preservatives. Yogurt is a probiotic dairy product having Lactobacillus bulgaricus as natural source for fermentation. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin, produced by Lactobacillus bulgaricus isolated from yogurt and tested against pathogenic organisms. The identification of the culture was based on characteristics of the strains of Lactobacillus spp. on the basis of microscopy (morphology), Gram straining, growth at 37 and 45°C, fermentation of different carbohydrate sources and growth in MRS broth. On the basis of all of the identification tests, one strain isolated from the yogurt was identified as L. bulgaricus. Culture supernatants were obtained from the sixty out of hundred isolates of Lactobacillus spp. exhibited varying degrees of inhibitory activity against strains of Bacillus subtilis, ATCC #6633, Escherichia coli, ATCC, #10536, Salmonella typhi, ATCC# 19430, Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC #6538, Vibrio cholerae, ATCC #25870. Specifically, Vibrio cholerae was found most sensitive to bacteriocin, exhibiting maximum zone of inhibition 18.3 mm.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Lactobacillus bulgaricus, bacteriocin, yogurt, antimicrobial activity, Pakistan.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Microbiological changes in Lighvan cheese throughout its manufacture and ripening

Mirzaei H.

Abstract: The aim of this research was to monitor the microbiological changes throughout the manufacture and ripening of Lighvan cheese. In summer 2009, ten independent batches of cheese were manufactured by experienced workers without any intervention by the researcher. Duplicate samples of raw milk, coagulum and 0, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days old cheese were analyzed. The main groups, such as mesophilic Lactococci, thermophilic Lactococci, mesophilic Lactobacilli, thermophilic Lactobacilli, Enterococci, and the total aerobic count reached its highest levels during the first 15 days and then declined approximately 2 to 3 log units until the end of ripening. The number of coliforms, Micrococci, and Staphylococcus increased at early phases of manufacturing and at the end of the manufacturing and ripening phase they showed a falling trend. The number of yeasts throughout this phase decreased at the rate of 3 log units. Generally, we may claim that in ripening Lighvan cheese a large number of different microbes were involved and its hygienic matters call for more attention.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lighvan cheese, microbiological changes, manufacturing, ripening.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract from selected species of Cephalopods on clinical isolates

Pasiyappazham Ramasamy, Namasivayam Subhapradha, Alagiri Srinivasan, Vairamani Shanmugam, Jayalakshmi Krishnamoorthy and Annaian Shanmugam*

Abstract: Bioactive substances from marine biota have been found useful as special tools in pharmacological and biomedical research. In the present study, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude methanolic extracts of six species of cephalopods (Sepia kobiensis, Sepiella inermis, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, Octopus aegina, Octopus aerolatus, Octopus dollfusi) from Cuddalore (Southeast coast of India) was studied. The antimicrobial activity was screened against 10 species of clinically isolated human pathogenic bacteria namely Vibrio chlolerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pnemoniae, Vibrio alginolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parehaemolyticus, Streptococcus sp., Streptococcus pnemoniae, Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli and five fungal strains such as Alternaria alternata, Candida tropicalis, Pencillium italicum, Fusarium equisetii and Candida albicans. Different concentrations such as 25, 50, 75 and 100% were prepared and tested against the microbial strains for their inhibitory activities, using the disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methanolic extract of cephalopods ranged from 60 to 100 mg/ml. The results were discussed in the light of positive and negative control apart from the concentrations tested. Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, cephalopods, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), pathogenic microorganisms.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, cephalopods, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), pathogenic microorganisms.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Staphylococci and other selected microbiota associated with indigenous traditional beer

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: The nature and origin of indigenous traditional beer, makes it is prone to spoilage by a variety of microbiota in particular post-fermentation. In this study, samples of commercially and homebrewed indigenous traditional beer were collected using sterile sampling Whirl-pak® bags from local informal brewers in typical marginal urban settlements of South Africa. Both commercially and homebrewed traditional beer recorded the mean counts for total coliforms and Staphylococcus spp. circa 105 cfu.ml-1 whereas the mean TVC and total fungi counts amounted to 106 and 107 cfu.ml-1, respectively. The counts from homebrewed indigenous traditional beer were about one log-phase higher than its commercial counterpart. Further characterisation of staphylococci identified Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus homonis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. S. aureus was the dominant species in both traditional beers and S. saprophyticus and S. homonis were the least identified. The implementation of sanitation guidelines, licensing of informal brewers, training programmes in aspects such as good manufacturing practices, five keys to safer food is a prerequisite in the study area and the rest of South Africa.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Indigenous traditional beer, food safety, microbiota, staphylococci.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The effect of Ivermectin pour-on administration against natural Nematodirus spathiger infestations and prevalent rate of that in cattle

Khayatnouri Mirhadi*, Garedaghi Yagoob and Safarmashaei Saeid

Abstract: These days one of the real problems that cause the prejudice-economy in animal farms yearly is parasitic disease. For that reason and to prevent these problems the use of antiparasitic drugs is necessary. Ivermectin is a broad spectrum antiparasitic agent and is in different dosage forms such as injection, oral and pour-on. The aims of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin pour-on administration against natural Nematodirus spathiger nematode infections in cattle and also to determine the prevalent rate of this parasite in Tabriz area. In this study, 120 heads of male and female hybrid cattle were used for LPG (larves per gram of feces) feces test. Willis method was applied for feces test and Stoll method was used for counting nematode larvae (LPG). After confirming worm contamination and counting N. spathiger nematode larves in feces in infected animals, ivermectin (0.5 mg/kg) pour-on was administrated. Feces test was repeated in 1, 7, 21 and 28 days after treatment. Results showed that total prevalence of N. spathiger nematode infections was 33.33% in cattle of Tabriz area. The effects of ivermectin pour-on on N. spathiger nematode were 13.37, 44.96, 83.69 and 99.1% in 1, 7, 21 and 28 days respectively. In conclusion, because the effect of this drug against N. spathiger nematode was >99% (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Ivermectin, pouron administration, Nematodirus spathiger, cattle.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Street foods: Handling, hygiene and client expectations in a World Heritage Site Town, Cape Coast, Ghana

A. Annan-Prah*, D. H. A. K. Amewowor, J. Osei-Kofi, S. E. Amoono, S. Y. Akorli, E. Saka and H. A. Ndadi

Abstract: Handling, vending and hygienic quality of street foods available to local residents, internal and foreign tourists to Cape Coast, the most important tourism hub in Ghana, were investigated. Questionnaires assessed stakeholder commitment to and expectations of food hygiene. Laboratory analysis evaluated microbial contamination levels of the street foods. Patronised by both local residents and tourists, foreign tourists put the hygienic safety as the principal criterion over curiosity and price to patronise street foods. Although licences had been given to 27 (54%) of the 50 investigated food vendors, only 15 (55.5%) of the licensed vendors had had medical examination (8 only once and 7 annually). Food vending premises visibly needed improvement in sanitation. The foods had the following bacterial contamination levels in colony forming units per gram (cfu/g): meat pie (1.3 × 105), khebab (5 × 104), rice with stew (4.1 × 105), fried fish (8 × 104), pepper sauce (1.4 × 105), etsew or banku (3 × 105), beans with gari (2 × 104), fufu (1.6 × 105) wakye (6.6 × 105) and dakua (2.3 × 105). Presence of Escherichia coli of faecal origin was detected in all investigated food samples. Khebab, fried fish and beans with gari had acceptable bacterial contamination levels of[...] Read More.

Keywords: Tourism, street foods, Cape Coast, Ghana.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Identify potential chronic heart failure related transcription factors by network analysis

Wu Gang*, Xie Qiang#, Cheng Mian, Jiang Xuejun, Yang Bo and Huang He

Abstract: Chronic heart failure (CHF) is characterized by diminished cardiac output and pooling of blood in the venous system. Using transcriptome data, we constructed a regulation network to identify the potential genes that related to heart failure. In the network, some of transcription factors and its’ target genes have been proved to be related to heart failure in previous study. According to the regulation network, we found some new transcription factors and target genes, which have not been proved to be directly related with; we also found MYC, TP53 and ETS2 regulate each other. Our work demonstrated that regulation of network analysis is useful in identification of the candidate genes in heart failure.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Chronic heart failure, transcription factors, regulation network.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Investigation of lactobacilli from motherâ€™s breast milk who were placed on probiotic diet

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: Human milk contains a group of bacteria with potential to be used as probiotics but the origin of these bacteria is debated. This study was aimed to identify and isolate lactobacilli in breast milk and investigate the role of consuming probiotic supplements on the lactobacilli microflora of breast milk. Ten out of twenty mothers were placed on the probiotic diet and the others were considered as controls. The breast milks of these mothers were cultured on MRS. The whole genome of 16s ribosomal DNA of different colonies was amplified using polymerase chain reaction for identification down to the strain level. Finally Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC705 was isolated just from four mothers who were placed on probiotic diet. Since this strain was dominant bacteria in capsules which used as a source of probiotic diets, it may imply that modulation of the mother’s intestinal microflora can have an effect on the health of infants and therefore, would open new perspectives for using breast milk as a source of probiotic bacteria with bacteriotherapy approach.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Probiotic capsules, lactobacilli, breast milk, polymerase chain reaction.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Density functional theory (DFT) study of C7 Si5 Ge3 cluster as a novel material for vitamin C nano carrier

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: In the present study, structural properties of C7 Si5 Ge3 cluster and interaction between this cluster and vitamin C have been studied extensively utilizing density functional theory (DFT) employing B3LYP exchange correlation. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) properties are calculated by using density functional method (B3LYP) with 6-31G, 6-311G* and cc-pvdz as basis sets. Also natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis has been performed for C7 Si5 Ge3 cluster and C7 Si5 Ge3 inside vitamin C. Our results indicate that vitamin C can form stable bindings with C7 Si5 Ge3 cluster through oxygen (O) active site. Thus, we arrive at the prediction that the C7 Si5 Ge3 cluster can be implemented as a novel material for drug delivery applications.[...] Read More.

Keywords: C7 Si5 Ge3, vitamin, nano, nuclear magnetic resonance, natural bond orbital, density functional theory.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Review

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and heavy metal contaminated soils

Akbar Karimi, Habib Khodaverdiloo*, Mozhgan Sepehri and Mirhassan Rasouli Sadaghiani

Abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associations are integral, functioning parts of plant roots and are widely recognized as enhancing plant growth on severely disturbed sites, including those contaminated with heavy metals (HMs). They are reported to be present on the roots of plants growing on HM-contaminated soils and play an important role in metal tolerance and accumulation. Isolation of the indigenous and presumably stress-adapted AMF can be a potential biotechnological tool for inoculation of plants for successful restoration of degraded ecosystems. Plants grown in metal contaminated sites harbour unique metal tolerant and resistant microbial communities in their rhizosphere. These rhizo-microflora secrete plant growth-promoting substances, siderophores, phytochelators to alleviate metal toxicity, enhance the bioavailability of metals (phytoremediation) and complexation of metals (phytostabilisation). Most studies of HM toxicity to soil microorganisms have concentrated on effect where loss of microbial function can be observed and the effects on biodiversity within microbial populations and communities have not significantly been evaluated. This review highlights the interaction between HM-contaminated soils and AMF.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Activity, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, biodiversity, functionality, heavy metal, soil contamination.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Biodegradation of swainsonine by five types of plasmid-transformants from genomic library of Arthrobacter sp. HW08

Yanchun Hu, Yan Wang, Jianna Wang, Guodong Yang, Haili Li, Guoxia Geng and Jianhua Wang

Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyze the ability of swainsonine (SW) biodegradation by five types of transformants from the genomic library of Arthrobacter sp. HW08, explore preliminarily metabolites and deduce the metabolic pathway. Using 1000 mg·l-1 SW as the sole carbon source, MSM containing five transformants at a proportion for 1:1(V:V) was incubated at 30°C, 180 r·min-1. The degradation rate of SW was 99.78% in 48 h, and SW could be completely degraded in 72 h. Compared with samples containing SW in 0 h, two special spots of metabolites were visualized with iodine vapor by TLC. Two kinds of primary metabolites (stearic acid and palmitinic acid) and two kinds of intermediate metabolites appeared in the process of metabolism of SW by GC and GC-MS whose m/z was 388.2 and 314.3 amu respectively. Ultimately, four kinds of end-products appeared in the process of metabolism of SW. This work demonstrates the preliminary results on metabolites of degrading SW by five transformants from Arthrobacter sp. HW08. This work also provides further information on metabolic pathway of SW from strain HW08.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Swainsonine, biodegradation, metabolites, transformants, Arthrobacter sp. HW08.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Screening and production of antibacterial compound from Trichoderma spp. against human-pathogenic bacteria

Rashad M. Saleh, Saleh A. Kabli, Saleh M. Al-Garni and Saleh A. Mohamed,*

Abstract: This study focus on the production of antibacterial compound from Trichoderma spp. Screening of antibacterial activities in some Trichoderma spp. was investigated using CYS80 medium. Trichoderma reesei and Trichoderma viride were highly effective toward human-pathogenic bacteria tested. T. viride and T. reesei were separately applied on Sephacryl S–200 column. Column fractions No. 56 to 64 for T. viride and fractions No. 57 to 66 for T. reesei had inhibitory effect against the most pathogenic bacteria examined. T. reesei and T. viride Sephacryl S-200 fractions with antibacterial activity were analyzed by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC- MS). The product with highest peak (95%), using different libraries, was kojic acid. The yield of kojic acid crystals from T. reesei and T. viride Sephacryl S-200 fractions were 3 and 5 g/L, respectively. Physical analysis of kojic acid with respect to UV, IR, 1HNMR analysis and melting point was examined. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of kojic acid and augmentin, as control, against human-pathogenic bacteria were evaluated. Kojic acid and augmentin showed a similar time-killing kinetics with human-pathogenic bacteria. The level of kojic acid increased with decreased level of reducing sugar during the growth of T. reesei and T. viride suggesting that the enzyme system for the synthesis of kojic acid found in the cell of these fungi.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Trichoderma spp., human-pathogenic bacteria, kojic acid, minimum inhibitory concentration.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The in vivo antileishmanial activity of alcoholic extract from Nigella sativa seeds

Ali Fattahi Bafghi*, Ali Reza Vahidi, Mohammad Hossein Anvari, Kazem Barzegar and Mahin Ghafourzadeh

Abstract: The effect of an alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa seeds was surveyed on cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. A subcutaneous inoculation of Leishmania (L) major at the dorsal base of the tail produced swelling, inflammation, stiffness, redness and sore. As soon as symptoms appeared, the ointment was used on the wound of mice as a treatment (the seeds were dried and crushed into coarse powder. Five hundred grams of the powder were extracted with ethanol 95% v/v. The extract was concentrated under reduced pressure of 22 to 26 mmHg at 45°C, then 40, 60 and 80% of Nigella sativa seed extract were prepared in ointment base). As the animals were weighed by the scales, lesion development was monitored every other day with a direct-reading vernier caliper gauge. This monitoring continued to the death of the last mice in the control group. Then the spleens of mice in each group were measured and controlled. Weight loss or stoppage was not observed in any of the case group mice. But the wound diameter in all case groups was smaller, compared to the control group. Swelling, inflammation, stiffness, redness, necrosis and secondary infection were less in the case group mice compared to the control group mice. So, these results indicate that the alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa, showed a significant anti-cutaneous leishmanial activity and this validates the traditional use of the plant in fungal infections.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Leishmania (L) major, alcoholic extract, antileishmania, BALB/c mice.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Microflora distribution and assessment of microbiological quality milk from Tunisian collection centres

Hamida Ksontini, Faten Kachouri, and Moktar Hamdi *

Abstract: Eighty samples of raw milk, collected from eight Tunisian centres, were characterised. All these samples contained approximately 1011 cfu/ml of mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeasts and coliforms dominated the microflora of these samples. They varied from 105 to 109 cfu/ml. More than 70% of the analysed samples contained 106 cfu/ml of Pseudomonas. The content of contaminating microflora like Staphylococcus, coliforms and mesophilic and thermophilic Bacillus ranged from 102 to 109 cfu/ml. However, mesophilic and thermophilic Clostridium were absent in all samples. This study could allow establishing the microflora distribution, revealing the non conformity of these eighty samples with standards, and pointing out eventual microbiological standards values of raw collected milk by comparison with standards.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Raw milk, milk collect, contamination, milk standards, microbiological references.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii causing nosocomial infections in a regional teaching hospital in China

Full Length Research Paper

Abstract: To elucidate the clinical characteristics of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii causing nosocomial infections in the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 34 isolates genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were collected from January 2007 to December 2007. Isolates were most commonly found in the ICU and burn ward in this study, accounting for 47.06% (16 isolates) and 26.47% (9 isolates) of the total isolates, respectively. For the most patients infected by A. baumannii, three to seven risk factors generally existed. But some factors (including diabetes mellitus, chronic respiratory diseases and tumor) were mostly negative for those patients. The clinical data obtained suggested that the three clinical risk factors may take little action in the nosocomial infection caused by A. baumanniis in the hospital. As for the use of antimicrobial, different types were selected before the occurrence of the most infections. This may be an important factor leading to the multi-drug resistance.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii, clinical characteristics, epidemiological description, risk factors.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Enhanced cultivability of antagonistic bacterial strains from soft coral Sinularia sp., Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India

C. Chellaram*, T. Prem Anand, D. Kesavan, G. Priya, M. Chandrika and C. Gladis

Abstract: Studies to increase the recoverability of antagonistic bacterial strains carried out from soft coral species Sinularia was cultured in a varied combination of low to high nutrient media. Each of the media was supplemented with sodium pyruvate. This study was aimed to find out whether the addition of sodium pyruvate to all solid media could significantly increase the recovery of microbes. Microorganisms on maltose amended seawater agar (2.1±0.1X104), followed by Free Lunch Medium (0.98±0.07X104) and OLIGO medium (1.61±0.4X104) which were highly recovered in the supplemented media than in non-supplemented media. These findings suggest that the addition of sodium pyruvate to solid growth and isolation media may improve recoverability of microorganisms from soft coral. The results also indicated that the higher percentage of the antagonistic bacteria was found on supplemented media when compared to that of the non-supplemented media. Hence, the highest percentage of antagonistic bacteria was found to be exhibited by the supplemented media of MA+SE media, which are isolated from Sinularia sp. was (24.89%).[...] Read More.

Keywords: Improved recoverability, antagonistic, sodium pyruvate, Sinularia sp.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities and oxidant status in patients with brucellosis

Hasan Karsen*, Mustafa Kasım Karahocagil, Hayrettin Akdeniz, Mehmet Re at Ceylan, Irfan Binici, Sahbettin Selek and Hakim Celik

Abstract: The aim of this study was to the investigate the effect of brucellosis infection on paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity and oxidative status in patients with brucellosis. Sixty patients with brucellosis (47 acute, 13 subacute) and the 67 healthy controls were used in the study. Serum PON1 and arylesterase activities, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), total free sulfhydryl (-SH), and lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) groups were determined. In addition, HDL-cholesterol (HDL- C), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were measured. Serum PON1 and arylesterase activities, total - SH group levels and TAC were significantly lower in brucellosis patients than controls (P[...] Read More.

Keywords: Brucellosis, PON1 activity, oxidative status, atherosclerosis.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The in vitro efficacy of a Zimbabwean isolate of Zoophthora radicans Brefeld (Batko) in the control of Lepidoptera larvae infesting Brassica sp.

W. Manyangarirwa*, G. W. Zehnder, G. S. McCutcheon, P. H. Adler, J. P. Smith and A. N. Mphuru

Abstract: The use of microbes in pest control is an important aspect of integrated pest management (IPM). A Zimbabwean isolate of the fungal entomopathogen Zoophthora radicans was tested for efficacy in the control of Brassica infesting lepidopteran larvae. Z. radicans caused 98.68% mortality on small (1st - 2nd instar) diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) larvae and 21.34% mortality on large (3rd - 4th instar) diamondback moth (DBM) larvae 6 days after treatment. Z. radicans was not effective against larvae of Helicoverpa armigera, webworm (Hellula undalis), cabbage moth ( Crocidolomia sp.) and cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni). There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in adult Cotesia plutellae emergence from cocoons treated with Z. radicans and cocoons sprayed with water. There was 95% emergence of C. plutellae adults from cocoons treated with Dimethoate 40 EC. No adults of C. plutellae emerged from cocoons treated with Carbaryl 75 WP, Malathion 25 WP and Malathion 50 EC. The study showed that Z. radicans was effective against early instar DBM larvae and did not have adverse impacts on the emergence of C. plutellae adults from cocoons and Diaeretiella rapae adults from aphid mummies.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Zimbabwe, Zoophthora radicans, efficacy, in vitro, Lepidoptera, Brassica spp.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The respiratory syncytial virus may not always be responsible for Bronchiolitis in children

Gülsen Meral Sezer*, Emel Kabako lu Ünsür, Semra Kayao lu and Faruk Akçay

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the viral agents and the viral profile in children under 5 years of age who are referred to our hospital due to acute wheezing. The nasal smears of 55 children who were referred to Kagithane State Hospital from now on (KSH) with acute wheezing between November 2009 and March 2010 were analyzed with multiplex PCR and the distribution of respiratory virus detected in these smears was evaluated retrospectively. Out of fifty five children whose nasal smear results were evaluated, 22 (40%) were male and 33 (60%) were female. The age range was 3 months to 5 years. The nasal smears revealed that one patient (2%) had adenovirus, 11 patients (20%) had Rhinovirus A-B, one patient (2%) had Rhinovirus C which is not previously encountered in our country, 5 patients (9%) had RSV-A, 16 patients (29%) had RSV-B and one patient was diagnosed with co-infection of RSV-A and Rhinovirus A-B. This retrospective study is conducted to find out the epidemiologic strategy of viral agents in acute lower respiratory illnesses to modify the treatment protocols and to reduce the mortality which we hope will contribute to the literature.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Wheezing, lower tract respiratory illness, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, rhinovirus.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Screening of lactobacilli bacteria isolated from gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens for their use as probiotic

R. Majidzadeh Heravi, H. Kermanshahi, M. Sankian*, M. R. Nassiri, A. Heravi Moussavi, L. Roozbeh Nasiraii and A. R. Varasteh*

Abstract: A study was conducted to isolate lactobacilli from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of broiler chickens and to evaluate their application as a probiotic supplement. The GI contents of 12 broiler chickens from three different ages were collected and cultured on Man Rogosa and Sharp (MRS) agar. In order to determine bacterial species, different grown colonies were separated and subjected to the sequencing of the 16s ribosomal DNA fragment. An auto-aggregation test was performed for 39 isolated lactobacilli bacteria. Eight species were selected because of their convenient aggregation. In vitro tests including antibacterial activity, resistance to low pH, resistance to bile extract, ability to produce H2O2, cell surface hydrophobicity and adhesion activities on crop epithelial cells were performed for evaluating of probiotic potential for each strain. These tests were ranked according to their priority for probiotic strains. The total score obtained from different experiments is indicator of suitable strain. Under the in vitro conditions and with respects to the probiotic traits, Lactobacillus salivarius caeca4 and Lactobacillus crispatus caeca10 were suggested as probiotic strain, and can be evaluated in an in vivo conditions of commercial birds.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Lactobacilli, probiotic, gastrointestinal tract, chicken.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Better criterion screening for left ventricular hypertrophy by electrocardiogram with different purposes

Ai Song, Tian Chang Li*, Ning Li Wang*, Yuan Bo Liang, and Yi Peng

Abstract: According to the recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram (ECC) of AHA/ACCF/HRS declared in 2009, there are more than 30 criteria for diagnosing left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The sensitivity of the various criteria is generally quite low. However, the specificity of ECG in LVH could be 85 to 90%, acting as a strong predictor for cardiovascular events. To investigate the proper criteria in epidemiological screening with different purpose, 5209 qualified ECG out of 6830 people were selected from cross-sectional Handan eye study. Two criteria were chosen: (1) Sokolow-Lyon index, sum of SV1+RV5 or V6 35 mm; (2) Cornell voltage duration product, men: (SV3+RaVL)×QRS duration 2440 ms; women: (SV3+(RaVL+8 mV))×QRS duration 2440 ms. The ECG-LVH group contains 829 individuals (12.18% of the cohort), including 607 by Sokolow-Lyon index and 278 by Cornell voltage duration product. After data estimation, we found that there were no statistical differences between ECG-LVH population and normal population. While evaluated these data in the group that have retinopathy without diabetes, the Sokolow- Lyon index and Cornell voltage duration product were statistically different with normal population (P= 0.023 and P= 0.014, respectively). We use the simple MiniMental State Examination (MMSE) to evaluated the mental status of the population and found that when the score was above 15, there was no statistically different between the positive and negative people in Sokolow-Lyon index (P= 0.135); however, in evaluated Cornell voltage duration product, there was statistical difference (P=0.001). When we evaluated the data associated with atherosclerotic factors, we found no differences in Cornell voltage-duration product; as for the Sokolow -Lyon index, the differences were shown in systolic blood pressure, total cholesterols and uric acid (P= 0.03, 0.04 and 0.04, respectively). Different criterion should be chosen for different purposes. For atherosclerotic screening or epidemiological survey of cardiovascular diseases, the Sokolow-Lyon index might be better. If we use the criterion for epidemiological ophthalmology such as our Handan eye study, both Sokolow-Lyon index and Cornell voltage duration product could be used. As for the evaluation of mental status and its relationship with the LVH risk factors, we might choose Cornell voltage duration product.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Left ventricular hypertrophy, electrocardiagram, Sokolow-L(l)yon index, Cornell voltage-duration product.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Study on productivity of epilithic algae in Urumqi River Basin in Northwest China

Li Lanhai, Mupenzi Jean de la Paix*, Chen Xi, Achal Varenyam, Bao Amning and Habiyaremye Gabriel

Abstract: The primary objective of this study was to make a deep investigation on the concentration of chlorophyll a and ash-free dry mass (AFDM) estimates for algae growing on stones in Urumqi River located in an arid region of northwest China. The study was conducted on three sites. A highly improved method for measuring primary productivity in situ was used to estimate the primary production of algae growing on rocks (or algae epilithic) deposited in surface water. The results showed a low biomass with mean chlorophyll a content that was estimated at 5.9 mg/m 2 in the Urumqi River. Of the three sites studied, the mean gross primary productivity of periphyton was 394.89 mgC/m2 day and AFDM 344.75 mg/m2. The analysis of correlation between chlorophyll a and altitude was found to be a curve of anti- hyperbola. Total phosphorus and chlorophyll a was in equilibrium with that between chlorophyll a and total nitrogen.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Epilithic algae, phytoplankton productivity, chlorophyll a, ash-free dry mass (AFDM).

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The in vitro effect of vancomycin on multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus from hospital currency notes

Adegoke Anthony A. and Okoh Anthony I.

Abstract: We determined the in vitro effect of vancomycin on multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates and presumptive roles of plasmid DNA using standard microbiological procedures. A total of 32 paper naira notes from seven different hospital sections (mostly from the patients) were analyzed. Thirteen notes (40.6%) gave isolates of S. aureus and subsequent resistant range of between 62.5 and 100% to frequently prescribed antibiotics. The same set of isolates showed three (23.1%) to be susceptible and ten (76.9%) to be resistant to vancomycin. Five of the latter ten isolates produced beta lactamase and became susceptible to some of the multidisc antibiotics and vancomycin, after the plasmid curing. This presumptively reflects important role of plasmid DNA in conferring resistance to microorganisms as a means of their adaptation especially in the vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA). The increasing resistance to vancomycin could cause major problems to public health as it was often regarded as the last line of defense against nosocomial and community based S. aureus infection.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Vancomycin, multidrug, plasmid, beta lactamase, antibiotic resistance.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Aerobic composting of water lettuce for preparation of phosphorus enriched organic manure

Sadia Kanwal*, Shazia Iram, Matiullah Khan and Iftikhar Ahmad

Abstract: In this study, rock phosphate (RP- compost) enriched composts were prepared by mixing rock phosphate with water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) with and without effective microbes. The treatment comprised of four types and includes control plant material (water lettuce), water lettuce and rock phosphate (WL+RP), water lettuce, rock phosphate, effective microorganisms (WL+RP+EM) and water lettuce, rock phosphate, effective microorganisms and urea (WL+RP+EM+Urea). The present investigation indicates that the nutrients availability was enhanced in the compost with the time span. RP-compost had higher total and available P than normal compost. Inoculation with effective microorganisms increased total P, available P and other nutrient contents in the compost like N, K, Zn and B. The trend of pH shows the production of organic acids in the compost was in the ascending order in the initial days, and it was descending after 45 days. Electrical conductivity (EC) of the compost increase with the time span which shows the availability of the nutrients. The soluble phosphorus was decreased in the initial days of the composting while trend became ascending after 45 days of the composting. The trend of the nitrogen release was similar to the phosphorus, but the released nitrogen remained below the content in the control. The trend of available P in the treatments remained as it was decreasing in the control but the availability of the phosphorus was increased in the other treatments particularly in the treatment where WL, RP, EM and urea was applied. This treatment was recorded as P enriched compost, because carbon to nitrogen ratio was also stabilized in this treatment. Thus, RP enriched compost could be an alternative and viable technology to utilize both low grade RPs and re-use water lettuce plant efficiently.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Compost, rock phosphate, water lettuce, effective microbes, urea.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Haematological parameters in blood of maedi-visna virus-infected and uninfected sheep

Serkal Gazyagci*, Ahmet Kursat Azkur, and Muhammet Eren Aslan

Abstract: The maedi-visna virus (MVV) classified as a lentivirus of the retroviridae family, causes a very common economically important disease in sheep, in many parts of the worlds. Presences of the infection in Turkey have been shown by researches in previous studies. In this study all blood samples were examined by ELISA and PCR to detect MVV antibody and antigen responses, respectively. Hematological findings were monitored and comparing antibody and antigen positive naturally infected (n= 5), antibody positive and antigen negative (n=20), antibody and antigen negative (n=20) in sheep was done. When infected sheep were compared with control sheep, Hgb and MPV parameters were shown statistically different (P 0.001). These findings suggested that MVV infections should be considered as an important health risk for sheep flock and Hgb and MPV blood parameters may be helpful to diagnosis of MVV.[...] Read More.

Keywords: ELISA, hematology, lentivirus, PCR, sheep.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of jujube extract on oxidative injury in heart muscles of exhausted training rats

Sun Liang and Jiang Juan*

Abstract: Jujube is an important plant in traditional Chinese medicine and is recommended for the treatment of some diseases such as tumors and cardiovascular disease related to the production of radical species resulting from oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to investigate effect of jujube extract on oxidative injury in heart muscles of exhausted training rats. Four groups of animals were studied: (a) sedentary control (n = 8); (b) vehicle-treated control (n = 8); (c) low dose of jujube extract-treated rats (n =8); (d) high dose of jujube extract-treated rats (n = 8). Jujube extract-treated rats were orally given 100 or 300 mg/kg body weight jujube extract for 30 days, respectively. Then, all the rats (except for sedentary rats) were submitted twice to 15-min swimming bouts on two different days. Results showed that jujube extract could reduce heart lipid peroxidation level and Bax expression, increase heart antioxidant enzymes activities and Bcl-2 expression, and improve heart function.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Exhausted training, rat, jujube, oxidative.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Trends of sudden wilt syndrome in sesame plots irrigated with delayed intervals

Hamit Kavak* and Erkan Boydak

Abstract: In this work, sudden wilt syndrome in sesame was investigated during varying irrigation treatments. For the four irrigation intervals numbers of infected plants and infected rows were determined in experiments conducted during growing periods. The resulting data were transformed to percent values and regressed against the irrigation intervals. The correlations between the rates of infected plants and irrigation intervals and between the rates of infected rows and irrigation intervals were assessed separately in replicate and total plots following testing. Positive increases were observed for both categories within total plots. The correlations for the two years were r2 = 0.86 and r2 = 0.85 for the wilted plant category, and r2 = 0.99 and r2 = 1 for the infected row category. Fusariım oxysporum fsp sesame and Macrophomina phaseolina were two of the parasitic pathogens isolated from samples. In addition, parasitic pathogens were not isolated from some of the samples that displayed sudden wilt symptoms. Depending on delays in irrigation within irrigated crops grown in drought and hot regions, sudden wilt syndrome of sesame may increase. The causes of sudden wilt syndrome appear to be parasitic pathogens, drought stress, or the combined effect of both.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Sesame, irrigation intervals, sudden wilt.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Review

Effects of UV irradiation on plants

Eissa Piri, Mahdi Babaeian*, Abolfazl Tavassoli and Yasser Esmaeilian

Abstract: Global change will definitely introduce changes in agricultural ecosystems that will affect plant productivity. However, the effects on plants will be different for each region depending on the pre-existing climatic conditions and the adaptation potential of local cultivated species. The solar energy from the sun is essential to support the life on our plant, via the process of photosynthesis. However a small proportion of solar spectrum contains short-wavelength ultraviolet-B light (280 to 320 nm), which is deleterious to life. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer by manmade pollution has substantially increased UV-B light impinging on the earth surface. UV-B affects living organisms by damaging cellular metabolism in several ways, such as dimmers formation in the genetic material DNA, disruption of membrane structure, inactivation of enzymes and generation of highly reactive free radicals. Elevated UV exposure also causes temporary or irreversible damage to the process of photosynthesis. Therefore, increased UV-B radiation would affect the stability of ecosystems and genetic health of living organisms. Many species of plants have evolved mechanisms for protection against deleterious effects of UV-B radiation. Accumulation of the UV-B absorbing pigments such as flavonoids is one of the ways by which plants alleviate the harmful effects of UV-B light.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Global change, agriculture, UV radiation, absorbing compounds.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Biochemical and molecular characterization of hemolytic Bacillus licheniformis strains isolated from shrimp and clam aquacultures

Nermeen A. ElSersy* and Eman A. H. Mohamed

Abstract: A polyphasic approach was used to discriminate among the significantly hemolytic and closely related Bacillus licheniformis strains, NE-1, NE-2 and NE-3. Utilization of the API 20E kit revealed that B. licheniformis NE-1 is unique in its ability to utilize sorbitol as a sole carbon source, whereas B. licheniformis NE-2 is an exceptional in L-arabinose utilization. The phylogenetic analysis using the 16S rDNA 5´end revealed a strong relatedness to B. licheniformis strains found in the GenBank with a similarity percentage ranging from 97 to 99. Moreover, the partial sequences was successfully differentiated among the novel strains. The plasmid pattern is almost the same for the strains and plasmid curing using acridine orange showed no effect on the hemolytic activity of them.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacillus licheniformis, aquacultures, hemolytic activity, plasmids, 16S rDNA.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Enrichment and diversity analysis of the thermophilic microbes in a high temperature petroleum reservoir

Guihong Lan, Zengting Li, Hui zhang, Changjun Zou, Dairong Qiao and Yi Cao*

Abstract: Thermophilic microbial diversity in production water from a high temperature, water-flooded petroleum reservoir of an offshore oilfield in China was characterized by enrichment and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis. Six different function enrichment cultures were cultivated one year, at 75°C DGGE and sequence analyses of 16S rRNA gene fragments were used to assess the thermophilic microbial diversity. A total of 27 bacterial and 9 archaeal DGGE bands were excised and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences indicated that 21 bacterial and 7 archaeal phylotypes were affiliated with thermophilic microbe. The bacterial sequences were mainly bonged to the genera Fervidobacterium, Thermotoga, Dictyoglomus, Symbiobacterium, Moorella, Thermoanaerobacter, Desulfotomaculum, Thermosyntropha, Coprothermobacter, Caloramator, Thermacetogenium, and the archaeal phylogypes were represented in the genera Geoglobus and Thermococcus, Methanomethylovorans, Methanothermobacter Methanoculleus and Methanosaeta. So many thermophiles were detected suggesting that they might be common habitants in high-temperature petroleum reservoirs. The results of this work provide further insight into the thermophilic composition of microbial communities in high temperature petroleum reservoirs.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Thermophilic microbial diversity, petroleum reservoir, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The effect of fertilizer amendment on diesel biodegradation in contaminated soils

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Abstract: Diesel biodegradation and the effect of application frequency were investigated in artificially contaminated soils (loam soil and sea sand) amended with commercial fertilizers and the effect of application frequency. Two sets of four equal portions (2 kg each) of diesel-contaminated soils were amended with 10% (w/w) of 2 different commercial fertilizers at 4 different but regular intervals for up to four times during a 7- week study period. The microcosms were then incubated at 30°C and sampled weekly. One sterilized soil microcosm contaminated with 10% (v/w) diesel and supplemented with 10% (w/w) fertilizer and one naturally attenuated microcosm served as controls. The amount of diesel remaining in each sample was determined using the Soxhlet extraction method and compared to the amount of diesel present in the same sample at day 0. The quantities of hydrocarbon contents in the supplemented samples and the controls were determined by GC-MS. The total heterotrophic population of each sample was also monitored. The population increase was found to correspond to the higher diesel degradation percentage in the study on sea sand. A significant enhancement (p[...] Read More.

Keywords: Diesel, bioremediation, fertilizers, application frequency.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prevalence of dental caries bacterial pathogens and evaluation of inhibitory concentration effect on different tooth pastes against Streptococcus spp

A. Maripandi,*, Arun Kumar T. and Ali A. Al Salamah

Abstract: Dental caries is a microbiologic infection of the tooth which results in localized dissolution and destruction of the calcified tissue and it is one of the most common chronic infectious diseases in humans throughout the world. People spent huge amounts of money and time in treating dental caries. Hence, it is essential to prevent and control dental caries in public health. In our studies, a total of 70 clinical specimens, 37 from male and 33 from female dental caries patient’s samples were collected. All the clinical samples showed positive results with 87 bacterial isolates from which 63 were facultative anaerobes and 24 were anaerobe, among facultative anaerobe, Streptococcus mutants (22.98%) S. salivarius (13.79%) and Candida spp (14.97%), in anaerobes, Prevotella spp (12.64%) and Fusobacterium spp (5.74%). The antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out against Streptococcus spp. the results showed all isolates were resistance to penicillin and sensitive to tetracycline. The antibacterial activity of commercially available tooth paste was checked against Streptococcus spp., by agar well diffusion method. The results showed that pepsodent and colgate have good antibacterial activity against Streptococcus spp.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Dental caries, Streptococcus spp, Prevotella spp, antibiotics, tooth pastes.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

The antifungal mechanism of Bacillus subtilis against Pestalotiopsis eugeniae and its development for commercial applications against wax apple infection

Hsiu Fen Lin, Tsang Hai Chen, and Shan Da Liu*

Abstract: The inhibition zones of three Bacillus subtilis isolates, BS-99, BS-23857 and BS-33608 against Pestalotiopsis eugeniae were, 13.5, 0, and 0 mm, respectively. BS-99 showed the strongest inhibitory activity, whereas, no inhibitory activity was reported for BS-23857 or BS-33608. The spore germination rates of P. eugeniae were not significantly inhibited by n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), or methanol (MeOH) extracts of the fermentation broths of BS-99, BS-23857, and BS-33608. However, the hyphae of P. eugeniae became swollen and malformed after 12 h and stopped growing after 30 h of treatment with the MeOH extract of the BS-99 fermentation broth. Analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), blood agar test plates, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated that, BS-99 produced the antibiotics, iturin A and surfactin, whereas, BS-23857 and BS-33608 only produced surfactin. These data suggest that, the antifungal activity of the B. subtilis BS-99 isolate against P. eugeniae is activated only when both iturin A and surfactin are present and not by surfactin alone. Unveiling the antifungal mechanism of B. subtilis, BS-99 could promote its commercial development and application as a biofungicide for controlling P. eugeniae infections of the wax apple, which is a highly valued fruit in Taiwan.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacillus subtilis, iturin A, solvent extract, surfactin.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Determination of an economical medium for growth of Clostridium butyricum TK2 using orthogonal test

HaiKuan Wang, AnDong Li , FeiFei Liu and Wei Qi*

Abstract: Clostridium butyricum is a widely utilized probiotics, also used as an alternative to antibiotics for humans and growth promotion in a wide variety of livestock species. The objective of this study is to develop an economical and practical fermentation medium for the growth of C. butyricum TK2 using orthogonal test. The optimal fermentation medium was obtained by the single factor and the orthogonal test of carbon source, nitrogen source and growth factors design. The fermentation medium was estimated to be the most economical formula (per liter): 8 g glucose, 20 g soybean meal (hydrolyzed for 3 h by neutral protease), 5 g brewer’s yeast powder. After incubating for 48 h in the optimum fermentation medium, the populations of C. butyricum TK2 were estimated to be 8 × 108 CFU ml-1, while the cost was 90% lower than ever. The optimized medium is not only more economical but also good for the growth of C. butyricum TK2. The low cost medium developed in this study can be used for large-scale commercial application where economics are quite likely to be important.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Clostridium butyricum, soybean meal, brewer’s yeast powder, medium optimization.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Single multiplex PCR assay to identify the shiga toxin

Eisa Tahmasbpour Marzony, Mahdi Kamali, Mojtaba Saadati, Amir Homayoun Keihan*, Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi , and Sharareh Sajjadi

Abstract: Strains of shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Shigella dysenteriae type1 have been associated with outbreaks of diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans. Most clinical signs of disease arise as consequence of the production of shiga toxin/shiga toxin 1 (Stx/Stx1), shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) or combination of these toxins. Here, we designed a Multiplex PCR technique to identify stx/stx1 and stx2 genes with the incorporation of mdh gene of E. coli and Shigella. A total of six primers were used: SFI and SRI, which produce a 199bp product that serves as an internal positive control; Ka2F and Ka2R, which yield a 381bp fragment of stx2 gene, and Ka1F and Ka1R, which amplify a 622bp fragment of stx/stx1. The thermal profile, which was preceded by a 5 min incubation at 95°C for 20 to 25 cycles with the following parameters: 95°C at 1 min, 60°C at 1 min, 72°C at 1 min, and 5 min incubation at 72°C as final extension. PCR amplification products identifying the stx/stx1 and stx2 gene sequences were observed only in E. coli 0157:H7 and Shigella dysenteriae type1. Template nucleic acid extracted from other Gram-negative bacteria was found to be negative. The sensitivity of the PCR procedure for detection of shiga toxin genes was determined to be 2.1 pg/µl of total nucleic acid and 320 cfu/µl.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Shiga toxin, multiplex PCR, diagnosis.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Development and application of a novel multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for rapid detection of various types of staphylococci strains

Zhenbo Xu, Lin Li, Xihong Zhao*, Jin Chu, Bing Li, Lei Shi, Jianyu Su* and Mark E. Shirtliff,

Abstract: In this study, a novel multiplex- polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for rapid detection of various staphylococci strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, (MSSA) methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS), methicillin-sensitive coagulase-negative staphylococci (MSCNS) and non-staphylococci strains, had been developed and applied. Six primers were specially designed on three target genes, which were mecA, 16S Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) and femA. The specific amplification generated 3 bands on agarose gel, with sizes 374 bp for mecA, 542 bp for 16S rRNA and 823 bp for femA, respectively. The PCR product showed highest levels of resolution of DNA when 250 M of dNTP, primer concentration of mecA, 16S rRNA and femA reaching 1, 1 and 3 M respectively. No false positive amplification was observed, indicating the high specificity of the established multiplex PCR assay. Application of this multiplex-PCR had been further performed on detection for 262 MRSA and MRCNS strains with primers pairs M1 with M2 and F1 and F2. According to the results, multiplex-PCR results showed expected products for either MRSA or MRCNS strains, demonstrating the multiplex-PCR assays established in this study to be useful and powerful methods for differentiation of MRSA, MSSA, MRCNS, MSCNS and non-staphylococci strains.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Staphylococcus, multiplex-PCR, rapid detection.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prevalence of Leptospira hardjo antibody in bulk tank milk in some dairy herds in Mashhad suburb

Elias Tabatabaeizadeh, Gholamreza Hashemi Tabar,*, Nima Farzaneh and Hesam A. Seifi

Abstract: Bulk tank milk samples were collected from 47 dairy herds in Mashhad suburb. From 19 herds, one sample was collected at each season in 2009 and from the rest of the 28 dairy herds one sample was collected only at autumn, 2009 and samples was tested by ELISA method for detecting antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. These herds, which had not been vaccinated against leptospirosis within the previous five years, were categorised according to the herds’ regions. Nine herds (19.15%) out of 47 had a positive ELISA result. The antibody level in the herd milk samples were affected by the herd size (P0.05). Larger herds were significantly more likely to have higher mean concentrations of antibody. It was concluded that a number of unvaccinated dairy herds in Mashhad suburb are exposed to infection with Leptospira hardjo.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Cattle, Leptospira, antibodies, ELISA, hardjo.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Virus infection disturbs cyclin expression, leading to cell cycle arrest in the unicellular marine algae Emiliania huxleyi and Chrysochromulina ericina

Jingwen Liu, Tianling Zheng*, Gunnar Bratbak and Runar Thyrhaug

Abstract: To investigate the influences of viral infection on cell cycle of marine algae, we examined the changes of expression and activity of G 2/M-phase cell cycle regulators in two unicellular marine algae Emiliania huxleyi and Chrysochromulina ericina after viral infection by immunoblot. The results revealed that the expression of cyclins could be altered by viral infection, thus inhibiting the progression of cell cycle. E. huxleyi virus (EhV) repressed the activity of p34cdc2/cyclinB complex by inactivating p34cdc2 kinase through phosphorylation of Cdc2, and block the life cycle of host cells at G2/M checkpoint. C. ericina virus (CeV) interfere with the activity of p34cdc2/cyclin B complex by the downregulation of cyclinB combined with the overexpression of kinase-active p34cdc2, resulting in a G2 cell cycle. The G 2/M cell cycle arrest caused by EhV infection indicated that EhV may transcribe its own genes without relying on the host cell cycle control. C. ericina cells blocked in a delayed G2 phase may partly turn into the second S phase to synthesize proteins useful for viral nucleic acid metabolism, suggesting that the replication of CeV viruses was dependent on cell cycle control. Our results indicated that algal virus infection selectively activates/inactivates certain components of the cell cycle with the aim to establish a more efficient environment for their gene expression and DNA replication.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Marine algal virus, cyclins expression, cell cycle arrest.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Agricultural utilisation of dairy sewage sludge: Its effect on enzymatic activity and microorganisms of the soil environment

Magdalena Frąc* and Stefania Jezierska-Tys

Abstract: Biochemical indices related with the transformations of C, N and P are frequently used in the diagnosis of soil quality. Such an assessment usually includes analysis of the following enzymes – the activity of dehydrogenases and of hydrolytic enzymes such as phosphatases, urease and protease. The objective of the study presented here was evaluation of dairy sewage sludge as an agent causing an improvement of soil quality or its degradation. Estimation of soil quality was performed on the basis of a comprehensive study comprising analyses of microbiological and biochemical parameters. The results of the study indicate a stimulating effect of dairy sewage sludge on the soil microorganisms, which was apparent also as an increase in the activity of the enzymes studied. That effect should be attributed to soil enrichment in organic matter, total nitrogen and minerals.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Dairy sewage sludge, enzymatic activity, microorganisms, soil.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Effect of neem (Azadiracta indica) aqueous extract on Casuarina equisetifolia seed germination, growth of Frankia and some rhizospheric microorganisms

Sayed W. F.*, Salem W. M. and Ali M. S.

Abstract: Aqueous neem (Azadiracta indica) leaf extract was tested for its effect on Casuarina equisetifolia seed germination capacity, growth of Frankia and on some dominant rhizosphere microorganisms under casuarinas grown in soil contaminated with sewage water. Analysis was carried out to determine the main micro- and macroelement content of different extract amounts. The addition of extract amount between 10- 20 µl per 10 ml medium (1 - 2 µl ml-1) selectively stimulated Frankia growth and inhibited other non- beneficial bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere such as Bacillus subtilis, Drechslera sp and Curvularia lunata. Slight increase was observed in Casuarina seed germination capacity with 1- 2 µ ml-1 of the extract, but with no significant differences, indicating at least no negative effect of the extract on seed germination. According to the results and as the roots and leaves of both Casuarina and neem release their active components in soil, and according to previous recommendations, we suggest a significant synergistic effect between Casuarina, rhizosphere microorganisms and neem trees for the benefits of Casuarina nodulation, growth performance and nitrogen fixation.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Neem, Casuarina, aqueous extract, Frankia, rhizospheric microorganisms.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Direct detection of Escherichia coli O157 and its major virulence factor genes in animal faeces at slaughter using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Khandaghi Jalil*, Razavilar Vadood and Barzegari Abolfazl

Abstract: Although more than 100 serotypes of shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) have been implicated in cases of human diseases, E. coli O157 is the most common serogroup connected with sporadic cases and large outbreaks of diseases in many countries. Rapid and sensitive identification of this dangerous pathogen is important for patient management and for prompt epidemiological investigations. PCR has become a very rapid and reliable tool for the molecular diagnosis of E. coli O157. PCR assays are usually aimed at detecting the shiga toxins, the intimin protein and enterohaemolysin. In the present study, a mPCR-based protocol is described as that which uses one primer set to detect the gene responsible for the production of the O- antigen synthesis (rfb O157) and four primer set to detect the major virulence factor genes including the Shigatoxin type 1 and 2 ( stx1 and stx2), intimin (eaeA) and enterohemolysin (EHEC hlyA) directly from 190 samples of animal faeces at the time of slaughter after overnight incubation of stool specimens in BPW. In this research, we use one primer set for detection of the gene responsible for the production of the O- antigen synthesis (rfb O157) and four primer set for detection of the Shigatoxin type 1 and 2 (stx1 and stx2), intimin (eaeA ) and enterohemolysin (EHEC hlyA) producing genes directly from 190 samples of animal faeces at the time of slaughter after overnight incubation of stool specimens in BPW. This study has established the presence of rather high prevalence of E. coli O157-positive animals at abattoirs (These consisted of 4.2% of cattle and 2.1% of sheep), providing an increased risk of transmission of E. coli O157 to the food chain and contamination of human.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC), E. coli O157, shiga toxins, intimin, enterohaemolysin, mPCR.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Mutational studies for hyper producers of L-glutamic acid from Bacillus strains UG1 and OG4 from vegetable proteins

Lawal, A. K.*, Oso B. A., Sanni, A. I. and Akinola, S. O.

Abstract: An investigation was carried out to produce mutant isolates from Bacillus subtilis UG1 and Bacillus licheniformis OG4 isolated from vegetable proteins using a chemical mutagen N-methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) at dosage concentration of 250 µg/ml. The mutant isolates obtained from wild strain of B. subtilis UG1 produced mutants (M1 to M9) and was screened for hyper producing effect. Mutant M1UG1 was obtained. The mutant isolates obtained from wild strain B. licheniformis OG4, produced 11 mutants (M1 to M11) and when screened for hyper producing effect mutant M6OG 4, was obtained. Hyper-producing mutant strains M1UG1 and M6OG4 produced L-glutamic acid of 23.0 mg/ml respectively. The quantity produced was higher than the glutamate obtained from Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 (14 mg/ml). The developed mutant strain was better adapted to a shift in temperature range of 55 to 60°C, pH 9.0 and biotin concentration of 10 µg/ml. As part of the programme to increase glutamate yields and to use materials of agro-industrial wastes, the developed mutants M1UG1 and M 6OG4 were found to utilize the tested agro-industrial wastes maximally for growth and glutamic acid production.[...] Read More.

Keywords: L-glutamic acid, agro-industrial wastes, mutants, N-methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG), fermented vegetable proteins.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Bacteriological study of vaginal discharge of pregnant women using Gram stain smear and culture

Manigeh Mehdinejad*, Azar Dokht Khosravi, Hamideh Yazdizadeh and Porandokht Afshari

Abstract: Bacterial vaginosis is caused by an imbalance of the organisms that naturally exist in the vagina. The importance of bacterial vaginosis with respect to pregnant women’s health is emphasized by the association between bacterial vaginosis and adverse outcome of pregnancy. The aim of present study was to evaluate the direct smear microscopy and culture for determination of bacteria from vaginal discharge of pregnant women. In total, 240 vaginal swabs were collected from 120 pregnant women and were screened for bacterial population. For each patient one swab was used for smear preparation and Gram staining and the second swab was used for cultivation. The prepared Gram-stained smears were observed for various morphotypes. Each morphotype was quantified on a scale from 0 to 4 and weighed to yield a score of 0 to 10, as per Nugent’s system. The bacteria grown in preliminary culture media were identified using standard identification tests. The majority of isolated bacteria in culture were Diphtheroid, Lactobacillus spp., Coagulase-negative Staphylococci and yeast. In Gram-stained smears, 78 (65%) Gram positive rods and 54 (45%) Gram positive cocci were detected. According to Nugent’s criteria, 64 cases (53.33%) were classified as having normal vaginal flora, 45 (37.5%) intermediate flora and 11 cases (9.2%) having bacterial vaginosis. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis is not very high. However we recommend the regular screening of women with Gram stain method using Nugent’s criteria which is reliable, easy to perform and well suited for the routine clinical laboratory.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Vaginal discharge, bacterial vaginosis, Nugent’s criteria, Gram stain, culture.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Listeria monocytogenes in spontaneous abortions in humans

Lida Lotfollahi,*, Jamileh Nowrouzi, Gholamreza Irajian, Faramarz Masjedian, Bahram Kazemi, Laleh Eslamian, Arash Falahat and Maryam Ramez

Abstract: Listeria monocytogenes is a causative agent of listeriosis. Clinical manifestation of invasive listeriosis is usually sever and include sepsis and meningoencephalitis. Uterian infection in listeriosis depend on gestational age varies from preterm labour, delivery of infected neonate to abortion. The present study investigated the incidence and antibiograms of the organism in clinical samples were collected from women with spontaneous abortions in Iran. Clinical samples were collected from patients with spontaneous abortions hospitalized in Shariati hospital in Tehran during December 2009 and November 2010. Antibiogram was done by disk-agar method. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 9 of 100 samples. Out of 9 isolates of L. monocytogenes 3 (16.66%), 0 (0%), 1 (4%), 3 (12%) and 2 (8%) were isolated from placental tissue, blood, urine, vaginal and rectal swabs respectively. Resistance to Penicillin G had the highest rate. Because of high incidence of L. monocytogenes in this study, in women with history of abortions or bad obstetric history, diagnosis procedures for detection of L. monocytogenes and on time treatment is recommended additionally because of high resistance rate of bacteria to Penicillin G in this study, antibacterial susceptibility before initiation of treatment is recommended.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes, spontaneous abortion, antibiotic resistance.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction promotes proliferative vitreoretinopathy induced by RPE-J cells and platelet-rich plasma

Xiaozhi Zheng, Ping Ji and Jianqun Hu*

Abstract: Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) has been considered as a new approach to the gene therapy of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), but whether it affect the in vivo PVR model induction remains unknown. In this study, 90 Wistar rats were averagely divided into three groups according to the content of intravitreal injection: normal saline (Group 1), retinal pigmented epithelial -J cells and PRP (Groups 2 and 3). In Group 3, a condition of UTMD was used additionally on days 3 and 7 after injection. On days 14 and 28, the pathological changes of eye grounds were assessed, and the expression levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)- 2 and platelet -derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB were tested. In Group 3, proliferation in the eyes was significantly stronger and faster than that of Group 2 and the ratio of PVR was significantly higher than that of Group 2. The expression levels of TGF- 2 and PDGF-BB were significantly higher in Group 3 than in Group 2. These data suggested that UTMD promotes PVR induced by RPE- J cells and PRP which provide a new method for the development of rat PVR model. This also reminds us that the effects of UTMD should be taken into consideration when using UTMD as an approach to attenuate PVR.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Proliferative vitreoretinopathy, rat model, ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction, retinal pigmented epithelial -J cells, platelet-rich plasma.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Optimization of growth conditions for mycelial yield and exopolysaccharride production by Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in Nigeria

Adebayo-Tayo B. C., Jonathan S. G.*, Popoola O. O. and Egbomuche R. C.

Abstract: Optimum culture condition for mycelia and exopolysaccharides production (EPS) by Pleurotus ostreatus in submerged liquid culture was investigated. The optimum temperature for mycelia yield and exopolysaccharide production was 25 and 15°C in day 14 with yields of 1.40 g/ml and 2700 mg/l respectively. Optimum pH was found to be 8 with respective yields of 2.5 g/ml and 2665 mg/l in day 12 for mycelia and EPS mannitol (9.75 g/litre) and raffinose stimulated the highest mycelia growth (3.0 g/ml) and EPS production (3000 mg/l) at day 14 respectively. Mycelia yield (2.10 g/ml) and EPS production (2700 mg/l) was optimally supported by urea. Glycine (1.0 g) and leucine (1.0 g) supported optimum production of mycelia yield (2.5 g/ml) and EPS concentration (2925 mg/l) respectively while folic acid and ascorbic acid induced the moderate mycelia yield and EPS concentration respectively. These results have shown that significant improvement in mycelia yield and EPS production by P. ostreatus could be enhanced through submerged cultivation under appropriate optimized conditions.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Culture, Pleurotus ostreatus, mycelia yield, exopolysaccharride-production.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Comparison of the electro transformation of plasmids and plasmid stability between Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 and CP4

Shaolan Zou*, Minhua Zhang, Jiefang Hong, Yuanyuan Ma and Weina Zhang

Abstract: Four different plasmids were electro transformed into Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 and CP4, two important ethanol-producing strains. The results showed that the best source strain for preparing plasmids was the transformed host strain itself, and Escherichia coli JM110 as the source strain could yield significantly higher transformation efficiencies than Top10. The optimal recovery time of transformed ZM4 or CP4 cells to obtain maximum number of transformants and highest transformation efficiency was 11 h for pZB21-mini, pZB21 and pZA22, but 24 or 20 h for pBBR1MCS-2. The optimal electric field strength for pZB21-mini was 13.25 kV /cm in ZM4 and 14.0 kV /cm in CP4.But for pZA22 and pBBR1MCS-2, it was 11.75 kV /cm in ZM4 and 12.5 kV /cm in CP4; for pZB21, also 12.5 kV /cm in CP4.These plasmids were shown to be more stable in ZM4 than in CP4 by serial transfer to antibiotic-free medium and the 3 plasmids were more stable than pBBR1MCS-2. The results will help to support the genetic and biotechnological research of Z. mobilis by providing information about some of the most important factors that influence the transformation of ZM4 and CP4, and also providing insights into the similarities and differences in their restriction-modification (R-M) systems.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Zymomonas mobilis, plasmids, electroporation, transformation, plasmid stability.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Evaluation of specimens in which the urine sediment analysis was conducted by full-automatic systems and a manual method together with urine culture results

Okhan Kadir AKIN, Muhittin A. SERDAR*, Zeynep CIZMECI and Ozlem GENC

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to assess leukocyte and bacterial counts, and urine strip leukocyte esterase and as well as nitrite results from IQ200 and UriSed full-automatic urine sediment analyzers, with urine culture results. Six hundred urine cultures were performed in accordance with the routine laboratory procedures of the hospital. A growth 10); however, negative likelihood ratios (NLR) were inadequate for both devices and the manual method (NLR >0.3 for all). However, when the utilization of two tests in combination was analyzed, the diagnostic odds ratio was 48 for the IQ200 (95% confidence interval CI, 12.1-190) and 168 for the UriSed (95% CI, 20.6-1369) in cases in which leukocyte, bacteria, and nitrite measurements were high together. The results of the IQ200, UriSed, and urine strip test do not accurately reflect the urine culture results. Nevertheless, it was concluded that negative nitrite and leukocyte results of both automated and manual tests could be utilized in ruling out a urinary tract infection (UTI) diagnosis.[...] Read More.

Keywords: IQ200, UriSed, KOVA® system, full-automatic urine sediment analysis, bacteriologic urine culture, urine microscopy.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

What changed in necrotizing fasciitis in twenty-five years?

Baris Yildiz*, Derya Karakoc, Erhan Hamaloglu, Arif Ozdemir and Ahmet Ozenc

Abstract: Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a deadly soft tissue infection characterized by necrosis of subcutaneous tissues. In this study, our aim was to identify variables affecting patient outcome and mortality in necrotizing fasciitis and their temporal changes. We reviewed records of 45 patients treated at our institution between 1979 and 2004. Data about gender, age, etiology, site of involvement, bacteriology, type of surgery, supportive treatment, accompanying diseases, mortality were collected. Factors contributing to mortality were sepsis, renal failure, liver failure, multi organ failure, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and long term intubation. Mortalities accumulated in first 23 patients. There was not difference in microbiology, demographics, etiology, site of involvement, debridement technics between first patients and recent patients of the institution. Mortality in necrotizing fasciitis is mostly because of sepsis and associated disorders. Adequate control of the microbiological agent and preventing further contamination of the wound is cardinal part of treatment in NF.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Necrotizing fasciitis, bacteriology, mortality, sepsis, Fournier’s gangrene.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Nigerian phages: The first bacteriophages from Tropical Africa

Adeniran S. Koko, Hans W. Ackermann*, Monisola A. Taiwo and Sunday A. Omilabu

Abstract: Fifteen morphological bacteriophage types were observed in enrichment cultures of sewage, surface water and human feces collected in Lagos, Nigeria. All phages were tailed and belonged to the Myoviridae, Siphoviridae or Podoviridae families. Most phages could be assigned to well-known morphotypes. Ten of them corresponded to phages of enterobacteria or pseudomonads. Four morphotypes (φKZ, T4 and χ, Jersey) prevailed in most samples. Most others occurred in traces only.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Bacteriophages, ecology, identification, morphotypes.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

Ephedra alata as biologically-based strategy inhibit aflatoxigenic seedborne mold

Al-Qarawi, A. A., Abd_Allah, E. F.* and Hashem Abeer

Abstract: Investigation has been carried out to evaluate the effect of range plant Ephedra alata as biologically-based strategy inhibit growth characters and aflatoxin production (in vitro and in vivo) of Aspergillus flavus. The aqueous extract of E. alata had significant inhibitory potential against growth as well as aflatoxin production by aflatoxigenic seedborne mold (Aspergillus flavus). Moreover, it has been found that, the addition of 1 and 2% (w/w) of plant powder material of E. alata to corn grains and soybean seeds respectively decreased the aflatoxin contamination and improve their nutritional value (total nitrogen content, fiber content, total lipids content and ash content) under storage conditions. The results observed here suggest employment of E. alata as an alternative non-chemical mean to control aflatoxin contamination of fodder in Saudi Arabia.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Biocontrol, Aflatoxins, Aspergillus flavus, Ephedra alata, nutritional value, Saudi Arabia.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Research Article

A simple and efficient method that uses low concentration fetal bovine serum to culture and purify Schwann cells

Han Feng, Qu Wei*, Jiang Huajun, Fu Chongyang, Lu Ming, Zhang Weiguo and Lv Decheng

Abstract: To develop a simple and efficient method for the isolation of highly purified Schwann cells (SCs) from the sciatic nerves of newborn rats, cells were initially cultured in 10% FBS for 6 days, and then cultured in 2% FBS for 6 days. And we used the immunocytochemical characterization, flow cytometry, RT-PCR, to observe the condition of SCs. After the 12-day treatment protocol, we obtained a high yield of SCs with an average purity of 96.9%. Furthermore, the condition of SCs had no change. In our purification protocol, we had shown that our procedures did not alter the cell cycle and neurokines’ secretion. Our simple and efficient method yielded pure and healthy SCs and did not require treatment with anti-mitotic agents or any special equipment.[...] Read More.

Keywords: Schwann cells, cell culture, low fetal bovine serum concentration, tissue engineering, fibroblast.

2019, 18(1), 1-6;

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Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research